施氮对中国棉田产量和水分利用效率影响的Meta分析

为系统分析不同气候条件、土壤基础条件和农田管理措施条件下施氮对棉花产量和水分利用效率的影响,收集了国内外已发表的103篇中英文文献,筛选其中37篇文献,共获得301组产量和127组水分利用效率数据。基于Meta分析方法定量分析了不同生产条件下施氮对棉花产量和水分利用效率的影响,同时利用偏相关分析找出施氮条件下棉花产量和水分利用效率的主要影响因素。结果表明,以不施氮为对照,施氮能够显著提高棉花的产量和水分利用率。在年均降水量200～500 mm的地区施氮对产量和水分利用率的提高作用最为明显,效应量分别为34.02%和54.15%;施氮对产量和水分利用率的提高作用均随着日照时数的增大而增大。当土壤pH值为6～8时,施氮对棉花产量和水分利用效率的提高作用最为明显,效应量分别为28.52%和24.59%;在不同土壤质地中施氮对产量和水分利用效率的提高作用均表现为在砂土中效应量最大,分别为46.71%和26.29%;随着施肥频次的增加,施氮对棉花产量和水分利用率的提高作用逐渐增大;施氮对产量的提高作用随灌水量的增加而增加,对水分利用率的提高作用随灌水量的增加呈先增加后降低趋势。当施氮量为300～...     

不同滴灌灌水方式对漫灌改滴灌成龄红枣的影响研究

研究不同滴灌灌水方式下不同灌水量对南疆沙区漫灌改滴灌成龄红枣株高、产量、水分利用效率和品质的影响,为南疆沙区成龄红枣漫灌改滴灌高效节水技术提供理论依据。以新疆第一师的沙区骏枣为试验材料,考虑滴灌方式和灌水量两个因素,设置6个不同的灌水处理和一个漫灌对照处理进行大田试验。改滴灌后根部点源灌水、均匀面源灌水红枣全观测期耗水量均呈单峰曲线趋势变化,耗水量均随着灌水量的增加而增加,相同灌水量条件下均匀面源灌水比根部点源灌水的耗水量低。根部点源灌水方式下随着灌水量的增加产量和水分利用效率呈现先增大后减小的趋势;均匀面源灌水方式下产量随着灌水量的增加逐渐增加,而水分利用效率随着灌水量的增加逐渐小幅度减小。在合理灌水量范围内,根区点源灌溉方式相比均匀面源灌溉方式在产量、水分利用效率、品质方面表现更优。     

沟灌灌水量和沟深对棉花耗水量和水氮利用效率的影响

为减少沟灌作物根区深层渗漏量、提高作物水氮利用效率,进行棉花沟灌试验,以探讨灌水量和沟深等沟灌灌水技术要素对棉花根区深层渗漏量、耗水量、产量和水氮利用效率的影响。研究表明,试验年份棉花根区70cm深度累计深层渗漏量65.9mm,占降水量和灌水量之和的13%,随着灌水量增加,深层渗漏量有随之增加的趋势,深沟处理较浅沟处理棉花根区深层渗漏量多5.7mm。棉花实际耗水量435.3mm,灌水量和沟深的影响显著,随灌水量的增加显著增加,全生育期深沟处理比浅沟处理低15.0 mm。棉花籽棉理论和实际产量分别为3 416.6和2 857.9kg/hm2,随着灌水量增加,籽棉产量呈增加的趋势,水分利用效率WUE显著降低,理论PFP呈增加的趋势;深沟处理与浅沟处理相比,理论产量略高、实际产量略低,深沟条件下较大的深层渗漏量降低了棉花的水氮利用效率。建议在华北平原枯水年份棉花沟灌宜采用浅沟、限水灌溉,在适当提高棉花产量的同时提高水氮利用效率。     

