虎纹蛙病毒主要衣壳蛋白基因的克隆及其序列

从新分离感染虎纹蛙的病毒培养细胞中提取病毒DNA作模板，用分别对应于蛙病毒－3型（FV3）主要衣壳蛋白（Major Capsid Protein,MCP）基因读码框两侧的寡核苷酸片段作引物进行PCR扩增，得到预期大小基因片段，进一步将此基因片段插入到pGEM-T载体中，进行全长片段的序列测定和分析。结果表明，编码虎纹蛙病毒的MCP基因的读码框核苷酸数为1392bp，编码463个氨基酸；基因的核苷酸序列与其他脊椎动物虹彩病毒的MCP基因序列比较结果显示，该病毒与蛙病毒属的FV3的同源性（98％)明显高于囊肿病毒属的FLDV－1（52％），并且与虹彩病毒科其他成员的MCP基因序列均有所不同，说明该病毒株是虹彩病毒科蛙病毒属的新成员。     

大口黑鲈蛙病毒分子流行病学及组织病理分析

为探讨大口黑鲈蛙病毒（LMBV）的分子流行规律及在感染后的组织病理变化，实验对2019—2021年采集的723份患病大口黑鲈样品进行荧光定量PCR （qPCR）检测。结果显示，LMBV的阳性率为63.62%，挑选阳性样品接种鳜脑细胞（Chinese perch brain cells,CPB），共获得93株LMBV。通过对分离株MCP、ATP酶、DNA聚合酶和甲基转移酶基因进行PCR扩增与测序分析，发现上述基因在LMBV分离株中均保守，其中MCP、ATP酶基因一致性均为100.0%、甲基转移酶基因一致性为99.7%～100.0%、DNA聚合酶基因一致性为99.8%～100.0%。选取1株LMBV毒株感染健康大口黑鲈，采用qPCR方法对不同组织中的病毒载量进行检测，结果显示，大口黑鲈蛙病毒在心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肾脏、胃、肠和脑等组织中均有分布，人工感染LMBV后的前5天病毒载量逐步升高；感染后第5天，心脏中病毒载量最高（9.5×10⁵个/mg拷贝），脑组织中病毒载量最低（2.9×10²个/mg拷贝）。组织病理结果表明，LMBV可导致大口黑鲈多种组...     

蛙虹彩病毒巢式 PCR检测方法的建立

蛙虹彩病毒属(Ranavirus)病毒宿主广泛,可以感染爬行类、鱼类和两栖类,大部分病毒对宿主都有较强的致病性和致死性.为建立一种快速高效的蛙虹彩病毒的检测方法,本研究利用中华鳖虹彩病毒(soft-shelled Turtle Iridovirus,STIV)核衣壳蛋白(Major Capsid Protein,MCP)基因保守区设计内引物和外引物,建立了特异性检测流行性造血器官坏死病毒(Epizootic Haematopoietic Necrosis Virus,EHNV)、中华鳖虹彩病毒和虎纹蛙虹彩病毒(Tiger Frog Virus,TFV)的巢式PCR(巢式PCR)检测方法,并制备了重组质粒pGem-T-S作为阳性对照标准品.检测限试验结果显示,该方法可以检测102拷贝的病毒粒子.而且与传染性造血器官坏死病毒、鲤春病毒、病毒性出血性败血症病毒、斑点叉尾(鱼回)病毒、传染性胰脏坏死病毒、真鲷虹彩病毒、牙鲆弹状病毒以及锦鲤疱疹病毒等其他非蛙虹彩病毒无交叉反应.该体系具有简便、快速、敏感、特异性高、低成本等特点,为诊断与预防蛙虹彩病毒提供了一项重要的技术手段.     

