油菜素内酯对抗虫棉经济性状的影响

油菜素内酯（BR）也称作芸苔素内酯,是一种新型植物激素,在植物体内含量极低,但生理活性却极高,植物经极低浓度处理便能表现出明显的生理效应。许多研究证明,BR具有改善植物生理代谢,提高品质和产量的作用,并能调节植物生长发育的许多过程,在农林业生产中有着极为广泛的应用。近年来对油菜素内酯的应用报道很多,但对转Bt基因抗虫棉的应用研究尚未见报道。本文以不施用BR为对照,在BR施用时期和次数不同情况下,通过考察转Bt基因抗虫棉各经济性状的变化,来探讨外源BR对转Bt基因抗虫棉经济性状的影响,以便为在抗虫棉生长发育过程中科学合理施用油菜素内酯提供参考。     

外源ABA和BR在提高油菜幼苗耐渍性中的作用

以甘蓝型油菜中双9号为植物材料,应用外源ABA和BR处理渍水胁迫的油菜幼苗,研究其在缓解油菜幼苗渍水伤害中的作用。结果显示,短期(0～12d)渍水处理可促进油菜生长,长期(18d)渍水处理则抑制油菜生长,尤其是BR;外源ABA(75.67µmol/L)和BR(0.21µmol/L)可有效缓解长期渍水胁迫对油菜幼苗的伤害作用,干物质积累量较单纯渍水处理增加19.52%和26.22%;外源ABA和BR处理还可延缓叶绿素含量的降低,提高叶片光合能力;提高抗氧化酶(SOD、POD和CAT)活性,降低膜脂过氧化(MDA含量降低);增加叶片可溶性糖含量。说明外源ABA和BR处理通过促进渍水胁迫下油菜幼苗光合作用,提高抗氧化酶活性,提高渗透调节物质含量来增强植株抗渍能力。     

苎麻生长期喷施油菜素内酯的效果初报

油菜素内酯(Brassinolide简称BR)是70年代由美国的Mitenell从油菜花粉分离发现的一种新型植物激素,1980年日本东京工业大学成功地进行了人工合成。目前,国内已进行人工合成试验及使用试验。据国外试验报道,油菜素内酯对植物具有生长调节作用,对多种作物使用能提高产量。为了摸清油菜素内酯对苎麻生产的增产效应,我们对苎麻进行了喷施试验。现将试验结果报道如下。试验方法试验地为二龄麻园,品种为黑皮蔸,油菜素内酯为日本东京工业大学提供。试     

油菜盐胁迫响应miRNA及其靶基因鉴定

油菜是世界上重要的油料作物之一,然而土壤盐胁迫严重抑制油菜的生长发育和籽粒产量.前人研究表明,在盐胁迫下,植物通过表达一些miRNA,并调控其靶基因的表达,进而提高植物自身的盐胁迫抗性.本研究分别在200 mmol·L-1 NaCl处理(T)和对照(C)条件下培养油菜,取其地上部(S)和根(R)构建了12个小RNA文库...     

油菜素内酯对硝酸钙胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长及其抗氧化酶同工酶表达的影响

采用营养液水培,研究硝酸钙胁迫下油菜素内酯(BR)对黄瓜幼苗生长及其抗氧化酶同工酶表达的影响。结果表明,硝酸钙胁迫至第9天,黄瓜幼苗干鲜重下降,生长受到了显著的抑制,而硝酸钙胁迫下施用BR,黄瓜幼苗生长受抑制程度减轻,其鲜重、干重较单纯硝酸钙处理显著增加。硝酸钙胁迫增强了黄瓜幼苗超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)同工酶的表达,硝酸钙胁迫下施用外源BR的第6 d,SOD、POD同工酶的表达比硝酸钙处理分别提高了14.77%、17.49%,第9天POD同工酶的表达比硝酸钙处理提高了16.59%,而CAT同工酶的表达变化均不明显。可见,硝酸钙胁迫抑制了黄瓜幼苗的生长,硝酸钙胁迫下施用BR可调节黄瓜幼苗SOD、POD同工酶的表达,并缓解硝酸钙胁迫对黄瓜幼苗的伤害。     

