氮胁迫和非胁迫对春玉米产量和品质的影响

以农大108、四单19、龙单26、丰禾10和东农250为材料,在施氮(N⁺)和不施氮(N0)两种条件下对参试品种的干物质、产量和品质性状变化进行了分析。结果表明:与氮胁迫相比,施氮能明显提高玉米干物质生产量、子粒产量、子粒粗蛋白含量和淀粉含量,但品种间存在明显的差异。农大108和四单19干物质积累能力强,但农大108没有表现出产量优势。     

不同氮肥模式对夏玉米产量、蛋白质品质和氮素利用特性的影响

以高产玉米品种郑单958和先玉335为供试材料,在大田生产条件下设置4个施氮水平,研究不同氮肥模式对两个高产玉米品种子粒产量、蛋白质产量及氮素利用特性的影响。结果表明,两个玉米品种子粒产量随施氮量的增加显著增加,均以240 kg/hm~2处理最高,先玉335子粒产量显著高于郑单958;两个玉米品种子粒蛋白质含量及其产量随施氮量的增加显著增加,先玉335的蛋白质含量及其产量均高于郑单958;两个玉米品种氮素利用效率、氮肥生产效率和氮肥农学利用效率随施氮量的增加而显著降低,均以180 kg/hm2处理最高,先玉335的氮素利用效率、氮肥生产效率和氮肥农学利用效率均高于郑单958。综合分析认为,两个玉米品种均以240 kg/hm~2处理可以同步协调实现较高的子粒产量、蛋白质含量和氮素利用效率,获得产量、品质和高氮素利用效率的协调统一。     

氮肥减施对京科968与郑单958氮效率及产量的影响

以郑单958与京科968为材料,在减施氮肥(正常施氮量210 kg/hm~2)14.3%~28.6%水平下,比较玉米品种氮效率与产量。结果表明,施氮肥150~180 kg/hm2,郑单958产量下降2.39%~4.03%,京科968产量下降1.67%~2.99%。随着施氮量减少,氮肥偏生产力、氮肥利用效率,氮肥农学利用效率升高,氮肥表观利用效率、100 kg子粒需氮量降低,氮收获指数保持基本稳定。适度减施氮肥,可有效提高玉米生产效率。施氮处理下不同器官的氮转运率与对子粒的氮贡献率高于不施氮处理,不同器官的氮转运率顺序为穗轴叶片苞叶叶鞘茎秆;对子粒的氮贡献率表现为叶片茎秆穗轴叶鞘苞叶。京科968氮收获指数、氮肥偏生产力、氮肥表观利用效率均优于郑单958,氮肥农学利用效率、氮肥利用效率与子粒吸氮量与郑单958相当。京科968氮吸收效率优于郑单958,具备较好的耐低氮特性。     

种植密度与施氮水平对高淀粉玉米郑单18淀粉含量的影响

在四种种植密度和四种氮肥水平下研究了种植密度和氮肥对高淀粉玉米品种郑单18子粒淀粉含量的影响.随种植密度增加,玉米(郑单18)子粒淀粉含量增加;随施氮量增加,玉米子粒淀粉含量的变化不显著;不同种植密度条件下,玉米子粒淀粉含量与单株产量、千粒重均呈显著负相关,与子粒蛋白质含量、脂肪含量亦均呈显著负相关.     

玉米不同粒位子粒容重与子粒物理性状的相关分析

以普通型品种农大108、郑单958和高淀粉型品种费玉3号、郑单18为试验材料,研究玉米不同粒位子粒容重与子粒物理性状指标间的相关关系。结果表明,高淀粉型玉米的容重高于普通型玉米,不同粒位玉米子粒容重表现为下部子粒上部子粒中部子粒。相关分析结果表明,玉米子粒容重与比重呈极显著正相关,与单粒重呈显著正相关,与粒长、粒长/粒宽、单粒体积以及盛装效率呈正相关,但相关系数未达到显著水平。容重与漂浮率和子粒水分含量均呈显著负相关,玉米上部、中部和下部子粒水分含量平均每下降一个百分点,子粒容重平均上升5.10、5.41和5.63 g/L。     

4个玉米品种氮素利用效率的比较研究

以郑单958、农大108、京单28、京科308为试验材料,研究了不同玉米品种产量、干物重、氮含量、氮利用效率的差异.结果表明:4个玉米品种产量、总吸氮量存在一定程度的差异,氮利用效率差异均不显著.植株干重、子粒氮含量、总吸氮量与产量显著相关,子粒氮含量对产量的直接影响最大.植株干重与子粒氮含量显著相关,植株干重越大子粒氮含量越高;子粒氮含量与植株干重对产量的影响不同品种之间存在差异;氮收获指数与产量呈负相关.     

