全浮流式紫菜二荐养殖技术

全浮流式紫菜二荐养殖,是全浮流式紫菜养殖基础上大胆改革精心试验而获得成功的一种养殖新技术。全浮流式紫菜养殖,是指紫菜养殖区域从原来的潮间带养殖外移到浅海区养殖。养殖的紫菜不受海水涨落潮的影响,始终浮在海水中生长,不会自然干露,即称为全浮流式紫菜养殖。它比潮间带海区水位深,所以又称深水养殖。而紫菜二茬养殖,是指利用坛紫菜和条斑紫菜的适宜温度差,在同一海区同一棚架上,秋季海区水温较高时养殖坛紫菜,冬季水温下降时,原养殖的坛紫菜已经老化,进入条斑紫菜的最适生长温度期,适时换养条斑紫菜,进行第二茬养殖。…     

南海野生坛紫菜选育研究

以南海粤东海域的野生坛紫菜为选育材料,采用选择育种的方法并进行海区栽培验证,培育出产量高、耐高温和质量优的优良品系。第1茬采收时紫菜藻体平均长度比对照组（传统栽培坛紫菜品种）增加了73．9％,产量和单位产量分别提高了25％和19．0％。3～5cm叶状体在29℃水温条件下培养6天后才出现烂斑,海区栽培没有出现因高温造成的烂苗现象。第1茬坛紫菜16种氨基酸总量比对照组高36．5％。本研究成果不仅为粤东及周边地区的坛紫菜栽培生产提供一个具有实用性的优良品系,而且也为今后坛紫菜良种选育提供了更广泛的研究材料。     

福建省坛紫菜加工产业化发展思路

坛紫菜系暖温性海藻，是我国特有的传统海水养殖大宗品种，主要分布在福建、浙江二省，自然生长期从9月至翌年4月，生长最适宜温度是15℃～20℃。经过近半个世纪的发展，坛紫菜已经形成苗种培育、海区栽培、加工、贸易配套齐全的产业。福建省坛紫菜栽培面积超过10万亩，一般年份每亩养殖纯收入2000～3000元，产量3万吨，从事坛紫菜的养殖、加工、销售人员达10万人，年产值10亿元以上。近年来，     

坛紫菜固定桩悬浮式养殖技术

坛紫菜固定桩悬浮式养殖技术是在潮间带筏架养殖和浅海浮流式养殖基础上发展起来的一种先进养殖方法,其养殖技术的推广应用将坛紫菜养殖由传统单一的潮间带养殖模式向浅海养殖跨出突破性的一步,开创了坛紫菜养殖新领地,极大地拓展了养殖空间,使闽东地区坛紫菜养殖得到迅猛发展。     

福鼎敏灶湾2012年坛紫菜烂菜原因初探

对2012年10月福鼎敏灶湾海区坛紫菜烂菜情况进行采样、调查和原因分析。结果显示坛紫菜烂菜症状主要为叶状体梢部颜色变红,部分藻体颜色变淡、发白,烂化甚至脱落。烂菜原因主要有：（1）高温小潮期,海面风力小、浪静,由波浪形成的海水垂直流动交换弱,藻体与海水中的二氧化碳和营养盐等微交换也随之变弱,从而导致坛紫菜细胞生理机能下降;（2）坛紫菜养殖过密,海水中含氮量偏低,使得坛紫菜生长受限制;（3）南侧近岸海域水流不畅、流速较缓,悬浮物等污染物质积聚于该海域,易粘附于坛紫菜叶状体,影响坛紫菜的生长。为此作者提出防范建议旨在为今后福建省坛紫菜健康养殖可持续发展提供参考意见。     

坛紫菜养殖技术之一坛紫菜固定柱悬浮式养殖技术

坛紫菜固定桩悬浮式养殖技术是在潮间带筏架养殖和浅海浮流式养殖基础上发展起来的一种先进养殖方法,其养殖技术的推广应用将坛紫菜养殖由传统单一的潮间带养殖模式向浅海养殖跨出突破性的一步,开创了坛紫菜养殖新领地,极大地拓展了养殖空间,使闽东地区坛紫菜养殖得到迅猛发展.     

