Pilot plant for processing flax fiber

A flax fiber pilot plant is needed to process small samples of flax straw into fibers to facilitate research on retting and fiber properties. Our objective was to develop and test a modular design for a flax processing pilot plant based on a commercial line that was capable of cleaning fiber and seed flax straw from unretted, dew-retted, and enzyme-retted samples. The USDA Flax Fiber Pilot Plant (Flax-PP), which is the only research facility of this type in the United States, was designed according to the commercial ‘Unified Line’ (Czech Flax Machinery), but smaller and constructed in four individual modules. The modules and their order for processing were as follows: 9-roller calender, top shaker, scutching wheel, top shaker, 5-roller calender, and top shaker. Illustrations and diagrams of the operating modules are presented. Unretted ‘Neche’ linseed flax, dew-retted ‘Natasja’, and enzyme-retted ‘Jordan’ fiber flax were processed, and the cumulative weight loss of material at successive processing steps was determined to assess the effectiveness of cleaning. Fiber strength, fineness, and elongation were determined for the retted samples after cleaning through all the steps in the Flax-PP. A yield of fine fiber from the retted stems processed through the Flax-PP was acquired from further cleaning and refining by passage through a Shirley Analyzer. The various samples behaved differently at different stages of processing and the resulting fibers had different properties. The dew-retted Natasja fibers were stronger and finer than the enzyme-retted Jordan flax after pilot plant processing, but the Jordan fibers appeared cleaner and better retted. The Flax-PP effectively processed samples of diverse characteristics and will facilitate integrated research on retting methods for fibers with tailored properties.     

密度和播期对六安地区亚麻生育期和产量的影响

试验研究表明,地处江淮的六安地区完全可以种植纤维亚麻,原茎产量以黑亚14号在播种量120kg/hm^2水平下最高,种子产量则以阿里安在播种量60kg/hm^2水平下为宜.而播期只对亚麻各生育时期的生长速度有影响,对原茎和种子的产量影响不大.     

国外纤维亚麻品种的比较与评价

采用随机区组对从国外引进的纤维亚麻品种进行了比较试验。结果表明:各参试品种的生育期与对照品种相当;TX-3、TX-13、SU和TX-14的原茎产量、种子产量和出麻率优于对照品种FANY,其它参试品种的原茎产量低于对照品种,但出麻率均优于对照品种;TX-3、SU和MARYLIN对枯萎病达中度抗病水平;比较各参试品种的综合表现,TX-3和SU两品种生育期适中、产量和出麻率高、抗病性好,可推广应用。     

纤维亚麻新品种黑亚12号选育报告

黑亚12号是2001年2月最新通过黑龙江省农作物品种审定委员会审定推广的纤维亚麻新品种。原茎、纤维、种子产量分别为5140.0kg/hm     

Optimization for enzyme-retting of flax with pectate lyase

Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is an important commercial crop that supplies both linseed and bast fibers for multiple applications. Retting, which is a microbial process, separates industrially useful bast fibers from non-fiber stem tissues. While several methods (i.e., water- and dew-retting) are used to ret flax, more recently enzymes have been evaluated to replace methods used currently. Alkaline pectate lyase (PL) from the commercial product BioPrep 3000 and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) from Mayoquest 200 as a calcium chelator were used in various formulations to ret flax stems. Retted stems were then mechanically cleaned through the USDA Flax Fiber Pilot Plant and passed through the Shirley Analyzer. The PL and chelator effectively retted flax from both fiber flax and linseed stems, and the use of enzyme plus chelator retted flax stems better than either component alone. Fiber yield and strength were greater than retting with a mixed-enzyme product that contained cellulases. Retting with PL and chelator was optimized based on fine-fiber yield, remaining shive content, and fiber properties. PL at levels of about 2% of the commercial product for 1 h at 55 °C followed by treatment with 18 mM EDTA for 23–24 h at 55 °C provided the best fibers based on these criteria. Yield and fiber properties determined by these tests were not improved with PL levels of 5% of the commercial product.     

