水氮配施对轮作冬小麦-夏玉米灌浆期光合特性的影响

研究不同水氮配施对轮作冬小麦-夏玉米灌浆期叶面积指数、光合速率、蒸腾速率及叶片水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,冬小麦旗叶光合速率和蒸腾速率均以处理W1500N210最高,叶面积指数和叶片水分利用率均以处理W1500N270最高,夏玉米叶片光合速率在处理W1500N270达到最高,蒸腾速率则以处理W1500N210最高;灌水和施氮及其交互效应对冬小麦、夏玉米叶面积指数、叶片光合速率、蒸腾速率和叶片水分利用率均有显著影响;冬小麦、夏玉米灌浆期叶面积指数、叶片光合速率、蒸腾速率和叶片水分利用率均随施氮量和灌水量的增加而增加;但施氮量超过210kg/hm2时不再显著增加。     

不同水肥条件下夏玉米/冬小麦农田生态系统碳平衡研究

农田生态系统碳平衡取决于农作物固定碳量和土壤异养呼吸排放碳量。为揭示水肥用量对农田生态系统碳平衡的综合影响，设置3个灌水水平：高水、中水和低水（W1、W0.85、W0.7夏玉米季分别为90、76.5、63mm，冬小麦季分别为140、119、98mm），4个施氮水平：高氮、中氮、低氮和不施氮（N1、N0.85、N0.7、N0夏玉米季分别为300、255、210、0kg/hm2，冬小麦季分别为210、178.5、147、0kg/hm2），4个施磷水平：高磷、中磷、低磷和不施磷（P1、P0.85、P0.7和P0夏玉米季分别为90、76.5、63、0kg/hm2，冬小麦季分别为150、127.5、105、0kg/hm2）进行了田间试验。结果表明：不同水肥处理下夏玉米/冬小麦农田生态系统表现为碳汇，夏玉米季净生态系统生产力固碳量（CNEP）为6805~7233kg/hm2，冬小麦季CNEP为5842~6434kg/hm2，夏玉米CNEP高于冬小麦。在高、中、低肥水平下，增加灌水量，夏玉米/冬小麦周年净初级生产力固碳量（CNPP）提高2.48%~5.96%，土壤微生物异养呼吸碳释放量（CRm）增加2.15%~15.20%，净生态系统生产力固碳量（CNEP）增加1.16%~6.47%。在高、中、低供水水平下，增加施肥量，夏玉米/冬小麦周年CNPP增加2.95%~3.43%，土壤CRm增加5.23%~18.67%，CNEP增加0.93%~2.79%，CNEP增加比例与供水水平呈负相关。在低水条件下，氮磷肥配施处理夏玉米/冬小麦农田周年CNEP较单施氮、磷肥分别增加4.86%、7.34%，且氮磷肥交互作用显著（P<0.05），水肥供应水平相差15%时对冬小麦农田CNEP有显著的正交互作用。氮磷肥配施、水肥协调供应均有助于促进夏玉米/冬小麦农田生态系统的净碳输入，在节水节肥原则下，夏玉米和冬小麦分别在W0.85N0.85P0.85和W0.7N0.85P0.85水肥供应条件下有利于增加农田CNEP。     

不同种植模式下水资源利用效率的探讨

研究了6种种植模式下耗水量、产量、等价产量以及水分利用效率和水分经济利用效率等的变化。结果表明,冬小麦-夏玉米1年2作的传统种植模式下等价产量、耗水量均最高;等价产量的水分利用效率以春玉米1年1作种植模式最高,棉花1年1作种植模式最低;棉花-冬小麦-夏玉米2年3作种植模式下经济效益和水分经济利用效率最高,棉花1年1作种植模式次之,远高于以粮食作物为主的种植模式。从农业水资源可持续发展和粮食安全角度考虑,该区域应采用棉花-冬小麦-夏玉米2年3作种植模式。     

农田不同培肥措施的节水增产试验研究

针对华北平原水资源严重不足的实际情况 ,开展了不同培肥模式的节水增产试验研究 ,结果表明 ,玉米秸、麦秸全部还田与单独麦秸还田比较 ,全生育期冬小麦夏玉米共增产 4 77.72 kg/hm2 ,增产幅度为3.6 2 %。耗水量则是冬小麦季全还耗水量高于麦还 ,夏玉米季的耗水量全还低于麦还 ,二季总耗水量则表现为全还大于麦还 ,而且水分利用效率也是全还大于麦还。综合各种施氮水平与还田模式 ,适合当地的最佳培肥模式为 :全还 + N2 +有机肥 ,冬小麦夏玉米全生育期耗水总量为 778.34 mm,水分利用效率为 1 9.0 0kg/( hm2· mm)。     

