痕量灌溉不同灌水量对大棚茄子生长及水分利用效率的影响

试验以大棚茄子为供试作物,以常规滴灌为对照,研究痕量灌溉不同灌水量对茄子生长特性、产量品质和水分利用效率以及土壤水分的影响。结果表明:随着灌水量的降低,植株茎粗呈下降趋势。在不同生长阶段,痕灌灌水定额降比20%处理茄子的茎粗均大于其他处理。痕灌不同灌水量条件下,灌水量对叶片长宽有影响。痕量灌溉在茄子上应用,在保持稳定经济产量的情况下,与常规滴灌相比可节水20%~40%,水分利用效率提高6.27~23.94 kg/m~3,具有很大的节水潜力。滴灌处理的土壤含水量较大。痕灌处理土壤含水量随灌水量减小而减小;含水量分布趋势是随土层深度的增加先增大后减小。     

新疆棉田地下滴灌方式下土壤水分运移变化规律研究

为探讨新疆棉田地下滴灌方式下土壤水分含量的规律,在棉花不同生育期,采用烘干法,从水平方向和垂直方向上测定棉田土壤水分含量.结果表明,棉花不同生育期垂直方向上土壤含水量的变化随着土层深度的增加均呈增大的趋势;水平方向上土壤含水量的变化,除在35～55 cm土层有波动外,其余各土层基本无变化;不同土层平均土壤含水量随棉花生育进程基本呈二次曲线变化,不同土层平均土壤含水量的变化基本呈"S形变化.     

收获期木薯地耕作层土壤硬度的试验研究

采用田间物理测定和数理统计分析方法,测定了收获期木薯种植地耕作层不同深度的土壤硬度,建立了耕作层深度与土壤硬度的数学模型,分析了土层深度对土壤硬度的影响规律。结果表明:建立的木薯地耕作层土壤硬度与深度的数学模型精度高,硬度与深度基本上成3次方的非线性关系;采用盖膜方式种植的木薯地,其土壤硬度先随土层深度的增大而增大,后随土层深度的增大而缓慢增大或减小;不采用盖膜方式种植的木薯地,其土壤硬度先随土层深度的增大而减小,后随土层深度的增大而增大,最后又随土层深度的增大而减小。     

秸秆覆盖条件下玉米需水量及作物系数的试验研究

采用FAO推荐的双作物系数法计算了秸秆覆盖条件下夏玉米的作物系数。结果表明,秸秆覆盖对含水量影响较大,0～10cm土层土壤含水量随着麦秸覆盖量的增加而增大;秸秆覆盖量对棵间蒸发量E和土壤蒸发系数Ke的影响较大,E和Ke值随覆盖量增加而减小,在玉米生长初期阶段影响最大,中期阶段影响最小;有覆盖试验区需水量比无覆盖区小,有一定的节水效果。     

玉米膜下滴灌土壤温度的变化规律

通过田间膜下滴灌试验,动态观测3种不同灌溉定额玉米全生育期的土壤温度变化,研究分析表明:在玉米整个生育期阶段,各层土壤温度都随灌溉定额的增大而减小,特别是土壤浅层温度变化急剧且随土层深度的增加变化趋于平缓;土壤温度变幅与土层深度成指数关系,且灌溉定额对土壤温度变幅与土层深度之间的相关性具有一定的影响。     

同步滴灌施肥条件下根际土壤水氮分布试验研究

通过室内土槽试验,探讨了停灌后不同时间,同步施肥滴灌对土壤水分及土壤硝态氮在土壤剖面分布的影响。结果表明:停灌后,各处理土壤水分以滴头为中心沿径向向四周扩散;由于水分在横向及纵向运动,上下层土壤水势梯度随径向距离增加而逐渐减少。停灌后,氮浓度3、2 g/L处理硝态氮的含量与径向距离及土层深度成反比;氮浓度0 g/L处理硝态氮的含量随径向距离及土层深度增加先增大后减小,氮浓度0 g/L处理硝态氮在深度分布表现为"上低中高下稳定"抛物线分布。     