不同灌水量对大棚葡萄生长、品质和水分利用效率的影响

为了研究设施滴灌条件下葡萄生长的最佳灌水量,以"碧香无核"葡萄为材料,采用U11(64)均匀设计原理,分析了不同灌水量对葡萄生长特性、品质、产量及水分利用效率的影响,建立了灌水量与产量及水分利用效率的数学模型。结果表明,Ⅴ处理的植株生长情况较好;不同处理的可溶性糖量和可溶性蛋白量均表现出"降低—升高—降低"的趋势,最大值分别出现在Ⅴ处理和Ⅶ处理;Ⅰ处理Vc量最高,Ⅳ处理次之;随灌水量的增加,产量和水分利用效率均表现出先增加后降低的趋势,Ⅳ处理具有最高的产量和水分利用效率,Ⅰ处理次之。综合考虑产量等各方面因素,Ⅳ处理为高产高效灌溉方案。     

温室樱桃番茄水分效应及水分生产函数

以温室樱桃番茄为试验材料,通过对全生育期5个土壤水分水平的控制,研究了不同灌水水平对日光温室樱桃番茄产量?品质及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,樱桃番茄的产量?品质与土壤水分含量密切相关,土壤相对水分含量为50%～60%、60%～70%、80%～90%和90%～100%的产量与70%～80%的相比,分别减少了39.70%、22.53%、3.43%和20.30%。土壤水分适宜(70%～80%)不仅可以提高樱桃番茄的产量,而且可以提高水分利用效率,水分利用效率随灌水量的增加先增加后降低,且在70%～80%水分利用效率最高。     

痕量灌溉不同灌水量对大棚茄子生长及水分利用效率的影响

试验以大棚茄子为供试作物,以常规滴灌为对照,研究痕量灌溉不同灌水量对茄子生长特性、产量品质和水分利用效率以及土壤水分的影响。结果表明:随着灌水量的降低,植株茎粗呈下降趋势。在不同生长阶段,痕灌灌水定额降比20%处理茄子的茎粗均大于其他处理。痕灌不同灌水量条件下,灌水量对叶片长宽有影响。痕量灌溉在茄子上应用,在保持稳定经济产量的情况下,与常规滴灌相比可节水20%~40%,水分利用效率提高6.27~23.94 kg/m~3,具有很大的节水潜力。滴灌处理的土壤含水量较大。痕灌处理土壤含水量随灌水量减小而减小;含水量分布趋势是随土层深度的增加先增大后减小。     

拔节期水氮处理对冬小麦耗水特性和水分利用效率的影响

【目的】探索黄淮地区冬小麦适宜水氮管理模式。【方法】通过田间小区试验,研究了不同灌水量(90 mm (W1)、60 mm (W2)、0 mm (W3))和施氮量(300 kg/hm2(N1)、225 kg/hm2(N2)、150 kg/hm2(N3))对冬小麦耗水特性、产量和水分利用效率的影响。【结果】灌水量从0增加到90 mm,冬小麦耗水量增加了67～106 mm,降水和土壤供水量占耗水量的比例降低;随施氮量增加,冬小麦耗水量和土壤供水占耗水量的比例增加,降水所占比例降低。相同灌水条件下,灌水量和降水量占总耗水量比例随施氮量增加而降低;施氮量从150 kg/hm2增加到300 kg/hm2,土壤贮水量消耗占总耗水量的比例从1.6%～4.9%增加到8.3%～9.9%。拔节期灌水、追施氮肥提高了拔节—开花期、开花—成熟期阶段耗水量和平均日耗水强度;与W3N3处理相比,随灌水和施氮量的增加,拔节—成熟期的耗水量增加了7.4%～63.5%;增加灌水量降低了冬小麦水分利用效率、土壤水利用效率和灌溉水利用效率,提高了降水利用效率。在W1条件下,N1、N2处理的水分利用效率、降水利用效率和灌溉水利用效率分别比N3提高了18.18%～22.98%、24.66%～26.32%和24.68%～26.32%;在W2、W3条件下,水分利用效率、降水利用效率、灌溉水利用效率随施氮量的增加逐渐增加,土壤水利用效率随着施氮量增加逐渐减小。【结论】在试验条件下,综合考虑籽粒产量和水分利用效率,拔节期灌水90 mm、施氮225 kg/hm2和拔节期灌水60 mm、施氮300 kg/hm2为产量和水分利用效率兼优的灌溉施肥组合。     