1957-2017年京津冀主要作物水分利用效率及节水潜力分析

水资源短缺以及农业用水效率不高制约着京津冀一体化国家战略的实施。【目的】提高主要作物水分利用效率,缓解京津冀地区农业水资源矛盾。【方法】基于FAO推荐的Penman-Monteith公式及有效降水计算公式估算了1957-2017年京津冀地区冬小麦、夏玉米的耗水量及水分利用效率以及冬小麦、夏玉米的节水潜力。【结果】冬小麦、夏玉米水分利用效率呈逐年线性增长趋势。冬小麦、夏玉米水分利用效率仍有20%~30%的提升空间,在产量不变的前提下,京津冀地区可节约水量43.6亿~60.4亿m^3。冬小麦节水潜力高于夏玉米。【结论】可通过改善土壤条件,优化灌溉管理以及秸秆覆盖等措施提高冬小麦及夏玉米的水分利用效率。     

农田不同培肥措施的节水增产试验研究

针对华北平原水资源严重不足的实际情况，开展了不同培肥模式的节水增产试验研究，结果表明，玉米秸、麦秸全部还田与单独麦秸还田比较，全生育期冬小麦夏玉米共增产477．72kg/hm^2，增产幅度为3．62％，耗水量则是冬小麦季全还耗水量高于麦还，夏玉米季的耗水量全还低于麦还，二季总耗水量则表现为全还大于麦还，而且水分利用效率也是全还大于麦还。综合种种上施氮水平与还田模式，适合当地的最佳培肥模式为：W一还＋N2＋有机肥，冬小麦夏玉米全生育期耗水总量为778．34mm，水分利用效率为19．00kg/(hm^2.mm)。     

冬小麦—夏玉米一年二年制节水高产水肥耦合数学模型研究

在人工控制试验条件下,采取二次通用旋转组合设计,系统研究了冬小麦－夏玉米一年二作制中上,下两茬作物的水肥耦合效应。结果表明,水肥耦合存在一个阈值。低于阈值下限水平,氮,磷无明显增产效应,水分利用效率低;高于阈值上限,水肥互作效应呈减小趋势;在阈值范围内,水肥互作增产效应明显。     

泾惠渠灌区冬小麦夏玉米连作需水量及灌水模式研究

为了寻求冬小麦-夏玉米连作下的节水高效灌溉制度,采用大田小区试验,在连作种植模式下,统筹分析了冬小麦和夏玉米的需水量及生育期内降雨量,并与当地传统灌溉制度进行了产量对比。结果表明,连作种植模式下,泾惠渠灌区冬小麦、夏玉米全生育期需水量分别为410 mm和400 mm。在年降雨量为490 mm时,连作种植1 a内的经济灌溉定额为305 mm,相比于传统灌溉能节水8.9%。连作条件下作物总产量为12 010 kg/hm~2,产量相对于传统单作种植增加了6.2%,达到了增产目的。在冬小麦抽穗期和夏玉米播种期减少灌水,可在保证产量的基础上有效提高水分利用效率,是更为优化的连作灌水模式。     

基于15N示踪技术的不同水肥条件下夏玉米氮素利用研究

为了揭示不同水肥处理条件下夏玉米氮素的利用吸收情况,采用15N示踪技术,通过夏玉米实验设置4个施氮水平0 kg/hm2(CK),120 kg/hm2(N1),180 kg/hm2(N2),270 kg/hm2(N3),2个灌溉水平132 mm(I1),166 mm(I2).研究了不同水肥处理条件下玉米成熟期各器官对肥料氮和土壤氮的吸收和分配情况,分析了肥料氮对土壤氮的激发规律以及各处理土壤中肥料氮的残留与损失情况.夏玉米对肥料氮的吸收量占总吸氮量的19.43％～28.62％,对土壤氮的吸收量占总吸氮量的71.38％～80.57％;玉米各器官对肥料氮的竞争能力由大到小表现为籽粒、茎秆、叶.土壤氮的激发均为正激发效应,激发率为119.16％～169.19％;夏玉米收获后肥料氮吸收率、土壤残留率和损失率分别为29.41％～50.75％、20.45％～31.41％和24.67％～41.26％,各处理中N2I2处理夏玉米对肥料氮的吸收率最大,为50.75％.夏玉米氮肥农学利用效率为1.63～7.72 kg/kg,水分利用效率为1.09～1.30 kg/m3.适宜的水肥配比有利于植株充分利用氮肥,节约水资源,减少浪费.     