油菜miRNA研究现状与展望

 MicroRNAs（miRNAs）是一类在真核生物体内广泛存在,长度为21~24 nt的内源性非编码小分子RNA,通过介导靶基因的剪切或翻译抑制,实现转录后基因表达调控,对多种生命活动起重要作用。随着高通量测序技术的发展,植物中miRNA的研究取得重要进展。油菜是重要的油料作物,目前已挖掘出大量油菜miRNAs和靶基因。。本文综述了近年来油菜miRNA参与杂种优势、种子发育、多倍化以及各种逆境胁迫等调控的研究概况,并对miRNA在油菜中的研究进行展望,为今后进一步研究提供参考。     

植物多功能调控因子SnRK2研究进展

蔗糖非发酵相关蛋白激酶2(sucrose non-fermenting 1-related protein kinase 2,SnRK2)是植物特有的一类丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶,其主要通过磷酸化底物来调节下游基因表达及蛋白质活性。本文综述了蛋白激酶SnRK2的研究进展,包括其结构、分类、调控机制和生物学功能。SnRK2作为典型的多功能调节因子,不仅参与响应各种逆境胁迫,还参与调控植物生长发育。目前有关SnRK2的研究主要集中在ABA依赖信号通路,而对其在非ABA依赖信号通路中的研究很少,未来研究应该聚焦这一领域。SnRK2作用机理的全面解析对提高作物的抗逆性和改良产量性状都具有重要意义。     

油菜素内酯在不同生育期对两品系甘蓝型油菜的生长调控

为了解油菜素内酯对甘蓝型油菜品质及弱光反应的影响，以湘油15号的2个辐照突变品系（含油量和产油量明显不同的XY881和XY883）为材料，研究表油菜素内酯（epibrassinolide, 2,4-BL）在不同生育阶段对甘蓝型油菜生长发育的影响。通过盆栽试验和2014-2016年两年度田间试验，分析2,4-BL对种子萌发、营养生长、产油量及相关构成因子的影响。结果表明，2,4-BL对2品系的影响具有相似规律，包括：对种子萌发具有剂量效应，低浓度下促进种子萌发，高浓度下抑制种子萌发；在全生育期低剂量的2,4-BL促进主茎伸长、提高光合效率、促进结实，但不影响成熟种子大小和含油量；在盛花后使用，延缓种子成熟而造成授粉后40 d种子含油量下降；长期短间隔使用2, 4-BL降低调控作用。在分子水平上，2,4-BL诱导油菜素类固醇信号通路和光信号通路关键转录因子BnaPIF4、 BnaBZR1 和BnaBES 的基因表达。推测2,4-BL通过诱导甘蓝型油菜中油菜素内酯和光信号途径相关转录因子基因表达，激活下游调控的基因网络，通过促进光合作用延长营养生长时间、促进主茎生长和结实，进而影响产油量。因此认为表油菜素内酯可以作为生长调节剂在油菜生产中使用，建议低浓度或长间隔施用，且尽量在油菜盛花期之前使用。     

红麻HcWRKY20基因的克隆与表达特征分析

WRKY转录因子为植物中一类重要的转录因子,在调控植物生长、发育及响应外界胁迫方面发挥重要作用。基于红麻转录组数据,研究克隆了红麻转录组WRKY20基因,并命名为HcWRKY20。HcWRKY20基因CDS全长1512 bp,编码503个氨基酸,预测蛋白大小为55.77 KD,等电点为7.33。此外,HcWRKY20含有两段保守的WRKYGQK七肽序列和两个C2H2锌指结构,属于Ⅰ类WRKY转录因子。系统进化树分析表明,HcWRKY20与雷德蒙氏棉、陆地棉及二倍体棉亲缘关系较近。HcWRKY20基因表达特征分析表明,该基因在根和叶中表达量较高;受外源水杨酸(SA)、Cd和Na Cl处理的诱导,但油菜素内酯(BR)处理抑制了HcWRKY20的表达。HcWRKY20可能在红麻非生物胁迫应答中起到了重要的调控作用。     

