Breeding of a PGMS indica rice with a morphological marker

The development of photo-thermo period sensitive genie male sterile (PGMS) rice, which exhibits male sterility in summer but normal fertility in autumn, has provided an opportunity to simplify the breeding and seed production of hybrid rice. However,as the conversion of fertility of PGMS indica rice is affected by unusual low temperature in summer, it will part     

Nigrodiquinone A,a Hydroanthraquinone Dimer Containing a Rare C-9–C-7′ Linkage from a Zoanthid-Derived Nigrospora sp. Fungus

One new hydroanthraquinone dimer with a rare C-9–C-7′ linkage, nigrodiquinone A (1), and four known anthraquinone monomers 2–5, were isolated from a fungus Nigrospora sp. obtained from the zoanthid Palythoa haddoni collected in the South China Sea. The structure of 1 was established through extensive NMR spectroscopy, and the absolute configuration was elucidated by comparing computed electronic circular dichroism (ECD) and optical rotations (OR) with experimental results. All the compounds were evaluated for antiviral activity, and 1 was also evaluated for antibacterial activity. Compound 4 displayed mild antiviral activity against coxsackie virus (Cox-B3) with the IC₅₀ value of 93.7 μM, and 5 showed an IC₅₀ value of 74.0 μM against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).     

海口市近60a气候变化研究

利用1951~2010年海口市国家基准气候站逐月平均气温、降水量、日照时数等数据,采用线性倾向率、Mann-Kendall非参数检验、滑动T检验、累积距平法和Morlet小波分析等数理统计方法 ,分析了海口市1951~2010年的气候变化特征。结果表明:海口市近60 a气候变化表现为气温显著上升、日照时数显著减少,但降水量变化不明显。20世纪90年代是气温升高、降水量增多、日照时数减少的显著变化稳定期,2000年以后气候变化波动最强烈。旱季气温增幅明显大于雨季,但降水量变化较小。此外,旱季气候要素波动大于雨季。气候突变和小波分析得出,1986年是气温由低到高的突变点,1967~1978、1998~2010年分别是冷期和暖期;1976年是降水量发生由多到少的突变点,1993年是日照时数发生由多到少的突变点。海口市气温和降水量变化均存在5~10 a左右的周期,日照时数存在5~8 a、25~28 a左右的周期。     

Is nitric oxide a hormone?

Nitric oxide (NO) is a simple ubiquitous signaling molecule and plays important roles in almost every biological system. Recent evidences suggest that NO may act as an endocrine molecule. The aim of this review is considering available literature on endocrine roles of NO and/or its metabolites, i.e. nitrite and nitrate. Existing data suggest the idea that NO is a hormone that after production in tissues, it is stabilized and transported as nitrite and/or S-nitrosothiols in the blood to target cells.     

Identification of a RAPD marker linked to a blast resistance gene in Oryza sativa L.

Marker-aided selection has received more attention in recent years. This relies on the exploitation of close linkage between molecular markers and target gene(s). We report here a randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAID) marker tightly linked to the blast resistance gene Pi-11(t) derived from Hongjiaozhan, which confers the resistante to race ZBI of Pyricularia oryzae Car.     

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rch in young people's values,and uphold the unity of pluralitic val     

Les fruits a carotène Guyanais

Résumé Divers fruits peu connus de la Guyane ont un intérêt alimentaire; le plus important est celui du palmier aouara(Astrocarym vulgare Mart.), la pulpe du péricarpe butyreuse (20 à 37% d'huile), riche en carotène (25 à 33 mg/100 g) est comestible pour l'homme et les animaux.

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Summary Several fruits from Guiana little known have analimentary interest; the most important is the fruit of aouara palm-tree(Astrocaryum vulgare Mart.), the pulp of the pericarp is oily (20–37% of oil) rich in carotene (25–33 mg/100 g) and comestible for man and animals.

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Zusammenfassung Verschiedene wenig bekannte Früchte aus Guyana haben einen gewissen Wert als Nahrung; unter diesen ist die Frucht der Aouara-Palme(Astrocaryum vulgare Mart.) die wichtigste; das Fruchtfleisch des Perikarps ist ölhaltig (20–37%), reich an Carotin (25–33 mg/100 g) und essbar für Mensch und Tier.

     

Grain yield analysis of a triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) collection grown in a Mediterranean environment

The breeding of triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) is of great importance in those Mediterranean environments where low winter temperature and soil acidity interact with drought, increasing the adaptability of this species in comparison with other temperate cereals. In order to identify the way in which the various yield components contribute to the realisation of high yields in a Mediterranean environment, and the effect of a different phenology on these patterns, a two-year trial was carried out in Sardinia (Italy) with 271 pure lines grown under rainfed conditions. The relationships between characters were assessed by phenotypic correlation analysis after grouping the lines into phenological classes. In both years total biomass explained more of the variation in yield than harvest index and was little affected by earliness. Both total biomass and HI were strongly correlated with kernels m⁻². More kernels m⁻² are therefore essential to obtain high grain yields in triticale, regardless of earliness, highlighting the importance of the pre-anthesis period, even in conditions of increasing drought stress during spring. Grain yield showed a closer correlation with HI in the less favourable year, but became independent of HI above values of 20–25,000 kernels m⁻² and HI values of 0.35. The winter types were taller, with less spikes m⁻², and a longer and more fertile spike than the spring types.     

