叉尾斗鱼仔鱼耳石形态发育与日轮形成特征

对实验室人工繁殖的叉尾斗鱼(Macropodus opercularis)仔鱼耳石形态发育与日轮进行了观察研究.结果显示,叉尾斗鱼微耳石和矢耳石在胚胎时已出现.微耳石在仔鱼刚孵化时为圆盘状,随仔鱼发育转变为近椭圆形,孵出后19 d转变为中部圆凸两端较尖的菱形;矢耳石在仔鱼刚孵出时为圆盘状,随仔鱼发育转变为椭圆形,孵出后19 d转变为一端略尖的桃形;星耳石在仔鱼孵出后第19天才出现,呈中部略凹的椭圆形.叉尾斗鱼仔鱼耳石长径(包括微耳石和矢耳石)与鱼体全长(TL,mm)呈线性相关.仔鱼耳石上第一个轮纹在孵出后第2天形成,其后每日形成1个新轮纹,生长轮数目与仔鱼日龄(D)呈线性相关,且线性方程斜率接近于1.结论认为,叉尾斗鱼仔鱼星耳石出现时间晚,矢耳石形态在后期出现较大变化,而微耳石在胚胎时即形成,形态稳定;日轮可读性较好,故更适合做日轮研究的材料.本研究旨在为叉尾斗鱼自然种群年龄结构调查及其资源保护提供基础数据.     

中华倒刺鲃仔、稚鱼的耳石微结构与日轮形成特征

以中华倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus sinensis)亲鱼为材料,在实验室养殖条件下以人工孵化的丰年虫(Eubranchipus vernalis)为仔、稚鱼饵料,通过已知日龄法观察其耳石的微结构,分析其日轮形成特征。结果表明,仔、稚鱼的微耳石和矢耳石一般由1个中心核和1个耳石原基组成,少数存在多个中心核或原基现象,星耳石中心核和原基区分不明显。微耳石和矢耳石中心核直径分别为(37.73±5.34)μm和(39.78±7.11)μm,耳石原基直径分别为(16.29±3.46)μm和(17.09±3.88)μm。矢耳石和星耳石轮纹清晰度、规律性、周期性和完整性不及微耳石;微耳石第1条日轮在仔鱼出膜后第2天形成,以后每天沉积1轮。30日龄稚鱼微耳石轮纹数(N)与日龄(T)的关系符合直线模型,相关关系式为:N=1.0016T-0.8753(R2=0.9961,P<0.01,n=197),线性方程斜率与1无显著性差异(P>0.05)。在微耳石和矢耳石样本中共观察到孵化标记轮和转移标记轮2种,其中孵化标记轮的出现率分别为78.68%和83.33%,转移标记轮的出现率分别为29.95%和48.98%。60尾33日龄稚鱼微耳石的生长轮宽度变化范围0.522~2.244μm,平均为(1.087±0.231)μm。     

三峡水库太湖新银鱼耳石日轮与生长的研究

对采自重庆长江江津江段的太湖新银鱼(Neosalanx taihuensis)耳石日轮与生长进行了研究。太湖新银鱼矢耳石形状近圆形,体长(Y)与耳石长半径(X)之间呈线性相关,其关系式为Y=0.1099X+16.986,R2=0.7626。耳石日轮环纹清晰,以中心核为起点圆形规则排列,其上具有明显的过渡轮纹。太湖新银鱼体长(Y)与日轮(X)呈线性关系,其关系式为Y=0.2631X+23.924,R2=0.8057;体重(Y)与日轮(X)呈指数关系,其关系式为Y=0.0446e0.0244X,R2=0.8104。太湖新银鱼体重(Y)与体长(X)间呈显著的幂函数关系Y=0.000001X3.3529,R2=0.9163。     

月鳢仔鱼耳石的荧光标记及其日轮确证

利用茜素络合物对体长(9.99±0.56)mm的月鳢(Channa asiatica)仔鱼耳石进行浸泡标记试验。结果表明,经荧光显微镜检测,80 mg/L、100 mg/L和120 mg/L的溶液浸泡24 h后均可以在月鳢仔鱼的耳石上形成橘红色标记环,星耳石、微耳石和矢耳石的标记率均为100%;其中,以星耳石标记环荧光强度最大,且在普通光学显微镜下也可观察到紫红色标记环。经100 mg/L和120 mg/L溶液浸泡后,月鳢仔鱼在其后饲养阶段出现较高的死亡率,显示高浓度茜素络合物溶液对月鳢仔鱼有一定毒性。标记后星耳石上的新增轮纹数(N)和饲养天数(D)密切相关,其线性方程为:N=0.9291D-0.2974(R2=0.9793,n=64,P<0.01),斜率0.9291与1无显著差异(P>0.05),表明星耳石上的生长轮即为日轮。研究表明,在追踪月鳢仔鱼迁移行为时,可采用80 mg/L的茜素络合物溶液对其星耳石进行染色标记。     