纤维亚麻新品种双亚16号选育报告

双亚16号是以双亚七号为基础材料,利用γ射线辐照诱变结合组织培养技术并经田间单株决选育成。区域试验原茎、长麻、全麻和种子平均公顷产量分别为4948.6kg、810.2kg、1220.4kg和659.2kg,比对照增产7.8%、15.5%、13.4%和14.3%。生产试验原茎、长麻、全麻和种子平均hm2产量分别为5487.2kg、889.5kg、1426.9kg和577.3kg,分别比对照增产11.6%、18.9%、18.9%和8.6%。该品种是国内第一个应用组织培养结合物理诱变技术和常规育种技术选育出来的纤维用亚麻新品种,长麻率19.5%、全麻率31.2%、分别比对照高出1.7和2.6个百分点,纤维强度235.0N。作为高纤、抗逆性强纤维亚麻新品种于2012年3月通过黑龙江省农作物品种登记委员会登记推广。     

Multivariate analysis of some economic characters in flax

Twenty one parent flax genotypes and twenty F1 hybrids using principal components analysis based on 16 quantitative charismas were used to study the genetic relationship. Analysis of variance exposed high significant differences for all studied charismas among genotypes. High Genotypic Coefficient of Variation (GCV) values were observed with high Phenotypic Coefficient of Variation (PCV) for seed yield/plant, number of capsules/plant, fruiting zone length, main stem diameter and seed index which designated that variation for these characters substantively donates to the total variability moderate to low PCV and GCV were perceived for fiber characters, earliness and growth characters, respectively. Most characters, showed high heritability estimated in broad sense (> 70%) indicated that selection based on these characters would be effective as they are likely to be controlled by additive genes. The first five principal components were significant and accounted 78.2% of a total variance of all characters. The maximal amount of difference is shown in the first PC axis were 25.3%. Stem diameter, seed yield/plant, number of capsules/plant, straw yield/plant, fruiting zone length, number of apical branches and number of seed/capsules were a primary source of variation of the first PC axes and give high coefficients, respectively. While, the biggest coefficient in PC2 were earliness characters, plant height and fiber length. The other rest PC axes deals with seed index, fiber fineness and oil contented. The flax genotypes were plotted according to the first two PC axis. The most earlier parents Gowhar and L6 were separated according to PC2 since this axis deals with earliness characters.     

Oil Red as a histochemical stain for natural fibers and plant cuticle

Properties of natural fibers are influenced by the nature of their surface. Oil Red was evaluated as a histochemical stain for the waxy components on the surface of cotton and flax fibers and of plant cuticles. A positive reaction for arachidyl stearate and differential staining of fibers after sequential extraction of fatty acids and alcohols indicated that Oil Red stained wax components in plant materials. For cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) fibers, Oil Red stained to a greater extent the regions closest to the seed coat, especially at points where fibers attached to the seed coat. Fiber regions at a distance from the seed coats stained irregularly, suggesting that the wax was unevenly distributed. Flax (Linum usitatissimum) bast fibers, in contrast, did not stain with Oil Red, but the protective stem cuticle was intensely stained. The positive histochemical reaction for cuticle identified non-fiber fragments in processed and cleaned flax fibers, thus providing a quick method to detect visually trash components in fiber and products. Likewise, bast fibers from kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) did not stain well with Oil Red, whereas the stem cuticle gave a positive reaction. The general usefulness of Oil Red as a histochemical stain for the plant cuticle was demonstrated in leaves and stems of mature corn (Zea mays) and fresh bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) leaves. Oil Red provides a quick, qualitative histochemical method to demonstrate the wax-containing cuticle in plants.     

亚麻新品种黑亚14号的应用效果及评价

黑亚14号是黑龙江省农业科学院经济作物研究所以高纤、抗倒、早熟的法国亚麻品种FANY为供体，以本所育成的高产亚麻品种黑亚10号为受体通过花粉管通道DNA导入选育的亚麻新品种。黑亚14号综合了亲本品种的优异遗传基因，具有高产、优质、抗倒伏、抗病性强等优点，2003-2005年在黑龙江省累计推广面积达到lO余万hm^2，增产亚麻原茎7万t，增加经济效益2．1亿元。黑亚14号不仅适宜于黑龙江省广大地区种植，还推广到吉林、内蒙、新疆、云南等十几个省（区），示范效果显著。     

Seed growth of three perennial ryegrass cultivars sown on two dates and treated with trinexapac ethyl straw shortener