不同灌水方法对苹果树果实膨大期根系生长和土壤酶活性的影响研究

蓄水坑灌法是针对我国北方地区水资源紧缺和水土流失严重双重问题而提出的一种适用于山丘区果林的中深层立体灌溉。为了果树能够更好地吸收水分和养分,需对其根系和土壤酶活性方面进行研究。本试验在果实膨大期采用根钻法对地面灌溉和蓄水坑灌条件下的苹果树根系形态及活力和土壤酶活性进行对比研究,结果表明:在两种灌溉方式下,果树根系形态指标和根系活力均随土层深度的增加呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,蓄水坑灌条件下峰值出现在60~100cm土层深度内,较地面灌溉峰值下移,且均大于地面灌溉;脲酶、磷酸酶和硝酸还原酶活性随土层深度的增加表现出先增大后减小的趋势。在0~20cm表层土壤,蓄水坑灌条件下的土壤酶活性低于地面灌溉,而在中深层土壤,蓄水坑灌的要明显高于地面灌溉。过氧化氢酶活性则表现为随土层深度的增加先减小后增大,且蓄水坑灌条件下的酶活性在0~160cm全土层深度内均大于地面灌溉。     

不同灌溉方式棉田土壤含盐量的分布特征——以玛纳斯河中游灌区为例

【目的】为干旱区节水灌溉和土壤盐渍化的预防提供依据。【方法】采用野外采样、实验室分析以及统计分析等方法,并基于空间换时间的研究方法,以玛纳斯河中游灌区为例,开展了灌溉方式(荒地、漫灌、滴灌)对棉田土壤盐分分布特征的研究。【结果】各灌溉方式变化过程0~40 cm及0~100 cm剖面内各层土壤含盐量分布特征大致为:荒地最高,滴灌棉田灌溉初期次之,漫灌棉田相对最低;随滴灌年限增加,土壤含盐量呈波动上升趋势;随着土层深度增加,各样地土壤含盐量大致呈现出:荒地各层土壤含盐量均比较高,漫灌棉田土壤含盐量主要集中在20~60 cm土层,0~20、60~100 cm土层相对较少,滴灌棉田各层土壤含盐量规律不明显。不同灌溉方式棉田纵剖面土壤含盐量的变异性为:荒地最低,漫灌棉田最高,而滴灌棉田变异性位于荒地和漫灌棉田之间,并且随滴灌年限增加土壤含盐量变异性呈现出1~4 a内波动减小,4~5 a间达到最小,4~5 a后波动增大的趋势;在灌溉方式变化过程中随土层深度增加各层土壤含盐量变异性呈波动下降的趋势。【结论】综上可知,不同灌溉方式以及灌溉年限的变化对棉田各层土壤含盐量及其变异性会有明显的影响。     

不同水分处理下香梨地土壤温度变化特征的研究

为了研究不同灌水定额下土壤温度的变化,设置了4种不同灌溉制度的灌水处理,监测了不同土层深度土壤温度的连日变化情况。试验结果表明:不同水分处理总体上对5~25cm土壤温度影响明显,各个水分处理都能在不同程度上起到增加土壤温度的作用。各土层根据灌水方式的不同,地温也有一定的规律性。具体表现为对照处理地温最高,低水处理地温最低,高水处理和中水处理居中。低水处理各土层土壤温度平均值的变化最小,各土层土壤温度极值变化较其他水分处理较小,5~25cm各土层土壤温度平均值分别为:22.9、22.3、21.8、21和20.6℃。高水处理和对照处理居中。随着土层深度的增加,各处理土壤温度与气温的密切程度逐渐降低,其中5~15cm各处理土壤温度受气温的影响最大。各个处理显著性差异不大,而随土层深度的变化,显著性逐渐降低,其中5cm土层土壤温度受气温的影响最密切,15cm以下气温对土壤温度的影响不显著。同时,土壤含水量和土层深度对土壤含水量也有一定的影响。     

高粱不同保墒措施对土壤养分状况的影响

对沈阳地区高粱不同保墒措施下土壤剖面养分状况(包括碱解氮、速效钾、有机质和电导率)进行测定研究,结果表明:不同保墒措施下,土壤剖面碱解氮含量均随土层深度增加呈减少趋势,其中黑膜覆盖增加最大,白膜覆盖次之,秸秆覆盖、施用保水剂依次;土壤剖面速效钾含量均随土层深度增加呈减少趋势,覆膜处理和保水剂处理具有明显的增钾效果,秸秆覆盖増钾作用不甚显著;秸秆覆盖能明显地增加耕层有机质含量,白膜覆盖和黑膜覆盖次之,施用保水剂土壤剖面有机质含量变化不显著;各保墒处理对土壤表层盐分的累积有明显的抑制作用,其中秸秆覆盖抑制效果最明显,黑色地膜、白膜覆盖和保水剂依次.     