Cryptostegia grandiflora — a potential multi-use crop

Cryptostegia grandiflora, a member of Asclepiadaceae, was evaluated as a potential multi-use crop. The plant contained 14.0% protein, 6.5% oil, 6.9% polyphenol, and 2.13% hydrocarbon. The gross heat value of the species was 3878.0 cal/g, while the oil fraction was 7350.1 cal/g, and the hydrocarbon fraction was 9300.0 cal/g. The NMR spectra of the hydrocarbon fraction reveals the presence of cis-polyisoprene (natural rubber). The oil fraction contains both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids including: lauric acid (trace), myristic acid (15.24%), palmitic acid (25.90%), stearic acid (3.8%), oleic acid (8.0%), linoleic acid (24.76%), and arachidic acid (22.28%). The high proportion of saturated fatty acids and the high oil content (>5.0%) make C. grandiflora a potential source for industrial raw material and alternative for conventional oil.     

El Cultivo del Guayule en España

Resumen En el año 1.942, el autor inicia el estudio de las diversas plantas cauchíferas aclimatables en España y deduce que sólo el Guayule y et Kok-saghyz resultan interesantes, en especial la primera planta, tanto desde el punto de vista económico, como de suelo en que vegeta.A continuación se da cuenta de las experiencias realizadas en diversos lugares de España y de los resultados obtenidos, tanto en en viveros como en plantaciones, dando un rendimiento en caucho bruto del siete por ciento del peso de la mata seca de guayule, equivalente a una tonelada por hectárea, aproximadamente, cada cuatro años.En el presente, el Instituto Nacional de Industria ha comenzado los trabajos para la obtención de tres mil toneladas de caucho bruto por año, en la provincia de Huelva, y estudia su ampliación a otras zonas.Finalmente, se expresa el agradecimiento del autor a todo el personal de U.S. Natural Rubber Research Station, y en especial, a su Director, por la coloboración y ayuda prestadas.

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Zusammenfassung Im Jahre 1942 begann der Verfasser mit seinen Studien über die verschiedenen Pflanzen, die Kautschuk enthalten und die für den Aubau in Spanien in Frage kommen. Er kommt dabei zum Ergebnis, dass lediglich die beiden Arten, Guayule und Koksaghyz, ins besondere die erstere, von ökonomischen und klimatischen Standpunkt aus ein näheres Interesse verdienen.In der Folge gibt er einen Überblick über die in verschiedenen Teilen Spaniens angestellten praktischen Versuche und deren Ergebnisse, die sowohl in Kulturen, wie in Freipflanzungen erhalten wurden. Dabei erhielt man einen Kautschuk-Bruttoertrag von 7% der Trockenpflanze Guayule, was in einem Zeitraum von vier Jahren einer Tonne pro Hektar entspricht.In Augenblick hat das Spanische Nationalinstitut für Industrie mit Arbeiten begonnen, die zur Erzielung von 3.000 Tonnen Rohkautschuk im Jahr führen sollen, was in der Provinz Huelvavonstatten geht; ausserdem studiert das genannte Institut die Ausbreitung auf andere Gebiete.Zum Abschluss dankt der Autor dem Gesamten Personal der U.S. Natural Rubber Research Station und ganz besonders deren Leiter, für die Zusammenarbeit und die tatkräftige Hilfe.

     

Maxie A- a novel cytoplasm male sterile line

The pollen abortion of Maxie A and Zhengshan97 A belong to stainless type with KI-I_2 solu-     

花生中促丝裂原蛋白活化激酶6a(AhMAPK6a)的克隆与表达分析

促丝裂原蛋白活化激酶(MAPK)是一类保守的丝氨酸/苏氨酸(Ser/Thr)蛋白激酶,是一类植物对逆境胁迫反应途径中的关键家族基因。本研究利用已经构建的花生种子全长cDNA文库,以拟南芥MAPK序列为模板,结合大规模EST测序和RACE克隆等方法,从花生中克隆得到了一个MAPK基因,命名为AhMAPK6a,并在GenBank上注册,注册号为KP329549。其cDNA序列全长1492bp,开放阅读框(ORF)含有1191bp,编码一条含有397个氨基酸的蛋白序列。不同物种中MAPK基因的氨基酸序列比对发现,该基因含有典型的Ser/Thr保守基序,与拟南芥、大豆、本生烟的同源性分别为86%、94%和90%。不同组织部位的荧光定量(qPCR)分析表明,该基因在叶片中的表达量最高,其次在根中,在茎、花、子叶和下胚轴中的表达量极低,表明该基因可能在花生的根和叶的生长发育中发挥较大作用。在脱落酸(ABA)和聚乙二醇(PEG)胁迫下,表达量发生明显变化,可以推测该基因在干旱胁迫反应中发挥重要作用。     