水分亏缺条件下毛管埋深对番茄生长、产量及品质的影响

通过番茄滴灌试验,研究不同水分亏缺条件下毛管埋深对番茄植株生长、果实形态、产量与品质的影响。结果表明:毛管埋深对日光温室番茄产量、灌水量有显著影响(p0.05),对灌溉水利用效率和品质无显著影响(p0.05);毛管埋深为20 cm时,番茄植株生长速度较快,果实横茎较大。轻度与中轻度水分亏缺灌水条件下,毛管埋深为20 cm可显著减小C级(番茄直径D6.5 cm)果实比例29.2%,分别提高A级(D≥7.5 cm)与B级(6.5 cm≤D7.5 cm)果实比例16.6%、2.0%。番茄产量、灌水量随毛管埋深增加呈先增后减趋势,毛管埋深为20 cm时,番茄产量最高,达到66.44 t/hm~2。番茄产量和灌溉水利用效率随灌水下限增加而显著降低(p0.01),可通过不同毛管埋深与灌水下限组合,显著降低番茄灌水量,提高产量和水分利用效率。综合考虑,毛管埋深20 cm,灌水下限为田间持水量的60%处理组合为关中地区日光温室适宜的滴灌灌溉方式。     

石羊河流域喷灌不同灌水量对苜蓿生长、产量及水分利用效率的影响

通过大田喷灌试验,研究了苜蓿生长适宜的灌水量。结果表明,喷灌条件下不同灌水处理苜蓿的生长、产量、水分利用效率与耗水量有极高的相关性(R20.97);随着灌水量增加,苜蓿生长越好,产量越高,当灌水量大于140mm时,苜蓿产量不再随灌水量增加而增加;苜蓿的水分利用效率随着耗水量的增加先增加后降低,灌水利用效率随耗水量的增加降低,差异均显著(P0.05)。该研究揭示喷灌条件下140mm的灌水量不仅可以使石羊河流域苜蓿增产还可以节约水资源。     

喷灌条件下灌水量对建植初期紫花苜蓿产量与品质的影响

通过圆形喷灌机条件下的大田试验,研究了华北地区紫花苜蓿需水规律以及灌水量对苜蓿产量与品质的影响。结果表明:建植1年刈割4次的苜蓿,年需水量为663.39mm,平均日需水强度为3.6mm/d,需水量最大时期为第二、三茬。灌水量对全年产量影响不显著,其中85%ETc处理下年产量最高。在第一、四茬中,灌水量对产量影响不显著,85%ETc处理下获得最高产量;第二、三茬中,随灌水量增加产量逐渐增加,适当减少灌水(85%ETc)不会使产量明显减少,而灌水量减少至70%ETc时产量下降明显。同时,结果表明随着灌水量增加灌溉水分利用效率(IWUE)逐渐降低,且灌水量对各茬苜蓿品质均无显著性影响。综合考虑产量、品质与节水效果,建议采用85%ETc作为最优灌水量。     

水分调控对麦茬棉产量和水分利用效率的影响

为研究麦后移栽棉对水分调控的响应,于2012年6月~2012年10月通过人工控水试验研究了水分供应对麦后移栽棉生长、产量和品质的影响。小区试验结果表明,蕾期轻度水分亏缺花铃期充分灌水处理(T2)的籽棉产量、成铃数以及单铃质量均为最大,但蕾期和花铃期轻度水分胁迫处理(T4)的产量与处理T2差异不显著,但水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率分别提高了23.93%和34.01%;管栽试验结果表明,对照处理(T7)的单株成铃数的收获籽棉产量均最高,与对照处理相比,全生育期轻度水分胁迫处理(T8)减产3.98%,水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率分别提高了9.70%和20.02%;桶栽试验结果表明,灌水定额为1.6倍ETp处理(T11)的籽棉产量和单株成铃数均最高,与处理T11相比,灌水定额为1.3ETp处理(T12)的籽棉产量仅降低了9.7%,而灌水定额为1.0 ETp处理(T13)的籽棉产量降低了30%。说明适宜的水分胁迫(灌水下限为60%~65%FC,灌水上限为80%~85%FC)有利于麦后移栽棉的高产和水分利用效率的提高。     

不同灌水量对盆栽棉花生长特性的影响

为研究不同灌水量对转基因抗虫棉的影响,在盆栽条件下,以华杂棉H318为试验材料,参照自然蒸发量,设置5个灌溉比例（T1,T2,T3,T4,T5）,分别为100%,90%,80%,70%和60%,研究不同灌水量对棉花生长和环境条件的影响。结果表明：随灌水量增加,株高和茎粗增大,主茎和果枝节间变长,第一果枝着生高度上升。叶...     