First‐year crops of diploid perennial ryegrass (cvs. Meridian, Bronsyn and Grasslands Impact) were sown on 1 April and 14 May 2008. Applications of trinexapac ethyl (TE) plant growth regulator at 0, 200 and 400 g a.i. ha^?1 were used to shorten stems to examine the impact of seed growth. Seed filling followed a consistent sigmoidal growth pattern with a lag phase of 127°C days, and linear duration of 390°C days. Time to 95% of final seed weight was 517°C days. Seed yield increases from TE were from higher numbers of first‐grade seeds m^?2, achieved by a higher rate of seed filling during the linear phase of 0·115 mg per °C day per spike. For all cultivars, the maximum stem dry weight occurred at 310–400°C days post‐anthesis, which suggest the stem was a strong sink. As seeds developed, their demand for assimilate increased and they drew more from the stem. At harvest, stem weights from TE treatments were 25% heavier than at anthesis, while untreated ‘Bronsyn’ and ‘Grasslands Impact’ stems were similar to those at anthesis. Thus, stems treated with TE contributed assimilates to increase seed yield but were still a net sink with assimilates in the stem at harvest. Trinexapac ethyl rate induced an inverse relationship between seed yield and stem height. This showed that competition for assimilate between stems and growing seeds limited the seed yield. Management or genetic factors that reduce stem height are likely to increase seed yields of perennial ryegrass.     

Flax-cotton fiber blends: Miniature spinning,gin processing,and dust potential

Development of a flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) industry in North America is desired to supply a domestic source of clean, consistent quality textile fiber for blending with cotton. The objective of this work was to evaluate portions of traditional cotton gin equipment (extractor feeder and lint cleaner) and the “50-g cotton-spinning test (CST)” for flax. Dust was collected on an area sampler in an isolated card room to evaluate dust potential during textile pilot plant processing. Fibers retted by diverse means were cleaned on two separate portions of Continental Eagle's pilot plant cotton gin stand, the Super 96 Feeder and the 24D lint cleaner. Fibers separated and removed from flax stalks by these gin sections were compared against the standard ‘unified line’ processing technique of the USDA Flax Pilot Plant. Test yarns were then made in a CST with cotton and flax blends to provide an indirect measurement of fiber properties that can be related to the retting and gin cleaning processes. The yarns were tested for strength and evenness. Flax fibers that displayed the most favorable properties in the CST were then spun in 23 kg lots in the pilot plant at the following cotton/flax blend ratios: 100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75, and 20/80. With modifications, it appears that portions of a cotton gin stand are able to process adequately small samples of properly retted flax stalks. The CST with minor adjustments provides useful data for ranking and further large-scale flax processing. As expected, it appears that flax fiber can be successfully cleaned on a cotton processing line and that increasing the amount of flax generates additional dust.     

Extraction of lipids from flax processing waste using hot ethanol

The cuticle of flax stems contains lipids that provide a protective barrier to pathogens and control moisture loss. These lipids include wax esters and long chain fatty alcohols or policosanols. Cuticle fragments generated during several different fiber processing operations retain these lipid compounds that represent a potential co-product. Samples of flax shives (i.e., lignified core tissues), processing dust, and cuticular fractions recovered from enzyme retting waste water were extracted on a laboratory scale with hot ethanol to remove the lipid compounds. Ethanol extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography to determine the amount and type of lipids recovered. The results demonstrated that hot ethanol effectively extracted the lipid compounds from cuticle fragments in all these samples. When the extract was cooled, the longer chain wax esters (i.e., chain length of 44 carbon atoms or larger) precipitated and could be separated from the shorter chain lipid components (i.e., fatty alcohols and aldehydes less than 44 carbons). Similar results were obtained using absolute ethanol or 95% ethanol (aqueous). This technique provides a very economical method to recover lipid fractions as potential value-added co-product from flax processing waste.     