大银鱼耳石日轮与生长的研究↑（*）

１９９５年对内蒙莫力庙水库的大银鱼耳石日轮与生长进行了研究。大银鱼人工受精卵孵出仔鱼、剖出其听囊内一时圆形矢耳石，其制片在光镜下观察，耳石形态经历了由圆形、椭圆形到梨形的变化过程。耳石长半径与鱼体长呈线性相关，其关系式为Ｙ＝４．７９８ｘ－２０．８８７（ｒ＝０．９６５０，Ｐ＜０．０１）。孵出后第二天耳石上出现第一个日轮，正常条件下，每天形成一轮。孵化后天数可用耳石日轮数加１表示，其表达式为Ｄ＝Ｎ＋１，耳石上的日轮数变幅为２６７－３４５。日轮间距有规律性变化，依据日龄和相关体长、体重资料进行了大银鱼生长特性研究。     

大黄鱼仔稚鱼不同发育阶段矢耳石形态发育和微结构特征

对人工培育大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)的生长发育与矢耳石形态及微结构特征进行研究,结果表明:(1)大黄鱼矢耳石上的轮纹是每日形成的,第1日轮在孵化后第2天形成,与其初次摄食相对应。(2)大黄鱼卵黄囊期和前弯曲期仔鱼的耳石形态为圆形,进入弯曲期耳石长轴迅速伸长,在后弯曲期耳石形态变为椭圆形。进入稚鱼期,矢耳石开始形成次生核。随后次生核数量逐渐增加,在孵化后47～78 d的个体中,次生核数量稳定在5～7个,耳石近似盾形。(3)根据耳石日轮宽度推算的大黄鱼稚鱼在其仔鱼期生长率(b)与第1个次生核的形成时间(tsp1)之间存在明显的线性关系,表明生长较快的个体形成次生核的时间较早,进入稚鱼期所需的时间更短。以上结论表明,大黄鱼矢耳石可以反演其早期生活史阶段的生长发育特征。     

鳙仔—幼鱼耳石日轮与生长的研究↑（*）

催产获得受精卵，从胚胎发育后期到秋季鱼种出塘的孵化饲养过程中，连续取样剖出矢耳后，其制片在光镜下观察耳石形态，大小，轮纹排列及其间距变化，部分耳石在扫描电镜下观察轮纹的细微结构，用实测体长体重和日轮退算体长及计算体重比较研究了生长特性。耳石形态经历了由圆形，椭圆形，菱形到梨形的变化过程，耳石直径与全长呈线性相关，其关系式为ｙ＝－０．１９４４＋０．０３８８ｘ。孵出后第二天出现第一个日轮，之后每日形成     

渤海当年生小黄鱼矢耳石微结构特征

以渤海海域采集的小黄鱼(Larimichthy polyactis)幼鱼为研究对象,分析其矢耳石的微结构特征。结果显示,小黄鱼矢耳石中心核呈圆形,平均直径为(24.35±0.72) μm,核内耳石原基为深黑色的圆形结构,平均直径为(12.07±0.58) μm,第1日轮距中心核的距离为(14.11±1.08) μm。初次摄食标记轮出现在第4条日轮处,标记轮暗带颜色加深、清晰可辨,该标记轮距中心核的距离为(20.67±2.28) μm。小黄鱼矢耳石前20条日轮,轮纹由圆环状逐渐变为椭圆,沿最长轴方向的轮纹宽度变化范围为6.51~14.37 μm,且随着日龄的增加而逐渐变宽;20~40条日轮间轮纹宽度呈显著升高,40~85日龄轮纹宽度变化相对平稳,第56~60条轮纹处出现轮纹,平均宽度最大值为41.59 μm。在小黄鱼矢耳石日轮沉积过程中,伴随着亚日轮结构的形成,亚日轮清晰度差,轮纹宽度较窄且波动较大,在显微镜下对视野轻微调焦时会暂时性“消失”。本研究对小黄鱼的矢耳石特征结构进行了分析,以期为野生小黄鱼及其他鱼种的日轮判断提供参考。     