咸水灌溉对棉花耗水特性和水分利用效率的影响

采用田间对比试验,连续3 a研究了1、3、5、7 g/L 4个矿化度咸水(记作S1、S2、S3、S4)灌溉对棉田土壤水盐、土壤蒸发、棉花阶段耗水量、籽棉产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,棉花生育期内根系层土壤含水率和电导率有随灌溉水矿化度的增加而增大的趋势,土壤电导率增加尤为明显;年际间,各处理土壤含水率和电导率差异非常大,经过连续3 a灌溉,根系层土壤电导率均未逐年增加。S3和S4处理的平均土壤蒸发强度大于S1处理,S2与S1处理间的差异很小;7 g/L以下咸水灌溉对棉花耗水过程产生了一定影响,但对总耗水量影响并不明显。3 a的平均籽棉产量和水分利用效率由大到小顺序均为:S2、S1、S3、S4,S2比S1处理增产2.43%,水分利用效率增加1.15%,S3和S4比S1处理减产1.67%和8.88%,水分利用效率降低0.25%和7.31%,其中,S2和S3与S1处理间差异不显著,S4处理产量和水分利用效率降低显著。     

麦后移栽棉节水高效灌溉模式

为确定麦后移栽棉的合理灌溉方式,在测坑条件下研究不同灌水次数组合对麦后移栽棉生长发育、蕾铃生长、籽棉产量、纤维品质及水分利用率的影响.研究结果表明：麦后移栽棉在新叶萌发期加灌促苗水（CT1）虽然促进了植株生长发育,但成铃数和铃重没有显著提高,也没有显著提高籽棉产量和纤维品质,且衣分和灌溉水利用率最低;仅灌活苗水而依靠降雨（CT4）不足以满足麦后移栽棉的正常需水,棉花受到了水分亏缺,抑制了植株生长发育和蕾铃正常生长,导致出现大幅度减产（18.9%）,降低了水分利用率,同时水分亏缺降低了马克隆值和断裂比强度,纤维品质差.与CT1处理相比,对盛蕾期进行灌水处理,在没有降低籽棉产量和纤维品质的情况下,显著提高了衣分,同时,水分利用率和灌溉水利用率分别提高了8.5%和30.8%,可实现麦后移栽棉节水高产的统一.     

Yield and water use efficiency of wheat and cotton under alternate furrow and check-basin irrigation with canal and tube well water in Punjab, India

A 4-year field experiment was conducted in a semi-arid area to evaluate the response of each furrow and alternate furrow irrigation in wheat-cotton system using irrigation waters of different qualities in a calcareous soil. Irrigation was applied to each and alternate furrow of bed-planted wheat followed by ridge-planted cotton for comparison with standard check-basin method of irrigation to both the crops. These methods of irrigation were evaluated under three water qualities namely good quality canal water (CW), poor quality tube well water (TW) and pre-sowing irrigation to each crop with CW and all subsequent irrigations with TW (CWpsi + TW). The pooled results over 4 years revealed that wheat grain yield was not affected significantly with quality of irrigation water, but significant yield reduction was observed in alternate bed irrigation under canal water and tube well water irrigations. In cotton, poor quality tube well water significantly reduced the seed cotton yield in all the three methods of planting. The pre-sowing irrigation with canal water and all subsequent irrigations with tube well water improved the seed cotton yield when compared with tube well water alone. However, this yield increase was significant only in alternate furrow irrigation, and the yield obtained was on a par with yield under alternate furrow in CW. When compared to check-basin irrigation, each furrow and alternate furrow irrigation resulted in a saving of 30 and 49% of irrigation water in bed-planted wheat, whereas the corresponding savings in ridge-planted cotton were 20 and 42%, respectively. Reduced use of irrigation water under alternate furrow, without any significant reduction in yield, resulted in 28.1, 23.9 and 43.2% higher water use efficiency in wheat under CW, TW and CWpsi + TW, respectively. The corresponding increase under cotton was 8.2, 2.1 and 19.5%. The implementation of alternate furrow irrigation improved the water use efficiency without any loss in yield, thus reduced use of irrigation water especially under poor quality irrigation water with pre-sowing irrigation with canal water reduced the deteriorating effects on yield and soil under these calcareous soils.     