青海湖农场水分研究

根据对青海湖刚察县沙柳河镇的油菜地进行了土壤含水量测定和粒度分析,研究了土壤水分的变化特征、成因与适于发展的植被等问题.结果表明,研究青海湖农场地区的土壤粒度均以粗粉砂为主.在2009丰水年该区土壤上部含水量丰富,油菜地重力水可达130cm左右,土壤含水量随着深度增加呈降低的趋势.由于灌溉原因其平均含水量大于12％,无干层发育.但该区如草地,灌木丛等地的土壤干层发育广泛,为防止入湖水位的持续下降,应以发展耐旱牧草以及其他耗水量少的作物为主,控制耗水多的油菜种植面积,限制入湖水资源的开发利用.     

Determination of the variation of hydraulic conductivity with depth in drained lands and the design of drainage installations

For lands drained by ditches dug to a horizontal impermeable floor, the variation of the soil's hydraulic conductivity with depth may be obtained from the relationship between water-table height and drain-outflow rate. Some relationships obtained on an experimental plot on a clay soil, drained by tile drains with gravel backfill, and on another in the same field which was mole-drained, were analysed to give the variation of hydraulic conductivity with depth by assuming that their performances approximated to that of ditches. For the tile-drained plot, the hydraulic conductivity value increased by three orders of magnitude near the bottom of the plough layer; this was reduced in a subsequent year when the field was uncultivated under grass with consequent higher water tables. The mole-drained soil was more permeable than the tile-drained soil at a lower depth, and its hydraulic conductivity at this lower depth did not change in the subsequent year when the field was uncultivated. An assumed uniform hydraulic conductivity value, calculated using drainage theory and matching at one water-table height, gave relationships between water-table height and drain outflow which did not agree with observations.A general hydraulic approach to drainage design is suggested whereby the drainage from an investigational area may be used to measure the hydraulic conductivity variation with depth and to design the correct drainage scheme for a predicted stress period of rainfall. Even if the drainage rate from an area is not measured, the water-table recession alone in an area drained by ditches may give sufficient information to design a drainage system on a rational physical basis.     

农田土壤温度和水分空间变异研究

以静海县良种场内面积为4400m2的冬小麦田作为试验区,采用规则格网采样,按照10m×10m设置格网,共设52个采样点,通过GPS手持机确定点的位置,利用土壤温湿度检测仪测定了各个采样点0~20、20~40cm二个不同深度土壤的含水量和温度,利用ARC/INFO的地统计分析模块绘制了试验区土壤温度和水分空间分布图,并分析了其垂直和水平方向的空间变异特征,可为确定冬灌的最佳灌溉时机和灌溉量提供科学依据。     

供水吸力、保水材料对番茄生长和产量的影响

在温室条件下,采用负水头供水控水装置来持续稳定的控制土壤水分条件,采用裂区设计,研究了在供水吸力分别为4、7、10 kPa三种水分梯度下,2种保水材料(硅藻土、保水剂)对番茄产量与水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,随着供水吸力的增加,土壤质量含水率、光合速率、蒸腾速率、番茄的产量、干物质质量、植株耗水量均呈现出逐渐减小的趋势;在高土壤水分W1(4 kPa)条件下,保水剂(B3)的各项测定指标与其他处理的差异不大,但是在低土壤水分W2(7 kPa)、W3(10 kPa)或干旱的条件下,保水剂(B3)的土壤含水率、植株生长速率、光合速率、蒸腾速率、地上和地下部干物质质量、产量、耗水量、水分利用效率均显著低于CK(B1)和硅藻土(B2)。     

设施土壤水分扩散率变化特征

为了观察设施栽培条件下土壤水分扩散率的变化,更好地实现设施土壤水肥管理以及有效地防治设施土壤次生盐渍化,采用水平土柱法及模拟分析方法,研究了设施土壤0～60 cm土层水分扩散率变化特征．结果表明:设施土壤的水分扩散率变化于002～378 cm2／min．水分扩散率存在一定的差异性,设施土壤在20 cm相似文献   

Seasonal variations in nitrate leaching in structured clay soils under mixed land use