干旱胁迫下水杨酸和油菜素内酯对木薯苗生理特性的影响

采用盆栽试验,以木薯品种华南205(SC205)和华南8号(SC8)为试材,研究干旱胁迫下叶片分别喷施清水,40、60、100 mg/L的水杨酸(SA),0.1、0.2、0.5 mg/L的油菜素内酯(BR)对木薯苗生长和生理特性的影响。结果表明,干旱胁迫下木薯苗的电解质渗透率和丙二醛(MDA)含量升高,可溶性蛋白含量先升高后降低;复水后,木薯苗电解质渗透率和MDA基本恢复正常;与对照相比,干旱胁迫下喷施SA或BR能显著促进木薯苗的生长,显著降低细胞膜透性和质膜伤害程度,并显著提高可溶性蛋白含量;不同浓度处理中,以喷施100 mg/L SA或0.2 mg/L BR效果最好。     

Reduction of some toxicants in Icacina mannii by fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The effect of fermentation on the level of some toxic components (hydrocyanic acid, phytic acid and oxalic acid) of Icacina mannii paste was investigated. The results indicate that fermentation caused a decrease in the level of these toxicants ranging from 178 mg/kg to 70 mg/kg for hydrocyanic acid, 638 mg/kg to 463 mg/kg for oxalic acid and 49 mg/kg to 21 mg/kg for phytic acid. When the paste was supplemented with acitve cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae there was a marked decrease in the level of the three toxicants ranging from 84 mg/kg to 16 mg/kg for hydrocyanic acid, 374 mg/kg to 88 mg/kg for oxalic acid and 24 mg/kg to 5 mg/kg for phytic acid. Supplementing the paste with yeast cells at a concentration of 7.5 g/kg before fermenting, resulted in approximately a 90% reduction in the level of the three toxic compounds after 144 hours of fermentation.     

脂质伴随物对多不饱和脂肪酸乳液稳定性的影响研究进展

α-亚麻酸、二十二碳六烯酸、二十碳五烯酸以及n-6 PUFA亚油酸等多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）对人体具有显著的健康功效,目前被广泛应用于在食品、医药等领域。但是含有PUFA的油脂极易被氧化,且具有强疏水性,因此其应用受到一定限制。乳液递送体系是一种经典的脂质载体,现已被应用于高生物利用率的PUFA产品的研究与开发中。脂质伴随物是来源于油脂的天然植物化合物,主要包括多酚、植物甾醇、磷脂、脂溶性维生素等。研究表明,将一定量的脂质伴随物添加入乳液体系中能够有效改善体系的稳定性。基于此,本文主要归纳总结了极性多酚类化合物、双亲性植物甾醇及磷脂、非极性维生素等脂质伴随物对乳液稳定性的影响及潜在的作用机制,并针对研究中存在的科学问题以及发展方向进行了分析和展望。     

Adhesion properties of wheat-based particles

Specific AFM analytical methods were tested to the surface evaluation of wheat powders at micrometric scale in dry conditions. The objective was to evaluate the adhesion properties of particles based on the main wheat endosperm components (starch, protein, and arabinoxylan) that are characterized by large diversity in terms of chemical composition and particle characteristics. Experiments were conducted by using the force spectroscopy mode to determine interactions generated by the surfaces of particles that were glued on AFM tips, and two reference flat and smooth surfaces, a glass and a polysine slide. Particular care has been devoted to characterize the surfaces in contact since local contact radius is a key parameter in the interpretation of the interactions. The statistical analysis of the normalized adhesion forces have shown the sensitivity of the AFM technique for hydrophobic wheat components and their correlation with the surface tension of the particles.     