中国大菱鲆虹彩病毒主要衣壳蛋白基因的PCR扩增及序列分析

应用同源PCR技术，从被一种球状病毒感染的患病大菱鲆（Scophthalmus maximus）脾脏和肾脏组织中扩增出了一段长度为620bp的DNA片断。序列测定和Blast分析表明，该DNA片断与鱼类虹彩病毒主要衣壳蛋白（MCP）C末端编码区的DNA序列高度相似，由此证实感染养殖大菱鲆的这种球状病毒为一种鱼类虹彩病毒，暂命名为大菱鲆红体病虹彩病毒（TRBIV）。多序列比对和分析发现，TRBIV MCP C末端的205个氨基酸序列与GenBank中20种虹彩病毒相应序列的相似性分别为99．47％（韩国大菱鲆虹彩病毒）、97％～98％（待指定病毒属的7种病毒），以及50％以下（蛙病毒属、淋巴囊肿病毒属、虹彩病毒属的12种病毒），由此绘制出了包含TRBIV在内的21种虹彩病毒的系统发育树。研究结果表明，感染中国养殖大菱鲆的TRBIV属于虹彩病毒科待指定病毒属，位于该属ISKNV亚群和RSIV亚群之间，是该病毒属的一个新成员。     

蛙病毒PCR检测方法的建立与比较分析

为了进一步丰富蛙虹彩病毒检测方法，实验针对蛙病毒3型(frog virus 3,FV3)核衣壳蛋白(major capsid protein,MCP)基因保守区设计一对特异性引物，并选取另外2种蛙病毒PCR检测方法进行对比实验，通过反应体系的优化、反应特异性和敏感性实验，建立了一种针对FV3的PCR检测方法。结果显示，该方法最低检测限可达1.2个拷贝数的病毒粒子，与神经坏死病毒、虾血细胞虹彩病毒、大口黑鲈虹彩病毒、锦鲤疱疹病毒、鲤浮肿病毒、传染性脾肾坏死病毒、加州鲈弹状病毒等常见水产动物致病毒株无交叉反应。临床样品检测表明，该方法所获得的检测结果与另外2种方法一致，结果可靠。本研究所建立的FV3 PCR检测方法，具有简便、快速、敏感度好、特异性高、低成本等特点，可用于FV3蛙病毒的快速诊断和分子流行病学调研。     

鳜传染性脾肾坏死病毒p31基因结构及序列分析

报道了鳜传染性脾肾坏死病毒（ISKNV）的p31基因结构及其序列分析。对ISKNV DNA HindⅢE酶切片段的序列分析结果发现该序列中含有完整的p31基因，ISKNV p31基因完整读码框为675bp，GC含量为49.78%，等电点为7.61，编码一个长为225aa、分子量为25.3kD的推定蛋白。结果分析发现该基因具有启动动子TATAbox和CAATmotif，下游有反向重复序列可形成茎环，另外还有一段直接重复序列和二联体结构。ISKNV与其它3种虹彩病毒（包括FV3、LCDV－1和EHNV）的p31基因氨基酸序列具有一定的同源性，但ISKNV与它们的同源性不高，序列比较和系统树分析发现ISKNV与蛙病毒属和淋巴囊肿病毒属的病毒都不尽相同。     

一株大黄鱼虹彩病毒的分离鉴定及多克隆抗体的制备

2021年7月,浙江省象山某养殖场养殖的大黄鱼（Larimichthys crocea）出现类似大黄鱼虹彩病毒引起的疾病。采用鲤上皮瘤细胞培养和病毒主要衣壳蛋白测序分析的方法,从患病的大黄鱼中分离到一株病毒。该病毒接种到鲤上皮瘤细胞（EPC）后出现空斑、脱落的细胞病变症状。根据虹彩病毒MCP和ATPase基因保守序列设计特异性引物对病毒组织样本进行PCR扩增,得到分别为1 367 bp和740 bp的目的基因片段。将MCP基因扩增片段测序,经BLAST对比及系统发育树聚类分析,确定该分离的病毒属虹彩病毒科细胞肿大病毒属。通过蔗糖密度梯度离心纯化,用透射电镜观察该病毒粒子呈正六边形,直径为120～150 nm。用纯化病毒作为抗原免疫小鼠获得抗大黄鱼虹彩病毒的多克隆抗体,效价为1∶7 000;通过SDS-PAGE和Western blotting初步确定3个免疫蛋白。本研究为大黄鱼虹彩病毒纯化提供一种新方法,并初步分离出免疫蛋白,为该病毒相关分子生物学研究、蛋白研究以及疫苗制备等提供理论依据。     