施肥增碳对华北地区土壤水分及作物水分利用的影响

通过田间微区试验,研究了相同施氮水平下单施无机氮(C0)、50%无机氮+50%有机氮配施(C1)和单施有机氮(C2)对冬小麦-夏玉米体系土壤水分变化和水分利用的影响。结果表明,冬小麦和夏玉米体系内土壤水分周年变化规律明显,可分为:土壤水分调整期、土壤水分相对稳定期、快速失墒期和土壤水分恢复期4个阶段。相同施氮水平下增碳可提高0~160cm土壤贮水量0.52%~0.83%和底墒8.08~16.1mm,可降低茬口水分损失1.42~4.90mm。周年耗水量、产量和水分利用效率随碳用量的提高而增加,与C0处理相比,C1和C2处理周年水分利用效率分别提高了4.12%和7.26%。     

Role of farmers' attitudes in adoption of irrigation in Saskatchewan

Adoption of a new technology, such as irrigation, is a complex phenomenon. Several factors of economic and social nature contribute to the farm-level decisions affecting adoption. In this study, the role played by attitudes of potential adopters towards irrigation and its subsequent adoption on their farm unit was estimated. Two models were estimated, one incorporating only adopters' socio-economic characteristics, and the other, only their attitudes towards irrigation. Results suggest that adopters' attitude, particularly with respect to economic and environmental effects of irrigation, were significant determinants of their decision to proceed with adoption of irrigation, and have a role to play in adoption of irrigation over and above that explained by socio-economic characteristics. In particular, these results suggest that negative perceptions with respect to economics of irrigation and those related to its detrimental impacts on environmental quality, particularly through soil salinity, may be significant deterrents for adoption of irrigation. The study suggests that planning of large scale water development projects, particularly those involving irrigation, must be cognizant of attitudes of potential adopters. Furthermore, during the planning stages, more attention should be paid to the development of proper educational programs, as well as extension packages, to ensure that potential adopters formulate correct attitudes towards the new technology.     

饮料中柠檬黄含量测定的不确定度分析

对饮料中的柠檬黄含量进行了测定和不确定度分析,通过对各影响因素的不确定度评定,试验重复性对饮料中合成着色剂的测量结果不确定度的影响最大,其次是样品处理回收率和标准曲线拟合引入的不确定度对试验结果也有较大的影响。结果表明:饮料中柠檬黄的含量为（103.5?3.5）mgkg,k＝2。      

技工院校数学教学中培养学生应用能力的对策分析

数学作为一门基础性学科，在学生的各个学习阶段都起到了不可替代的作用，在工科院校中数学教学的重要性更是升到了一个新的高度。通过数学的学习，可以培养学生的应用能力和探究思维，通过对数学知识的学习和灵活运用，学生的综合能力会得到系统性的提高。对于数学的教学工作，应当做到有针对性、有目标，在教学工作中，充分做到对症下药、有的放矢，让学生通过对数学的学习，提高自身的综合能力，更好地为社会建设贡献力量。     

Advances in application of climate prediction in agriculture

Agricultural ecosystems and their associated business and government systems are diverse and varied. They range from farms, to input supply businesses, to marketing and government policy systems, among others. These systems are dynamic and responsive to fluctuations in climate. Skill in climate prediction offers considerable opportunities to managers via its potential to realise system improvements (i.e. increased food production and profit and/or reduced risks). Realising these opportunities, however, is not straightforward as the forecasting skill is imperfect and approaches to applying the existing skill to management issues have not been developed and tested extensively. While there has been much written about impacts of climate variability, there has been relatively little done in relation to applying knowledge of climate predictions to modify actions ahead of likely impacts. However, a considerable body of effort in various parts of the world is now being focused on this issue of applying climate predictions to improve agricultural systems.

In this paper, we outline the basis for climate prediction, with emphasis on the El Niño-Southern Oscillation phenomenon, and catalogue experiences at field, national and global scales in applying climate predictions to agriculture. These diverse experiences are synthesised to derive general lessons about approaches to applying climate prediction in agriculture. The case studies have been selected to represent a diversity of agricultural systems and scales of operation. They also represent the on-going activities of some of the key research and development groups in this field around the world. The case studies include applications at field/farm scale to dryland cropping systems in Australia, Zimbabwe, and Argentina. This spectrum covers resource-rich and resource-poor farming with motivations ranging from profit to food security. At national and global scale we consider possible applications of climate prediction in commodity forecasting (wheat in Australia) and examine implications on global wheat trade and price associated with global consequences of climate prediction.

In cataloguing these experiences we note some general lessons. Foremost is the value of an interdisciplinary systems approach in connecting disciplinary knowledge in a manner most suited to decision-makers. This approach often includes scenario analysis based on simulation with credible models as a key aspect of the learning process. Interaction among researchers, analysts and decision-makers is vital in the development of effective applications — all of the players learn. Issues associated with balance between information demand and supply as well as appreciation of awareness limitations of decision-makers, analysts, and scientists are highlighted. It is argued that understanding and communicating decision risks is one of the keys to successful applications of climate prediction.