长江口凤鲚幼鱼的耳石微结构、日龄与生长

2007年7月、8月和9月在长江口区域从小型拖网和张网渔获物中获取凤鲚幼鱼,摘取矢耳石进行耳石微结构分析,确定凤鲚幼鱼的日龄和孵化日期,分析个体早期生长过程.凤鲚幼鱼的体长范围为25.6～63.2 mm,矢耳石形状与成鱼耳石相似,为不规则扁椭球形,只有—个翼状突起.耳石横截面磨片上具有一个核和一个原基.耳石原基的直径为12.5 ～ 22.8μm,平均为(14.3±4.8) μm(n =111).耳石核中心到第一个生长轮的距离为(24.9±6.4)μm(n=44).生长轮在耳石长轴上排列较疏且不清晰,短轴上较密但清晰.凤鲚幼鱼的日龄为54～128 d,对应的孵化日期为2007年4月10日至7月23日,高峰期为2007年5月1 1日至6月26日.耳石半径(R)与标准体长(LS)间呈显著的线性相关关系,回归方程为LS=6.68 +0.065R.凤鲚幼鱼前20个生长轮宽度较窄,并有逐渐变窄的趋势,第20日轮之后,生长轮宽度逐渐变宽,至第50日轮后生长轮宽度趋于稳定.     

乌江中华倒刺鲃仔、稚鱼耳石的形态发育与生长

研究中华倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus sinensis)耳石的发育和生长特征,补充早期生物学资料,为进一步研究该鱼野生资源的早期生活史特征提供基础数据。在实验室养殖条件下观察了乌江中华倒刺鲃仔、稚鱼及3种耳石的形态发育过程和生长特点。结果表明,在水温(26.0±2.1)℃下,初孵仔鱼微耳石和矢耳石已经形成,星耳石在仔鱼出膜后第6天出现。在形态发育过程中,微耳石由出膜时的近圆形经卵圆形发育成贻贝形,且中心核位置偏移到前端靠近背侧;矢耳石由近圆形经卵圆形发育成箭矢状;星耳石由逗号形发育成不规则四边形。3种耳石形态发育的各阶段与鱼体发育阶段存在一定的对应关系。在生长上,仔稚鱼鱼体、3种耳石的长径和短径与日龄均呈显著的线性关系(P0.001),鱼体全长与3种耳石长径呈现出显著的线性关系(P0.001),仔稚鱼鱼体、3种耳石的特定生长率随日龄增加均呈下降趋势。     

Validation of daily increment formation and the effects of different temperatures and feeding regimes on short-term otolith growth in Australian smelt Retropinna semoni

Abstract –  To aid otolith interpretation of wild fish, we conducted a laboratory study using metalarval Australian smelt ( Retropinna semoni ) collected from the Murray River, to examine daily increment deposition and the effects of different temperatures and feeding regimes on otolith growth. Daily increment deposition was confirmed by comparing the number of increments from an oxytetracycline mark with the known number of days from marking. After holding fish at two temperature levels and three feeding rates, both food density and temperature were found to have a significant effect on otolith growth, with food density having the greatest influence. Overall trends in final lengths and condition of fish were well represented by recent otolith growth. The results of the experiment have implications for estimating growth histories and its relationship to various environmental conditions.     

Using otolith increment widths to infer spatial,temporal and gender variation in the growth of sand whiting Sillago ciliata

Abstract Two methods of otolith increment analysis were used to describe spatial, temporal and gender variation in growth of sand whiting, Sillago ciliata (Cuvier), in four south‐east Australian estuaries. Mean annual standardised otolith increment widths were used as indices of individual lifetime growth rates, while raw otolith increment widths were used to describe variation in growth throughout the life of S. ciliata. Temporal variation in growth was observed at an annual scale, while spatial variation in growth was observed between estuaries. Growth rates increased significantly with decreasing latitude and greater mean sea surface temperatures. A divergence in growth rates between sexes was detected, with females growing faster than males after sexual maturity. This study highlights how otolith increment analyses can: (1) be used to analyse temporal trends in growth from a single sample and (2) provide insight into juvenile growth when samples have an absence of undersized fish.     

Seasonal changes in otolith increment width trajectories and the effect of temperature on the daily growth rate of young sardines