包膜尿素对夏玉米产量及碳氮代谢的影响

以玉米杂交种郑单958为材料,研究基施包膜尿素(120 kg/hm²和90 kg/hm²纯N,下同)和分施普通尿素(1∶1和1∶2 ∶1的比例,总量均为120 kg/hm²)对夏玉米产量、产量构成、干物质生产及碳氮代谢的影响。结果表明,基施包膜尿素120 kg/hm²和分施(1∶2∶1)普通尿素效果基本一致,在子粒产量、穗粒数、生物产量及氮素累积量等方面均显著优于基施包膜尿素90 kg/hm²和分施(1∶1)普通尿素。前二者的子粒干物质和氮素累积主要来源于灌浆期叶片的光合生产和根系的吸收,表明基施包膜尿素120 kg/hm²和分施(1∶2∶1)普通尿素,均有利于增大并延长叶片的光合生产能力和根系的吸收能力。另外,乳熟至灌浆中期,包膜尿素处理的植株营养器官总糖含量处于较合理的水平。     

氮肥运筹对郑单1002和郑单958冠层特征和产量的影响

以郑单1002和郑单958为材料,0(N0)、150(N1)、300(N2)kg/hm2氮肥水平,常规尿素和一次性基施掺混控释肥两种氮肥类型,研究不同氮肥运筹对夏玉米冠层特征、干物质积累与分配和产量的影响。结果表明,增加施氮量,两个品种穗位层和近地表叶面积指数(LAI)比N0处理增加25.7%~52.5%,开花期和成熟期干物质积累、千粒重、穗粒数、穗长和产量显著增加,农学利用效率降低22.0%~40.0%。与常规尿素相比,掺混控释肥增加玉米生长后期穗位层和近地表的透光率和成熟期干物质积累,提高了千粒重、穗粒数、产量和氮肥农学效率,降低子粒含水率。在相同施肥条件下,与郑单958相比,郑单1002的LAI和穗粒数分别提高7.5%~14.8%和2.3%~11.5%,千粒重降低1.4%~6.2%,产量提高0.8%~6.2%。     

夏玉米叶片叶绿素含量的时空动态及其与植株含氮率关系的研究

在不同施氮水平下,研究了夏玉米郑单958叶片叶绿素含量(SPAD值)的时空动态变化及其与植株含氮率的关系。结果表明,夏玉米子粒生长期棒三叶SPAD值与棒三叶、全株总叶片及整株含氮率均有极显著线性相关关系。不同施氮水平子粒生长期叶片叶绿素含量的空间分布均以穗位叶为中心呈现出中间高两边低的趋势,SPAD值依次为中部叶>上部叶>下部叶。施氮可调节各部位叶片SPAD值或氮素含量,但并未改变其空间分布模式。不同施氮水平子粒生长期上部和中部叶片叶绿素含量随时间的动态变化总体上呈现先增大后减小的趋势,下部叶片的叶绿素含量则呈持续下降的趋势。夏玉米不同叶位叶片对氮肥的反应均表现在一定范围内(N≤207 kg/hm²),子粒生长期各叶片叶绿素含量随施氮量的增加而增加,当总施氮量增为276 kg/hm²时,各叶片叶绿素含量不再明显增加,相对来说中部叶比上部和下部叶对氮肥的反应更为敏感。     