We consider that advances of the future will be made by better connecting agricultural scientists and practitioners with the science of climate prediction. Professions involved in decision making must take a proactive role in the development of climate forecasts if the design and use of climate predictions are to reach their full potential.     

四川简阳地区砂岩层中水分利用研究

分析了四川简阳地区砂岩和土壤中的水分运动特性和砂岩中储存的水分对土壤水分补给量的多少。对当地的砂岩和土壤进行了水分特征曲线的测定试验、入渗试验和蒸发试验,并采用研究中常用模型对试验结果进行了拟合,通过对拟合结果的分析,得出了当地土壤和砂岩的水分特性,总结出了该地区表面土层在缺水时水分很容易被下部砂岩层补给,砂岩中的水分是作物利用的重要水资源的结论。这对于充分利用当地水资源,合理确定类似地质条件地区灌溉定额,解决无灌溉条件丘陵区作物缺水问题,实现农业节水灌溉有一定的参考价值。     

沼气在冬季温室生产中的应用

本试验通过沼气燃烧,提高冬季温室温度,促进西红柿生长发育.试验结果表明:增温可有效提高冬季温室温度,为西红柿越冬生产提供良好条件,有利于西红柿植株茎粗增加及果实膨大速率提高;可使西红柿坐果期提前10天左右,采收期延长20天左右,并提早上市.同时,增温可显著提高西红柿产量,亩增产800kg.     

不同时段刺五加叶片黄酮含量的高光谱无损估测

针对野生刺五加叶片中黄酮含量的测量方法繁琐、时间较长及需破坏叶片等问题,提出了一种基于高光谱技术对不同时段的刺五加叶片中黄酮含量的估算模型。首先,分析提取地域、年龄、长势相近的20株刺五加叶片光谱特征,通过对叶片进行烘干、磨粉及利用紫外分光光度计等化学方法测得叶片中黄酮的真实含量,并选择4种预处理互相结合、比较的方式,判断出最优预处理模型;通过SPA与PCA算法的结合,选择出较明显的特征波段,通过MatLab2018a将特征波段的反射率分别与40组预测集验证相关性后,再分别选取预测值和20组实测值与BP神经网络、支持向量机进行模型建立。实验结果表明:利用BP神经网络建立的模型的校正集决定系数Rc2分别为0.8649、0.7976、0.8485,支持向量机建立的模型的校正集决定系数Rc2分别为0.7526、0.7742、0.7243,证明SNV和1 Der结合的预处理方式与BP神经网络所构建的模型效果最好。研究为高光谱技术对刺五加叶片中黄酮的反演提供了有力的支持,也会提高工业和药用采摘的效率及刺五加的利用价值。     

吉林省图们市农村精神文明建设现状问题及对策建议

农村精神文明建设还存在一些亟待解决的问题:思想认识不到位,阵地建设滞后,农民参与精神文明建设的积极性不够高等.加强社会主义新农村精神文明建设的措施及对策是:努力发展经济;着力提高农民整体素质,加快阵地建设;加强环境建设;突出“乡风文明“建设;积极构建社会主流评价体系;以“村校“为基地,辐射带动农村精神文明建设.     

Detection of pesticides used in rice cultivation in streams on the island of Leyte in the Philippines

Targeted sampling of water was performed in streams, the river mouth, and the municipal drinking-water tap in the vicinity of San Francisco, South Leyte, Philippines. Samples were processed on site and transported back to Sweden for analysis by gas chromatography mass spectrometry to identify and quantify the pesticides commonly used in the area. Collaborations were initiated with employees at the local Department of Agriculture and Municipal Disaster Coordinating Council to learn more about the rice cultivation in this area and times for spraying. Detectable levels of pesticides λ-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin and deltamethrin (0.0005-1.4 μg/L) were found in representative water samples. In 47% of samples the detected levels exceeded the recommended limit values for pesticides in surface water according to Swedish guidelines (Swedish Chemicals Agency, 2008). The analysis of samples taken at the river mouth revealed measurable levels of λ-cyhalothrin and cypermethrin, which means that residues of pesticides applied to rice paddy fields were shown to end up at the river mouth. The success of the sampling and analysis methods was confirmed by the data which was in accordance with the expected effect of dilution from day to day. Variable levels of insecticides in the river and all the way down to the sea may have adverse health effects on people using the water and on the aquatic environment, including sensitive coral reefs. This situation is applicable not only to the Philippines, but also to the whole of Southeast Asia, with approximately 70% of their human population living in coastal areas. As Southeast Asia encompasses approximately 34% of the world's coral reefs and between a quarter and a third of the world's mangroves, as well as the global biodiversity triangle formed by the Malay Peninsula, the Philippines, and New Guinea, the need to reduce the impacts of marine pollution in this region is of great importance.