大口黑鲈病毒性溃疡病病原的分离和鉴定

对广东省佛山地区2008年夏季高温时期暴发的大口黑鲈溃疡病的病原进行分离，从患病鱼的病灶肌肉组织中分离到5株嗜水气单胞菌,人工感染健康大口黑鲈，均未出现溃疡暴发病的典型症状病鱼体表大片溃烂，裸露肌肉坏死并有出血，尾鳍、胸鳍和背鳍基部红肿溃烂。制备病灶肌肉组织的除菌过滤液，背部肌肉注射感染健康大口黑鲈，7 d后出现典型的溃疡病症状。取自然发病鱼和人工感染的患病鱼病灶肌肉组织制作超薄切片，经电镜观察，均发现组织中有大量病毒颗粒，病毒粒子有囊膜，呈六角形，为正20面体对称结构，大小约为145.5 nm。根据已知虹彩病毒主要衣壳蛋白（MCP）基因序列设计特异引物，提取人工感染发病鱼病灶肌肉组织的DNA进行PCR扩增，将扩增片段进行序列测定与分析，结果表明该序列与已报道的虹彩病毒MCP基因有着较高同源性（39.5％～100％）。从电镜观察和MCP基因测序分析结果确认该病毒为虹彩病毒科蛙病毒属中的一种病毒，与国外报道的大口黑鲈病毒（LMBV）在分子特性和引起的疾病特征上有一定差异。研究结果表明引起大口黑鲈溃疡性暴发病的病原是虹彩病毒，将该病暂命名为大口黑鲈病毒性溃疡病。     

大口黑鲈肝脾肿大病病原研究

为了查明2009年10月广东省佛山地区养殖大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)中暴发的传染性疾病的病原,对病鱼的肝脏、脾脏和腹隔膜进行切片电镜观察,发现细胞质中有大量病毒颗粒,切面为六角形,直径约145～150 nm,病毒为二十面体对称结构、无囊膜、似虹彩病毒的病毒粒子.用除菌的病鱼组织滤液感染健康大口黑鲈,被感染鱼死亡率达90%以上.根据已知虹彩病毒主要衣壳蛋白(MCP)基因序列设计特异引物,提取人工感染发病鱼的肝脏、脾脏、肾脏组织的DNA进行PCR扩增,将扩增片段进行序列测定与分析,结果表明该序列与已报道的鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)传染性脾肾坏死病毒(Infectious Spleen and Kidney Necrosis Virus,ISKNV)MCP基因同源性为98%.电镜观察和MCP基因测序分析结果显示,该病毒的分类地位为虹彩病毒科(Iridoviridae)细胞肿大病毒属(Megalocytivirus).     

鳜脑组织细胞系的建立及其病毒敏感性研究

鱼类细胞是开展鱼类病毒分离鉴定、功能基因分析以及生物制品制备等研究的重要物质基础。鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)是深受养殖者和消费者欢迎的养殖品种。随着鳜鱼养殖产量的逐年增加,其病害问题尤其是病毒病问题也日趋严重,但是,可用于鳜鱼病毒分离和基因功能分析的鳜细胞系缺乏。本研究采用组织块消化法,对来源鳜脑组织的细胞进行原代培养,建立了鳜脑组织细胞系,命名为MFB。MFB细胞在28℃含10%胎牛血清的L-15中已稳定传代超过70次,第25代鳜脑组织细胞的染色体众数为56。采用免疫荧光细胞化学技术(β-tubulin和Neu-N)鉴定MFB细胞的神经元纯度,结果显示,培养的MFB细胞为神经元类细胞。病毒敏感性实验结果显示,鳜蛙虹彩病毒(MFRaIV)、大口黑鲈蛙虹彩病毒(LMBRaIV)和大鲵虹彩病毒(GSIV)均可在MFB细胞中产生典型细胞病变效应,病毒滴度分别为108.68±0.12、108.36±0.15、1010.15±1.85 TCID50/mL。使用脂质体Lipofectamine®2000将pEGFP-N1转入MFB细胞,转染效率可达20%。本研究建立的鳜脑组织细胞系不仅对多种蛙虹彩病毒敏感,而且转染质粒效率较高,为鳜病毒性病原的分离及基因功能研究奠定了前期基础。     