浅谈如何适当提高a—氨基氮值

a—氨基氮是反映大麦在发芽过程中受到蛋白酶分解后形成并积累在麦芽中氨基酸及低肽量，既反映了麦芽中蛋白质的分解程度，也间接反映了发芽中蛋白酶类的分解活性。是优质麦芽的重要指标之一。麦汁中的a—氨基氮主要供给啤酒发酵时酵母的生长合成需要     

番茄Sly-miR167a启动子的分离及功能分析

利用PCR技术从番茄基因组DNA中扩增了Sly-miR167a转录起始点上游2 134 bp的片段,并将其与GUS基因融合构建植物表达载体,转化番茄,研究番茄Sly-miR167a启动子的时空表达特异性;并利用外源激素处理,研究其对激素的响应特性。启动子序列分析结果表明,Sly-miR167a启动子片段含有启动子调控的保守序列以及生长素、乙烯和赤霉素等响应元件。根据GUS染色结果推测,Sly-miR167a可能在番茄的各个组织中均有表达,并且在叶片、茎、开花前2d、开花当天、果实幼果期、绿熟期和破色期表达强烈。通过外源激素处理后,GUS基因的表达均有显著的上调。说明Sly-miR167a启动子的表达具有时间特异性,并且受外源激素的调控。     

大豆GmWRI1a基因启动子克隆及其功能分析

为了探究大豆种子油脂合成与储存基因GmWRI1a的调节,分析其启动子功能,从大豆品种东农50基因组中扩增获得GmWRI1a基因转录起始位点上游1669bp的启动子序列,转化拟南芥。GUS染色确定了启动子的有效性,继而根据顺式作用元件的分布,分别扩增得到4个启动子5'端缺失片段1138bp,1087bp,690bp和437bp。4个启动子缺失片段分别转化拟南芥后,通过GUS组织染色结果发现,这些启动子片段能够驱动下游GUS基因表达。GUS酶活表明,启动子存在乙烯、茉莉酸、赤霉素3种激素响应元件,其中乙烯、茉莉酸和赤霉素的响应元件分别分布在-1138^-1087bp、-1087^-690bp和-690^-437bp。     

Chromosome location of a gene for aroma in rice

Scented or aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.) is highly valued in many areas of the world. The development of high yielding scented cultivars has been limited because of lacking information on the inheritance of scent such as linkage of genes for aroma with other genes. We report here our studies on the determination of the chromosomal location of an aroma gene. Twenty-nine marker stocks, including 14     

Productivity and sustainability of a spring wheat–field pea rotation in a semi-arid environment under conventional and conservation tillage systems

A long-term rotation experiment was established in 2001 to compare conservation tillage techniques with conventional tillage in a semi-arid environment in the western Loess Plateau of China. We examined resource use efficiencies and crop productivity in a spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–field pea (Pisum arvense L.) rotation. The experimental design included a factorial combination of tillage with different ground covers (complete stubble removal, stubble retained and plastic film mulch). Results showed that there was more soil water in 0–30 cm at sowing under the no-till with stubble retained treatment than the conventional tillage with stubble removed treatment for both field pea (60 mm vs. 55 mm) and spring wheat (60 mm vs. 53 mm). The fallow rainfall efficiency was up to 18% on the no-till with stubble retained treatment compared to only 8% for the conventional tillage with stubble removed treatment. The water use efficiency was the highest in the no-till with stubble retained treatment for both field pea (10.2 kg/ha mm) and spring wheat (8.0 kg/ha mm), but the lowest on the no-till with stubble removed treatment for both crops (8.4 kg/ha mm vs. 6.9 kg/ha mm). Spring wheat also had the highest nitrogen use efficiency on the no-till with stubble retained treatment (24.5%) and the lowest on the no-till with stubble removed treatment (15.5%). As a result, grain yields were the highest under no-till with stubble retained treatment, but the lowest under no-till with no ground cover treatment for both spring wheat (2.4 t/ha vs. 1.9 t/ha) and field pea (1.8 t/ha vs. 1.4 t/ha). The important finding from this study is that conservation tillage has to be adopted as a system, combining both no-tillage and retention of crop residues. Adoption of a no-till system with stubble removal will result in reductions in grain yields and a combination of soil degradation and erosion. Plastic film mulch increased crop yields in the short-term compared with the conventional tillage practice. However, use of non-biodegradable plastic film creates a disposal problem and contamination risk for soil and water resources. It was concluded that no-till with stubble retained treatment was the best option in terms of higher and more efficient use of water and nutrient resources and would result in increased crop productivity and sustainability for the semi-arid region in the Loess Plateau. The prospects for adoption of conservation tillage under local conditions were also discussed.