水肥耦合对棉花产量和氮累积利用的影响

研究膜下滴灌施肥条件下,不同滴灌水量和滴灌施肥用量对棉花产量、氮素动态累积和氮素利用效率的影响。通过设置5个滴灌施肥水平和3个水分水平的完全组合处理以及一个不施肥对照处理,研究了水肥耦合对棉花干物质动态累积量、籽棉产量、氮动态累积量和氮素利用效率的影响。在收获后棉花地上部分器官质量从高到低依次为棉铃,茎秆和叶,而氮素主要集中在棉铃内部,其次是叶片,茎秆最少。灌溉水量显著增加了棉花叶片,茎秆和棉铃质量,从而增加了干物质量和籽棉产量,同时灌溉水量显著增加氮累积量和氮肥利用率。水肥对氮肥偏生产力,氮肥农学效率和氮肥生理利用率影响显著。灌溉水量降低至60%ETc会抑制棉花对氮素的吸收,使干物质量和籽棉产量下降,但可以显著提高氮肥利用率,氮肥偏生产力,氮肥农学效率。在本试验条件下,灌水量在380 mm,施肥量(N-P2O5-K2O)为(250-100-50)kg/hm2时,可以获得低于最高产量6%的籽棉产量,并节省15%的灌水量和16.7%施肥量。     

Response of normally sown and paired sown cotton to various quantities of water applied through drip system

The field experiments were conducted for 2 years to evaluate the response of normally sown and paired sown cotton in terms of seed cotton yield and water use efficiency (WUE) at various levels of water applied through drip system. Drip irrigation under normal sowing resulted in an increase in seed cotton yield of 14 and 32% during first and second year, respectively, when same quantity of water was applied through drip and check-basin. Drip irrigation under dense paired sowing, in which the quantity of water applied was 75% as compared to drip under normal sowing, produced equal seed cotton yield during first year but yield increase of 27% was observed during second year. Drip irrigation under normal paired sowing, in which the quantity of water applied was 50% as compared with drip under normal sowing, resulted in a reduction in seed cotton yield of 11 and 15% than normal sowing during first and second year, respectively. However, at equal levels of water applied, dense paired sowing produced 12 and 23% higher seed cotton yield than normal sowing during first and second year, respectively. Similarly, normal paired sowing produced 6 and 14% higher seed cotton yield than normal sowing during first and second year, respectively, The present study revealed that dense paired sowing produced highest yield and water use efficiency along with reduction in cost owing to lower number of laterals required.     

水肥耦合对棉花产量、收益及水分利用效率的效应

研究滴灌施肥条件下水肥耦合对棉花籽棉产量、水分利用效率和净收益的影响,并运用多元二次回归与归一化及3种不同目标值组合方式相结合的方法,探索满足多目标综合效益最大化的滴灌水肥用量。采用田间试验的方法,于2012年和2013年棉花生长季,设置5个N-P2O5-K2O施肥水平150-60-30、200-80-40、250-100-50、300-120-60、350-140-70 kg/hm2(分别记为F150、F200、F250、F300、F350)和3个灌溉水平(60%ETC:W1、80%ETC:W2、100%ETC:W3,ETC是作物蒸发蒸腾量)。结果表明,籽棉产量、水分利用效率和净收益的水肥耦合效应明显,60%ETC灌水水平显著抑制籽棉产量并降低净收益,100%ETC灌水水平能够显著提高籽棉产量和净收益,但水分利用效率低于60%ETC灌水水平。2012年灌水量为100%ETC且施肥量300-120-60 kg/hm2(N-P2O5-K2O)时籽棉产量最高,但净收益并未增加,2 a灌水量为100%ETC且施肥量250-100-50 kg/hm2(N-P2O5-K2O)时的净收益最高。二次回归分析结果表明,3种组合方式均可用于水肥多目标优化,其中乘法组合方式2 a水肥投入量差异更小且各目标值变化也更小,2012年灌水量92%ETC、施肥量278-111-56 kg/hm2(N-P2O5-K2O)以及2013年灌水量90%ETC、施肥量268-107-53 kg/hm2(N-P2O5-K2O)可作为籽棉产量、水分利用效率和净收益综合效益最大化的水肥管理策略。     