Molecular characterization and pathogenicity of a grouper iridovirus (GIV) isolated from yellow grouper, Epinephelus awoara (Temminck & Schlegel)

Molecular characterization was carried out on an iridovirus isolated from yellow grouper, Epinephelus awoara . The major capsid protein (MCP) gene was located, sequenced and compared with homologous genes from other iridoviruses. The nucleotide sequence is 1392 bases long and contains a single open reading frame beginning at an ATG codon from the 5' end and terminating at a TAA codon at the 3' end. The open reading frame encodes a protein of 463 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 50 272 Da. Pairwise amino acid alignments detected a high degree of sequence identity between grouper iridovirus (GIV) MCP and the homologous genes of other iridoviruses. The MCP gene of GIV was most similar to the MCP gene from frog virus 3 (FV3) with 70% nucleotide and 73% amino acid sequence identity. The predicted molecular weight of the protein of this gene is comparable with the apparent weight obtained by SDS–PAGE. Pathogenicity of the GIV was investigated in yellow grouper by intraperitoneal injection of 10⁷ and 10⁴ TCID₅₀ virus. Cumulative mortalities reached 100% within 11 and 25 days post-infection, respectively, while no grouper died in the control group. The molecular studies demonstrated that GIV is a member of the genus Ranavirus .     

Investigation of ornamental fish entering the EU for the presence of ranaviruses

A survey was performed on ornamental fish imported into the EU to detect viral agents belonging to the genus Ranavirus. The objective was to gain knowledge of the potential for these systemic iridoviruses to gain entry into the EU via international trade in ornamental fish. A total of 208 pooled samples, representing 753 individual fish, were tested. The samples included 13 orders and 37 families, originating from different countries and continents. Tissues from fish that died during or just after transport were collected and examined by standard virological techniques in epithelioma papulosum cyprini cells, by transmission electron microscopy and by PCR for the detection of the major capsid protein and DNA polymerase gene sequences of ranaviruses. Virus was isolated from nine fish species but ranavirus was not identified in those samples. The results suggest that ranaviruses are not highly prevalent in ornamental fish imported into the EU.     

Expression and serological application of a capsid protein of an iridovirus isolated from rock bream, Oplegnathus fasciatus (Temminck & Schlegel)

Iridoviruses infect a wide variety of wild and cultured fish. Those iridoviruses belonging to the genus Ranavirus, in the Iridoviridae family, cause systemic disease in infected animals with a high morbidity and mortality. This paper reports the cloning, sequencing, and expression of the rock bream iridovirus (RBIV) major capsid protein (MCP) in an Escherichia coli expression system for subsequent immunological studies. The completeness of the expressed protein was confirmed by peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) analysis using MALDI-TOF MS. The recombinant MCP (rMCP)-specific mouse polyclonal antibody reacted with the viral 52 kDa protein, indicating that this rMCP induces an immunological response. Fish antibodies induced against iridovirus infection were also detected using ELISA when rMCP was used as an antigen. As a result, it was found that many cultured rock bream (92.5%) were naturally infected with iridovirus and that the rMCP might be useful for serological tests.     

Identification and characterization of a novel lymphocystis disease virus isolate from cultured grouper in China

Grouper Epinephelus spp. is one of the most important mariculture fish species in China and South-East Asian countries. The emerging viral diseases, evoked by iridovirus which belongs to genus Megalocytivirus and Ranavirus, have been well characterized in recent years. To date, few data on lymphocystis disease in grouper which caused by lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) were described. Here, a novel LCDV isolate was identified and characterized. Based on the sequence of LCDV major capsid protein (MCP) and DNA polymerase gene, we found that the causative agents from different species of diseased groupers were the same one and herein were uniformly defined as grouper LCDV (GLCDV). Furthermore, H&E staining revealed that the nodules on the skin were composed of giant cells that contained inclusion bodies in the cytoplasm. Numerous virus particles with >210 nm in diameter and with hexagonal profiles were observed in the cytoplasm. In addition, phylogenetic analysis based on four iridovirus core genes, MCP, DNA polymerase, myristoylated membrane protein (MMP) and ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), consistently showed that GLCDV was mostly related to LCDV-C, followed by LCDV-1. Taken together, our data firstly provided the molecular evidence that GLCDV was a novel emerging iridovirus pathogen in grouper culture.     