Nitrate leaching was studied for 2 years in a structured clay soil (Evesham series) under grass, winter wheat and spring barley at N fertilizer inputs of 135–144 kg ha^?1 year^?1. Measurements of soil water to 2 m depth by neutron probe showed that the year could be divided into well defined periods of deficit, separated by a period when the soil was at its winter mean water content. Soil water potentials showed very little gradient for water flow below 1 m, and a persistent convergent zero flux plane at 40–60 cm depth during the autumn wetting-up period (September—November).Nitrate concentration in the drainage increased with discharge rates up to 3–6 mm day^?1. Mean nitrate concentrations were generally highest during intermittent drain-flow in the autumn. Of the total N leached over the 2 years, 23 to 28% (5–7 kg N ha^?1) was lost during this period. The remainder (13–25 kg N ha^?1) was leached during winter and virtually no N was lost in the following spring-early summer. This seasonal pattern of N leaching was interpreted in terms of intermittent flow during rainfall of nitrate-rich water from surface layers, which bypassed the relatively dry soil matrix at 40–60 cm, but was intercepted by natural and artificial drainage channels. Implications for the prediction of N leaching loss based on the concept of excess winter rainfall are discussed. When predicting the start of N leaching in structured clay soils, the soil water status should be assessed from measurements of water potential rather than water content.     

田间土壤特性的空间相关结构分析及其分布描述

本文对雄县试区试验田的土壤特性空间变异性进行经典统计分析，并利用地质统计学半方差分析法定量描述土壤特性的空间相关结构，然后使用Ｋｒｉｇｉｎｇ最优内插估值法得到了田间土壤特性参数的空间分布等值图。分析结果表明，该试验田０～１００ｃｍ土壤范围内的平均含水量不仅在整个空间分布上而且在纵横曲型剖面上都呈现出弱变异性，空间相关结构显著，相关距离约６０～８０ｍ。采用上述结论和等值图不但能减少样本采样的数量和密度，还能根据田间含水量的空间分布特征合理布点采样，实施土壤墒情的科学监测。     

Mechanical control of shrubs in a semiarid region of Argentina and its effect on soil water content and grassland productivity

Mechanical shrub control with roller choppers can be an inexpensive and non contaminant system for increasing grassland production in rangelands dry regions. A field experiment was carried out between October 1997 and October 2001 in the “Caldenal-Jarillal” botanic district of Argentina, a natural rangeland ecosystem with a high water deficit throughout much of the year. The trial was conducted on a Typic Ustortent and consisted of the following treatments: a control, the undisturbed natural condition (N), and rolled with (I) and without (R) interseeding of Panicum coloratum. Results showed that I and R improved soil water content within the upper 100 cm, dry matter production of grasses, amount of litter and water use efficiency as compared to N. The positive effect of rolling on soil water content was detected only in autumn months when water balance was positive. In summer months, when a negative water balance occurred, soil water content of rolled treatments was not different from that of the unrolled one. Consumptive water use was similar in rolled and unrolled treatments, and equivalent to the rainfall, reflecting the low soil water-holding capacity. The higher efficiency of water use in rolled treatments indicated that grasses were more efficient in using the consumed water. The I and R treatments had similar values of soil water content within the upper 100 cm, grass dry matter production, amount of litter and water use efficiency. However, a higher grass dry matter production in R than in I was noticed in part of the last year of this study. Grass dry matter production increased at the same rate in all treatments after 4 years, but litter remained constant in the unrolled treatment and decreased in the rolled ones. Mechanical shrub control with a roller chopper decreased shrub competition, thereby increasing the productivity of the ecosystem.     

商丘农田土壤水分测定探头埋设位置研究

利用在商丘野外生态试验站定点埋设的SWR-2型土壤水分测定探头采集的数据,通过主成分分析和因子分析,对玉米试验区不同土层深度土壤水分试验数据进行了相关分析和检验,研究了农田中不同深度层土壤水分的相互关系,结果表明,地表下30 cm土层与20 cm、40 cm、50 cm处土壤体积含水率线性相关;主要根系区70 cm土层与60 cm、80 cm9、0 cm处土壤体积含水率线性相关;130 cm、140 cm、150 cm土层之间同样存在着线性相关,初步得出本地区土壤水分测定探头合适埋设位置是地表下10 cm、30 cm7、0 cm1、00 cm、140 cm 5个深度。     

鄂托克前旗毛乌素沙地GSPAC系统水分动态分析

在分析地下水与土壤-植物-大气连续体GSPAC的关系基础上,系统探讨了沙地GSPAC天然植被水分系统关系,定量揭示了毛乌素沙地土壤含水率、降雨和地下水以及地下水与植被地下生物量的关系。结果表明:随着地下水埋深的增加,植被的地下生物量有明显的降低趋势;在地下水埋深小于1.8 m、降雨大于8 mm时对地下水产生不同程度影响。成果对沙地生态保护具有一定的指导作用。