广东紫菜和坛紫菜温度适应性的比较研究

在本文中介绍了用瓦勃氏微量呼吸检压仪对同一海区养殖的广东紫菜和坛紫菜叶状体的暗呼吸强度及光合作用强度的测定结果；并对两种紫菜的单位产量作了比较。结果证明，广东紫菜比坛紫菜更适应于在我国南方水温较高的海区养殖。     

4种紫菜叶状体的ISSR分子标记分析

4种紫菜样品分别为采自青岛海区的野生条斑紫菜（Porphyra yezoensis）、华北半叶紫菜（P.katadai var.hemiphylla）、少精紫菜（P.oligospermatangia）和浙江象山海区人工栽培的坛紫菜（P.haitanensis）.取其10～15 cm叶状体为材料,采用ISSR（Inter-simple sequence repeats）分子标记进行分析.从100个ISSR引物中筛选出22个引物,扩增出清晰、可重复的条带共计247条,其中多态性条带比例达95.5%.根据扩增结果进行的聚类分析显示,条斑紫菜和少精紫菜的亲缘关系最为接近,在聚类图中二者首先聚在一起,接着与坛紫菜相聚,最后与华北半叶紫菜汇聚.本研究还讨论了紫菜属海藻的遗传多样性以及种间的特异性ISSR分子标记.本研究目的在于为紫菜遗传变异、亲缘关系以及分类研究、探索新的分析手段.[中国水产科学,2006,13（3）：371-377]     

福建坛紫菜养殖烂苗原因分析与几项预防措施

本文对近几年以来福建省坛紫菜养殖发生大面积烂苗情况进行调查及原因分析：一是坛紫菜壳孢子采苗后受秋季气候异常、持续高温影响坛紫菜生长发育;二是海区养殖密度过大、养殖筏架人为设置密度过高,导致海水流速不畅,引发烂苗症的加剧;三是壳孢子苗帘附苗密度过高,坛紫菜的种质老化,遭遇不良环境时抗病害能力弱;四是受台风影响,局部海洋生态环境短期内发生变化;五是养殖管理方式陈旧,导致退潮后苗帘污染物多,影响坛紫菜生长。为此作者根据近年发病情况,提出几项防病害技术措施,为今后坛紫菜的生产发展作参考。     

坛紫菜养殖海区采苗时间的正确选择

坛紫菜(Porphyra haianensis)人工养殖可持续发展的制约因素诸多,如生态环境因子问题、苗种品质问题、养殖技术问题。同时,海区采壳孢子苗(下称海区采苗)时间的选定也是关键一环,它关系到采苗的成败和相关行业的兴衰,关系到病烂的发生与发展程度,是一个养殖过程中不容忽视的技术关键。笔者现就莆田市坛紫菜海区采苗的历史、现状及其过早采苗的危害,提出适宜的采苗时间,以期坛紫菜人工养殖的健康、持续发展。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Production of diatom–bacteria biofilm isolated from Seriola lalandi cultures for aquaculture application

Controlled incorporation of selected microalgae and bacteria in aquaculture systems can be beneficial because they can act as microbiological control. That is why the characteristics of biofilm generated naturally in Seriola lalandi culture cages were analysed, their potential benefit to the growth of larvae was studied, and their controlled use for improving the larval viability and as a vector to improve incorporation of previously studied probiotic bacteria was tested. According to biodiversity results, these biofilms are composed of a diatom–bacteria mix showing a decrease in biodiversity in laboratory culture conditions being dominated by Navicula phyllepta and bacteria of the family Rhodobacteraceae. This can be produced on mesh substrates incorporated in bioreactors with rapid growth rate and adhesiveness. Preliminary results from the addition of substrates with this specific biofilm in larvae culture systems showed that it is consumed by the larvae without negative effects, while positive effects on the viability of larvae in combination with probiotics were observed. Considering preliminary results, the addition of these specific substrates with diatom–bacteria biofilms could be a good improvement for aquaculture systems and together with the use of probiotics can contribute to maintaining a stable and controlled system improving the viability of the larval fish culture in its early stages.