Testing for antibacterial properties of cotton/flax denim

The ‘AATCC Test Method 100-1999, Antibacterial Finishes on Textile Materials: Assessment of’ was modified by not assaying for the initial population density and only reporting the population density at the end of incubation for comparing treatments. This seemed to be a reasonable change since the assay challenges the treatments at the start with the same population inoculum density. This permitted the AATCC Test Method 100-1999 to be flexible and easier for testing materials that may or may not actually exhibit bacteriostatic properties. A substantial savings in material and time was gained by not taking the initial population density. This change allows testing more treatments, using more replicate samples, or shortens the time to conduct the assay which can permit more assays to be conducted. However, the control treatment needs to be integral with each assay; but since this is usually done, this would be a small inconvenience compared to the savings. The assay responded well when used to test fabric containing variable amounts of material with known antibacterial properties. The population density of the challenge bacteria decreased as the concentration of the antibacterial component of the fabric increased. The results from the use of the modified AATCC Test Method 100-1999 assay did not indicate that adding flax provided any additional bacteriostatic properties to the flax denim against the two challenge bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The long held assumption that flax is bacteriostatic or antibacterial was not supported by the results and probably does not contribute to its resistance to rotting as much as its physical or chemical composition.     

纤维亚麻新品种黑亚21号选育简报

为实现优质、高纤、抗病、抗倒伏育种目标,黑亚21是以品系96001为母本,以法国品种Argos为父本选育而成。原茎、长麻、全麻、种子产量分别达到5590．2kg／h㎡、924．9kg／h㎡、1451．1kg／h㎡和578．4kg／h㎡,分别比对照增产13．7％、23．7％、20．9％和9．2％。长麻率19．7％,比对照高1．9个百分点;全麻率31．0%,比对照高2．4个百分点。于2012年2月通过黑龙江省农作物品种审定委员会推广。     

Stem growth during seed production in soybean: Implications for pod yield

In soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), stems remain a competitive carbon resource sink during reproduction. Radial stem expansion after termination of axial stem growth requires resources to produce secondary cell walls in secondary vascular tissues. The impact of both the timing and extent of secondary growth in stems on fruit production in soybean is unknown. We hypothesized that cultivars gaining higher amounts of secondary vascular tissues during seed filling would experience lower reproductive output. Four determinate cultivars were grown in a greenhouse and harvested at the beginning and ending of seed filling for biomass determination and tissue composition measurement (ImageJ-Fiji). Cultivar ‘Hanover’ entered seed filling with the lowest amount of secondary phloem. It produced the largest increase in radial stem expansion, largest seeds, and fewest undeveloped (aborted) fruits. The physiological role of active secondary phloem production in stems for seed production in soybean reproduction is unclear. We reject our initial hypothesis and propose that high fitness may require the concomitant growth of vegetative and reproductive organs.     

Kenaf seed storage duration on germination,emergence, and yield

Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) is a potential alternative crop being developed for fiber production. Because planting area varies dramatically from year to year, seed supplies may greatly exceed use so that the excess seed must be stored for one to several years. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of seed storage duration at 10 °C on germination, vigor, emergence, and yield. Replicated trials were established at Starkville, MS in 1999 and 2000 to evaluate field emergence and biomass yield of kenaf seed from five ‘Everglades 41’ (‘E41’) harvest year seed lots stored at 10 °C in ambient relative humidity for up to 4 years. Germination of these same seed lots under standard (20–30 °C) and cool (20 °C) temperatures, and seed vigor was evaluated over time. Field emergence was the same for the different seed storage durations up to 4 years, but was directly affected by drought conditions for each planted year. Biomass yields ranged from 12.39 to 14.57 Mg ha⁻¹ in 1999 and 16.82 to 18.47 Mg ha⁻¹ in 2000, but were not different between storage durations. Seed germination remained greater than 80% regardless of storage duration. Electrolyte leakage, based on conductivity, was 38–50% less with freshly harvested seed than seed stored for 4 years at 10 °C. However, neither the conductivity nor accelerated aging test were reliable predictors of field emergence. Kenaf seed stored up to 4 years at 10 °C retained germination rates acceptable for commercial use. Neither field emergence nor biomass yield was affected by seed storage duration.     