We studied the otolith microstructure and growth of sardine, Sardina pilchardus, in the North Aegean Sea (eastern Mediterranean Sea), using samples of larvae and juveniles that had hatched in winter (November–January) and winter–spring (February–May), respectively. The juveniles had developed during an extended period coinciding with marked pelagic ecosystem changes (from winter, mixed conditions to summer, stratified waters). To examine the relationship between environmental changes and the observed variability in their otolith increment–width trajectories (width‐at‐age), we summarized the shape of trajectories with a four‐parameter set estimated from a growth model fit to each width trajectory. The individual parameter sets were then related to the potential oceanographic conditions that fish experienced during their development, derived from a hydrodynamic–biogeochemical model (POM‐ERSEM), implemented in the sampling area. Substantial seasonal effects were demonstrated on the otolith microstructure (platykurtic versus leptokurtic trajectories in winter‐mixed versus summer‐stratified conditions), which were related to the progressive sea surface warming. In a subsequent step, in order to study the effect of oceanographic conditions on larval and juvenile daily growth rates, a GAM (Generalized Additive Model) analysis of otolith increment widths was carried out, using model‐derived oceanographic parameters and taking into account the ‘inherent otolith growth’, expressed by the explanatory variables ‘previous increment width’ and ‘Age’. Results showed a strong and positive, linear effect of temperature on the growth rate of winter‐caught larvae, whereas in juveniles, which had developed within a wide range of temperatures, an optimum temperature for growth was observed at around 24°C.     

依耳石显微结构判断安氏新银鱼的早期生活史

安氏新银鱼的矢耳石呈不规则卵圆形。60尾样品(体长37~52 mm)耳石长半径y与体长x呈线形关系,y=260.335+2.6234x。光镜下观察了耳石制片的显微结构。耳石中心圆形的核平均直径(25.17±2.40)μm(SD,后同)。核中心原基平均直径(7.80±2.22)μm。核周围为同心环纹,即日轮。耳石上日轮数73~101,78.3%的样品分布于83~97日轮范围内。前10个日轮平均间距最窄,为1.76μm,之后日轮间距逐渐增宽,60~70日轮平均间距最宽(2.70μm),而后日轮间距又变窄。依日轮间距推算的体长生长,前10日龄平均日增长0.34 mm,以后生长加快,60~70日龄平均日增长最快,为0.52 mm。依据采样日期,日轮数和胚胎发育期推断,样品鱼的产卵期为4月中旬至5月中旬,出生日期为4月下旬至5月下旬。从最初2~3个日轮间距最宽,4~10日轮间距较窄判断,其卵黄营养期为3~4 d,混合营养期为6~7 d。部分样品在48~72日轮处有过渡轮,应是由近海(盐度27~30)到河口(盐度6~18)盐度急剧变化诱导形成的,表明幼鱼有到河口摄食洄游的习性。     

Otolith microstructure of chum salmon <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oncorhynchus keta</Emphasis>: formation of sea entry check and daily deposition of otolith increments in seawater conditions

To apply otolith microstructure to examination of age and growth of juvenile chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta inhabiting coastal waters, formation of otolith increments was investigated for juveniles reared in a seawater aquarium and in net pens. In all otoliths examined, a distinctive check was formed at the time of sea entry of the fish. The deposition of otolith increments after the check was daily for rearing both in the aquarium (57 days) and in the net pens (26 days). Check formation associated with sea entry was also observed in otoliths of juvenile salmon collected 1 km off the coast of Shari, Hokkaido, Japan. Transmitted light observation of otoliths of those fish revealed a transition in otolith increment appearance from dark to light. Otolith Sr: Ca ratio remarkably changed from a low to a high level, coinciding with the transition in otolith appearance. It is suggested that the transition was associated with individual sea entry. This study demonstrated that the check and/or transition associated with sea entry are applicable to a benchmark for otolith increment counts of juvenile chum salmon inhabiting coastal waters.     

Validation of daily increment formation in otoliths of immature and adult Japanese anchovy <Emphasis Type="Italic">Engraulis japonicus</Emphasis>

In order to validate daily increment formation in otoliths of immature and adult Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonicus, three rearing experiments using chemical marking of otoliths were conducted on adult anchovy in summer 2004 and immature anchovy in summer 2005 and in winter 2006. In the two experiments conducted in summer, the number of otolith microincrements between alizarin complexone (ALC) marks showed that microincrements were formed daily. In the summer 2005 experiment, immature anchovy under conditions of reduced daily food rations also showed daily microincrement formation. Average increment width was 0.9 μm in adults and 1.8–3.1 μm in immature anchovy. In contrast, no clear increments were observed between ALC marks on the otoliths from the experiment in winter 2006, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations failed to confirm clear increment formation. We consider that low water temperatures (<13–14°C) restricted otolith growth and lowered the contrast between the discontinuous and the incremental zones of the otolith increments. For age estimation of Japanese anchovy, clear increments wider than about 1 μm in the otolith can be regarded as daily increments. However, daily age estimation of immature and adult anchovy that experience low water temperatures in winter may be difficult due to the obscurity of the increments.     