大口黑鲈溃疡综合征病毒MCP基因序列分析及PCR快速检测方法的建立

为了早期快速诊断近年来流行于广东省养殖大口黑鲈(Micropterussalmoides)中的病毒性溃疡综合征,本研究用基因组步移的方法获得了大口黑鲈溃疡综合征病毒(Largemouthbassulcerativesyndromevirus,LBUSV)主要衣壳蛋白(MCP)基因,该基因编码区全长1392bp。通过序列比较分析,在MCP基因内确定了一段241bp的特异性较强的片段作为靶序列,设计并合成引物,经过优化PCR反应条件,建立了可以快速检测大口黑鲈溃疡综合征病毒的PCR方法。实验表明,在PCR进行到30个循环反应时可以检测到的质粒最小浓度是104拷贝数/μL,相当于104个病毒粒子。利用该方法,从天然感染LBUSV的大口黑鲈脾脏组织DNA可扩增出241bp的片段,而健康大口黑鲈和感染了传染性脾肾坏死病毒样病毒的大口黑鲈脾脏组织则没有扩增条带。本研究建立的PCR检测方法具有检测快速、成本低、准确性高的特点,适用于大范围早期病害诊断的推广应用。     

PCR amplification and sequence analysis of the major capsid protein gene of megalocytiviruses isolated in Taiwan

Viruses belonging to the genus Megalocytivirus in the family Iridoviridae are one of the major agents causing mass mortalities in marine and freshwater fish in Asian countries. Outbreaks of iridovirus disease have been reported among various fish species in Taiwan. However, the genotypes of these iridoviruses have not yet been determined. In this study, seven megalocytivirus isolates from four fish species: king grouper, Epinephelus lanceolatus (Bloch), barramundi perch, Lates calcarifer (Bloch), silver sea bream, Rhabdosargus sarba (Forsskal), and common ponyfish, Leiognathus equulus (Forsskal), cultured in three different regions of Taiwan were collected. The full open reading frame encoding the viral major capsid protein gene was amplified using PCR. The PCR products of approximately 1581 bp were cloned and the nucleotide sequences were phylogenetically analysed. Results showed that all seven PCR products contained a unique open reading frame with 1362 nucleotides and encoded a structural protein with 453 amino acids. Even though the nucleotide sequences were not identical, these seven megalocytiviruses were classified into one cluster and showed very high homology with red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV) with more than 97% identity. Thus, the seven iridovirus strains isolated from cultured marine fish in Taiwan were closer to the RSIV genotype than the infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus genotype.     

Molecular identification of iridoviruses infecting various sturgeon species in Europe

Iridoviridae are known to cause disease in sturgeons in North America. Here, histological and molecular methods were used to screen for this family of virus in sturgeons from various European farms with low‐to‐high morbidity. Some histological samples revealed basophilic cells in the gill and labial epithelia, strongly suggesting the accumulation of iridovirus particles. Newly developed generic PCR tests targeting the major capsid protein (MCP) gene of sturgeon iridoviruses identified in North America, namely the white sturgeon iridovirus and the Namao virus (NV), produced positive signals in most samples from four sturgeon species: Russian (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii), Siberian (A. baerii), Adriatic (A. naccarii) and beluga (Huso huso). The sequences of the PCR products were generally highly similar one another, with nucleotide identities greater than 98%. They were also related to (74–88%), although distinct from, American sturgeon iridoviruses. These European viruses were thus considered variants of a single new virus, provisionally named Acipenser iridovirus‐European (AcIV‐E). Moreover, three samples infected with AcIV‐E showed genetic heterogeneity, with the co‐existence of two sequences differing by five nucleotides. One of our European samples carried a virus distinct from AcIV‐E, but closely related to NV identified in Canada (95%). This study demonstrates the presence of two distinct sturgeon iridoviruses in Europe: a new genotype AcIV‐E and an NV‐related virus.