种茎直接补种对甘蔗宿根性的影响——以2017年广西融水苗族自治县试验为例

研究以品种‘桂辐98-296’(‘GF98-296’)种茎直接补种‘桂柳05-136’(‘GL05-136’)宿根蔗地对甘蔗农艺性状及其经济效益的影响,以解决甘蔗宿根缺株断垄问题,为推广“种茎直接补种新技术”提供科学依据。试验设‘GF98-296’种茎直接补种‘GL05-136’宿根蔗地（处理A）、‘GL05-136’种茎直接补种‘GL05-136’宿根蔗地（处理B）、不补种自然状态下‘GL05-136’宿根蔗地（CK）,共3个处理;在‘GL05-136’宿根苗期2~4张叶片时期实施补种,到工艺成熟期调查3个处理甘蔗的农艺性状及其单位面积产量,并进行比较分析。结果表明：处理A产量为79.55 t/hm²,分别比CK、处理B增产19.29、13.91 t/hm²,增幅分别达32.01%、21.18%,且差异达极显著水平;处理B产量与CK差异不显著;直接补种不影响‘GL05-136’宿根蔗的发株、产量和蔗糖分;工艺成熟期时,‘GF98-296’蔗茎的蔗糖分与‘GL05-136’宿根蔗茎的相当。经济效益分析表明,以‘GF98-296’种茎直接补种‘GL05-136’宿根蔗地,蔗农增收5071.0元/hm²;制糖企业可增加工业产值15 573.0元/hm²。表明‘GF98-296’适宜作为‘GL05-136’宿根蔗地种茎直接补种品种,可进行大面积示范和推广。     

不同供氮水平下加硅对香蕉生长与氮营养的影响

采用砂培方法,探讨在正常供氮(200mg/L)和高供氮条件下(400mg/L)加硅对3个香蕉品种生长与氮营养的影响。结果表明:正常供氮和高供氮条件下加硅显著影响3个香蕉品种的生物量、根系活力、硝态氮含量、全氮与硅含量,显著影响氮、硅在根系与地上部分的分配比例,不同品种香蕉响应特征不同,香蕉硅氮代谢相互影响。加硅对宝岛蕉和威廉斯蕉地上部分生物量或根系生物量在2个供氮水平间的变化规律影响不显著,加硅降低或提高这种变化程度。巴西蕉在正常供氮条件下、宝岛蕉和威廉斯蕉在高供氮条件下,加硅提高根系活力,分别较对照提高46.0%、38.4%和1.86倍;加硅降低巴西蕉根系氮与叶片氮含量比例,宝岛蕉、威廉斯蕉在正常供氮条件下加硅提高根系中氮/假茎氮含量比例;加硅显著提高香蕉叶片硅含量,较对照提高17.6%～102.3%;加硅对根系和假茎硅含量影响分别与供氮水平与香蕉品种有关;高氮不加硅条件下,根系中硅含量与氮含量呈显著正相关。     

采收时间对油葵种子质量及品质的影响

为明确不同采收期对油葵种子质量和品质的影响,本研究以67×早R、36×早R和早熟矮大头3个油葵材料为研究对象,于开花后30、35、42、47 d收获种子,对相同条件下晾干的种子进行活力相关指标和品质指标测定.结果表明,67×早R和早熟矮大头在开花后42 d收获的种子,活力较高;36×早R以开花后47 d收获的种子,活力...     

大豆玉米“扩行增密”带状复种技术在山西应用初探

为确定大豆玉米"扩行增密"带状复种技术在山西的增产效果及筛选适宜的大豆品种,应用大豆品种汾豆78与玉米品种大丰30研究了山西省传统玉米大豆套作模式与大豆玉米"扩行增密"带状复种技术对比,应用大豆品种汾豆78、79、56、92及93与玉米品种大丰30进行了大豆新品种筛选。测定了大豆苗期、盛花期、结荚期的叶绿素含量和干物质积累,大豆成熟后的品质,大豆玉米成熟后的植株性状和产量。结果表明:大豆玉米"扩行增密"带状复种技术与传统套作模式相比,带状复种技术下大豆植株总叶绿素、籽粒蛋白质及油脂含量更高,蛋白质和油脂含量分别为42.28%和19.84%,大豆与玉米产量分别为531.0和9 514.5 kg·hm~(-2),分别增产6.6%和70.7%。大豆新品种筛选结果显示,汾豆93在植株生长后期干物质及叶绿素含量最高,植株性状最佳,成熟后籽粒的品质最好,蛋白质和油脂含量分别为44.08%和20.2%,玉米大豆综合产量最高,大豆和玉米的产量分别为894.0及10 550.7 kg·hm-2,比对照组分别增产了68.7%和10.9%。表明这种大豆玉米"扩行增密"带状复种技术适合在山西省生态环境条件下应用推广,汾豆93与大丰30是"扩行增密"带状复种模式较好的搭配品种。