施氮模式对砂质潮土氨挥发、夏玉米产量及氮肥利用率的影响

采用连续多年田间小区定位试验,在氮肥施用量200 kg/hm2下,观测夏玉米季不同施氮模式对夏玉米季土壤氨挥发、子粒产量及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,夏玉米季不同施氮处理土壤氨挥发损失量不同,当地常规施氮处理损失量最高,改变氮肥基追比处理次之,控释复合肥处理损失量最低。与不施肥对照相比,各施氮模式处理均能提高夏玉米产量,控释复合肥、改变氮肥基追比处理较当地常规施氮处理分别增产9.89%和7.14%。不同施氮模式下夏玉米季氮肥利用率以控释复合肥利用率最高,改变氮肥基追比处理次之,常规施氮最低。综合考虑,控释复合肥、改变氮肥基追比均可作为砂质潮土区推广的适宜氮肥施用模式。     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

海南百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定及其发生危害

百香果是海南省的新兴产业,也是我国多个省区扶贫攻坚的重要产业。病虫害是影响百香果产业的重要因素,随着海南百香果种植面积越来越大,病虫害对百香果产业的不利影响越来越凸显。由于缺乏百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定的基础性研究,许多种植户对田间发生的病虫害种类识别不足,从而影响了百香果病虫害的防控效果。为了摸清海南百香果种植区的病虫害种类,于2019—2021年对海南省儋州市、乐东县、屯昌县、文昌市、三亚市、东方市、保亭县、白沙县、海口市等百香果种植区的病虫害进行了系统调查与鉴定,并对其发生危害特点进行了研究。鉴定发现海南百香果种植区的病害有11种,分别是病毒病、茎基腐病、炭疽病、疮痂病、疫病、灰霉病、果腐病、褐斑病、烟煤病、藻斑病和缺镁。重要病害为病毒病和茎基腐病,危害程度分别为4级和3级,炭疽病和疮痂病危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他病害危害较轻。害虫有28种,分别是黄胸蓟马、茶黄蓟马、红带蓟马、美洲棘蓟马、普通大蓟马、咖啡木蠹蛾、美洲斑潜蝇、橘小实蝇、斜纹夜蛾、双线盗毒蛾、绿丽刺蛾、白带锯蛱蝶、烟粉虱、温室白粉虱、柑橘粉蚧、木槿曼粉蚧、藤壶蜡蚧、茶角盲蝽、樟颈曼盲蝽、稻绿蝽、中稻缘蝽、茶小绿叶蝉、丽球瓢蜡蝉、绿鳞象甲、眼斑芫菁、白条豆芫菁、甘薯梳龟甲和朱砂叶螨。重要害虫为黄胸蓟马和咖啡木蠹蛾,危害程度均为3级,茶黄蓟马和美洲斑潜蝇的危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他害虫危害较轻。软体动物3种,分别是灰巴蜗牛、同型巴蜗牛和一种尚未鉴定的蛞蝓。本研究明确了海南百香果种植区病虫害具体种类,新发现百香果病害1种和害虫24种,为海南百香果病虫害的精准防控提供技术支撑。     

白砂糖干燥与冷却机理及影响

砂糖的含水量、装包温度和仓储条件对其贮存保质具有重要影响。本文从白砂糖的含水分特性、干燥机理和生产过程环节等对白砂糖干燥与冷却的影响进行深入分析。由于结晶过程的包裹现象,砂糖含水分可分为表面和内部水分,白砂糖干燥过程只能去除前者。生产过程中煮糖、分蜜操作对内部水分含量有影响。贮存过程的内部水分的扩散是砂糖降质的根本原因,而装包温度和贮存条件是影响内部水分扩散的外在条件。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

Interactive Effects of Sodium and Potassium on the Growth and Photosynthesis of Spinach and Komatsuna

Abstract

Two cultivars of spinach and one cultivar of komatsuna were sand cultured using a nutrient solution with Na and K in various combinations. The growth (fresh weight of shoot) of spinach cv. Atlas was significantly increased when 1.4 mM KC1 of the 7 m M KO was replaced with 1.4 mM NaCl, although the growth was reduced when more KC1 was replaced with NaCl. In another spinach cv. All Right, however, NaCl substituting for 20% of KC1 showed no significant effects. In komatsuna, Na used in place of K at any ratio reduced the growth. The growth of spinach cv. Atlas was increased by applying 20 mM NaCl, irrespective of K dose (480 - 2400 mg K₂O per 1/2000 a Wagner pot). The growth of spinach cv. All Right was also increased by 20 mM NaCl when K was at a deficient level (480 - 960 mg K20 per pot), but was not when K was at: an excessive level (1920 - 2400 mg K₂O per pot). In komatsuna, 20 mM NaCl reduced the growth. In spinach, Na prevented the decrease of the photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance caused by K deficiency.     

苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在水稻中的残留消解动态及残留分析

本文建立了气质联用仪测定稻田环境中苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯的残留分析方法,对苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在水稻、土壤和田水中的消解动态和残留规律进行了研究。苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在糙米、稻壳、植株、土壤和田水中的最低检测浓度均为0.20 mg/kg,最小检出量为0.2 ng,在不同样品中的平均加标回收率为80.8%~109.5%,相对标准偏差在1.7%~19.7%之间。田间试验结果表明,苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在水稻植株和田水中的残留消解动态规律均符合一级动力学反应模型,苯醚甲环唑在水稻植株和田水中的残留消解半衰期分别为6.3~11.6 d和1.4~11.6 d;嘧菌酯在水稻植株和田水中的残留消解半衰期分别为3.6~8.7 d和2.9~23.1 d。以推荐剂量600 g/hm2和1.5倍推荐剂量900 g/hm2,最多施药3次,距最后一次施药15 d时,苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在糙米中的最高残留量分别为0.461 mg/kg和0.634 mg/kg,低于我国国家标准《食品中农药最大残留限量》(GB2763-2014)中规定的糙米中苯醚甲环唑最大残留限量0.5 mg/kg和欧盟、美国规定的糙米中嘧菌酯最大残留限量5.0 mg/kg。     

Effects of crop density and tillage system on grain yield and N uptake from soil and atmosphere of sole and intercropped pea and oat

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) were grown as sole and mixed crops in various densities under two different tillage systems on a loess soil near Göttingen/Germany in a 2-year field experiment (2002/2003). In the conventional tillage system a mouldboard plough (CT) was used and in the minimum tillage system a rotary harrow (MT) was employed. The effect of crop density and tillage system on the grain dry matter and grain N yields, N₂ fixation and soil N uptake were determined to address the following questions: (i) which mixture compositions exhibit the highest grain yields compared to the sole crops, (ii) which mixture compositions also fix a high level of N₂ and leave low levels of residual inorganic soil N after harvest, and (iii) whether the intercrop advantage is influenced by the tillage system. For (i) the result in 2002 showed that the highest grain yields of both sole cropped pea and oat and intercropped pea and oat were achieved at the highest densities. In 2003, when the inorganic soil N content was higher and weather conditions were warmer and drier, grain yields were significantly higher than in 2002, but sole as well as intercropped pea and oat gave their highest grain yields at lower densities. For both years and tillage systems, the highest intercrop advantages were achieved in mixtures with densities above the optimal sole crop densities. The result for (ii) was that a distinctly higher proportion of nitrogen was derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) by intercropped pea than by sole cropped pea. However, the uptake of soil N by intercropped pea and oat was not reduced in comparison with that of sole cropped oat as the decrease in the uptake of N from the soil by oat at lower oat densities in the mixture was compensated for by the soil N uptake of pea. Additionally, the N_min-N content of the soil following the mixtures and sole cropped oat did not differ, especially in the deeper soil layers because oat in mixture was forced to take up more soil N from deeper layers. Therefore, the risk of soil N losses through leaching after mixtures was lower compared to sole cropped pea. The tillage system (iii) had no significant influence on grain yield and soil N uptake, but N₂ fixation and the competitive ability of intercropped pea were higher under CT than with MT. An additional result was that intercropping led to a significantly increased grain N content of both pea and oat compared to the sole crops. The increase in grain N content from sole to intercrop was from 3.30 to 3.42% for pea and from 1.73 to 1.96% for oat as a mean for both years and tillage systems. The present study confirms that growing pea and oat as intercrops highlights potential economic and environmental benefits which still need to be understood in more detail in order to exploit intercropping to a greater extent.