Somatic growth and otolith microstructure of larval and juvenile pacific cod <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gadus macrocephalus</Emphasis>

ABSTRACT:   Microstructures of sagittae and lapilli were examined in relation to somatic growth for reared larvae and juveniles of Pacific cod. The Laird–Gompertz model was fitted to the daily age and somatic growth relationship. Growth increments were deposited on a daily basis in both kinds of otoliths, with a check formed at hatching. Two subsequent checks and an accessory primordia (AP) occurred in the sagittae. The lapillus was adequate for increment width measurement through the early life stages. Sagittal and frontal plane of sagitta was adequate for measurement in the pre-AP and post-AP formation stages, respectively. The shift of desirable plane was caused by changes in otolith and increment shapes with AP formation. Back-calculated total lengths using the biological intercept method did not significantly differ with certain body lengths ( P  > 0.05), suggesting validity of back-calculation in this species. Using the back-calculated total length, morphological and ecologic changes that seemed to affect checks and AP formations are discussed.     

Variability of larval Baltic sprat (Sprattus sprattus L.) otolith growth: a modeling approach combining spatially and temporally resolved biotic and abiotic environmental key variables

Plankton sampling was conducted in the Baltic to obtain sprat larvae. Their individual drift patterns were back‐calculated using a hydrodynamic model. The modelled positions along the individual drift trajectories were subsequently used to provide insight into the environmental conditions experienced by the larvae. Autocorrelation analysis revealed that successive otolith increment widths of individual larvae were not independent. Otolith increment width was then modelled using two different generalized additive model (GAM) analyses (with and without autocorrelation), using environmental variables determined for each modelled individual larval position as explanatory variables. The results indicate that otolith growth was not only influenced by the density of potential prey but was controlled by a number of simultaneously acting environmental factors. The final model, not considering autocorrelation, explained more than 80% of the variance of otolith growth, with larval age as a factor variable showing the strongest significant impact on otolith growth. Otolith growth was further explained by statistically significant ambient environmental factors such as temperature, bottom depth, prey density and turbulence. The GAM analysis, taking autocorrelation into account, explained almost 98% of the variability, with the previous otolith increment showing the strongest significant effect. Larval age as well as ambient temperature and prey abundance also had a significant effect. An alternative approach applied individual‐based model (IBM) simulations on larval drift, feeding, growth and survival starting as exogenously feeding larvae at the back‐calculated positions. The IBM results revealed optimal growth conditions for more than 97% of the larvae, with a tendency for our IBM to slightly overestimate larval growth.     

An individual-based model for the direct conversion of otolith into somatic growth rates

Otolith increment width and larval fish data (length and weight) were used to develop an individual‐based model (IBM) to describe daily resolved growth rates of North Sea herring (Clupea harengus) larvae (Autumn Spawners) caught during International Herring Larvae Surveys in the ICES area IVa from 1990 to 1998. The model combines sagittal otolith readings (core and individual increment measurements), larval standard length and weight data, and solves an over‐determined set of linear system equations for all parameters using the method of least square residuals. The model consists of a matrix, which describes the increment width formation of 119 larvae, a vector containing their length/weight measurements, and a vector describing residuals. The solution vector yields age‐dependent maximum somatic growth rates of herring larvae up to an age of 41 days with sizes ranging from 10 to 25 mm. The observed environmental temperature in which larvae dwelled was relatively uniform. Therefore, measured increment width was individually used to determine daily growth from any single larva in relation to their potential maximum growth under optimal feeding conditions. The results are discussed with respect to the spatial and temporal variability of larval occurrence. Finally, an analysis of error estimation of the larval growth characteristics is presented.     

Otolith development and daily increment formation in laboratory-reared larval and juvenile black-spot tuskfish <Emphasis Type="Italic">Choerodon schoenleinii</Emphasis>

Microstructures of lapilli were examined for reared larvae and juveniles of black-spot tuskfish Choerodon schoenleinii. Lapilli of larvae at 1 day after hatching have one diffuse and obscure ring with an otolith radius of 4.3 ± 0.50 μm (mean ± SD, N = 8). The slope and intercept of the regression between the number of days after hatching and increment counts did not differ significantly from one and zero, respectively, indicating that lapillus increments were formed on a daily basis after hatching. There was an ontogenetic shift in the relative values of somatic and otolith growth, which corresponded to the transition from pelagic larvae to settlement stage. Simultaneously, the daily increment width reached the maximum value. These findings suggest that age at maximum value of increment width can be used as an indicator of the planktonic larval duration while settlement mark is not found. Since ontogenetic shift in the relationship between otolith radius and body size was observed, back-calculation of somatic growth in black-spot tuskfish using the otolith radius during the early life stages should be analyzed with caution, and the method requires further validation.