Cotton yield and water use efficiency at various levels of water and N through drip irrigation under two methods of planting

The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the effect of various levels of water and N application through drip irrigation on seed cotton yield and water use efficiency (WUE). In this experiment three levels of water (Epan 0.4, 0.3, and 0.2) and three levels of N (100, 75, and 50% of recommended N, 75 kg/ha) through drip were compared with check-basin method of irrigation under two methods of planting (normal sowing, NS; paired sowing, PS). The results revealed that when the same quantity of irrigation water and N was applied through drip irrigation system, it increased the seed cotton yield to 2144 from 1624 kg/ha (an increase of 32%) under check-basin method of irrigation. When the quantity of water through drip was reduced to 75%, the increase in seed cotton yield was 12%; however, when water was reduced to 50%, it resulted 2% lower yield than check-basin. The decrease in N through fertigation resulted in reduction in seed cotton yield at all the levels of water supply, but the magnitude of reduction was the highest at highest level of water supply. In paired sowing (PS), 20% higher seed cotton yield was obtained as compared with check-basin method under NS along with 50% saving of water. In paired sowing the sacrifice of 9% seed cotton yield as compared with NS resulted in saving of 50% water as well as the cost of laterals because there was one lateral for two paired rows. The WUE increased by 26% (22.1 from 17.6 kg/ha cm) in drip irrigation system when same quantity of water and N fertilizer was applied as compared with check-basin. WUE was not affected with quantity of water but decrease in rate of N caused a decrease in WUE at all the quantities of water applied. In general, WUE was higher in PS as compared with NS. The agronomic efficiency of nitrogen increased from 21.65 to 28.59 kg of seed cotton per kg of N applied when same quantity of water and N was applied through drip irrigation as compared with check-basin. However, decrease in quantity of water applied resulted in a decrease in agronomic efficiency of N but reverse was true for rates of N applied. When the same quantity of water and N was applied under both the methods of planting, PS produced 22% higher seed cotton yield and along with reduced cost owing to half the number of laterals required.     

咸水灌溉对土壤水热盐变化及棉花产量和品质的影响

为了充分利用咸水资源,采用田间对比试验,研究了1、3、5、7 g/L等4个矿化度咸水(分别用S1、S2、S3、S4表示)灌溉对棉田土壤水热盐变化特征及棉花长势、产量和纤维品质的影响。结果表明,棉花生育期内各处理0~40 cm土层土壤含水率及地下5 cm处土壤温度总体上都随着灌溉水矿化度的增加而增大,但差异不大;处理间土壤电导率差异明显,灌溉水矿化度愈高,土壤电导率愈大,棉花生育期结束后,降雨对各处理盐分的淋洗率介于29.40%~40.40%。土壤水分和盐分剖面分布受制于土壤质地、降雨和棉花蒸发蒸腾耗水;干旱时期,土壤干燥,盐分表聚,湿润时期与之相反。棉花成苗率、株高、单株最大叶面积和霜前花率均随着灌溉水矿化度的增加而降低,籽棉产量从大到小依次为S2、S1、S3和S4,其中,S4与S1处理间的差异达显著水平。咸水灌溉通过改变马克隆值对纤维品质产生了负面影响,尤其是S4处理。研究结果可为丰富棉花咸水灌溉技术体系提供理论支撑。