基于无人机遥感的花生氮营养反演研究

氮素是影响花生生长发育的重要因素之一，目前传统凯氏定氮法测定步骤繁琐且需要时间较长，而无人 机遥感具有实时、灵活、低成本的特点，因此，为实现对花生氮含量的快速、无损、准确监测，本研究利用大疆精灵4 号无人机搭载的可见光相机，获取不同生育期的可见光影像，运用神经网络算法，建立叶片数字图像彩色信息和叶 片氮含量的关系模型。结果表明，利用数字图像指标作为网络输入向量时，所构建模型的平均绝对偏差为1.5左 右，且以r、g、b(r=R/(R+G+B), g=G/(R+G+B), b=B/(R+G+B))和a, b, c (a=R+G, b=R+B, c=G+B)两种组合参数拟合效果最 好，平均绝对偏差为0.2左右，和真实值相差较小。通过检验发现，两种方法都能准确地预测出花生叶片氮含量，所 构建模型能快速、无损地测定花生植株的肥料状况。     

花生1,3,4-三磷酸肌醇5/6激酶ITPK家族基因的鉴定和分析

1,3,4-三磷酸肌醇5/6-激酶（ITPK）是一种保守的多功能酶，调控磷酸肌醇的代谢过程，广泛存在于动植物和线虫中。本研究从两个野生种花生基因组（Arachis duranensis 和Arachis ipaensis）中获得AdITPK 家族基因7个，AiITPK 家族基因7个，利用生物信息学手段，系统地分析花生ITPK 家族基因生物学特征。结果表明，AdITPKs 和Ai⁃ITPKs 基因的染色体定位相似，在03号和05号染色体上都分别有2个ITPK 家族成员，AdITPKs 在A01、A08和A10号 染色体上各1个，AiITPKs 在B01、B07和B10号染色体上各1个；花生各ITPK 基因含外显子数量在1~10个不等，可编码220~483个氨基酸；进化关系分析显示花生ITPK 家族基因可分为3个亚家族；基于保守结构域分析显示，此家族蛋白含有4~6个保守结构基序。两基因组同源基因的二级结构相似性较大，而AdITPK5和AiITPK5、AdITPK6和AiITPK6两对同源基因例外；大部分基因的三级结构皆相似，但AdITPK1、AdITPK6、AiITPK1和AiITPK6与其余基因明显不同；花生ITPK 家族基因在各器官中表达量不同，在发育前期的种子、根系和根瘤中表达较高。本研究为花生ITPK 基因的后续研究奠定理论基础，为明确ITPK 对花生生长中的调控作用提供了依据。     

Systems approaches to innovation in crop protection. A systematic literature review

The objective of this paper is to explore the extent to which systems approaches to innovation are reflected in the crop protection literature and how such approaches are used. A systematic literature review is conducted to study the relation between crop protection and systems approaches to innovation in 107 publications. The analysis of the crop protection literature demonstrates that only a small fraction is systems-oriented as compared to the bulk of publications with a technology-oriented approach. The analysis of agricultural innovations systems literature shows that, although crop protection is addressed, the potential of this systems approach remains largely unexplored for crop protection innovation. A large share of the publications included in this review focus on cropping or farming ‘systems’ while ‘innovation’ often equals the development, transfer, adoption and diffusion of crop protection technologies at farm level. There is relatively little attention for the institutional and political dimensions of crop protection and the interactions between farm, regional and national levels in crop protection systems. The traditional division of roles and responsibilities of researchers as innovators, extension personnel as disseminators, and farmers as end-users, is challenged only to a limited extent. The majority of publications discusses ways to optimise existing features of crop protection systems, without exploring more structural transformations that may be required to enhance the resilience of crop protection systems.     

Evaluating decision rules for dryland rotation crop selection

No-till dryland winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-fallow systems in the central Great Plains have more water available for crop production than the traditional conventionally tilled winter wheat-fallow systems because of greater precipitation storage efficiency. That additional water is used most efficiently when a crop is present to transpire the water, and crop yields respond positively to increases in available soil water. The objective of this study was to evaluate yield, water use efficiency (WUE), precipitation use efficiency (PUE), and net returns of cropping systems where crop choice was based on established crop responses to water use while incorporating a grass/broadleaf rotation. Available soil water at planting was measured at several decision points each year and combined with three levels of expected growing season precipitation (70, 100, 130% of average) to provide input data for water use/yield production functions for seven grain crops and three forage crops. The predicted yields from those production functions were compared against established yield thresholds for each crop, and crops were retained for further consideration if the threshold yield was exceeded. Crop choice was then narrowed by following a rule which rotated summer crops (crops planted in the spring with most of their growth occurring during summer months) with winter crops (crops planted in the fall with most of their growth occurring during the next spring) and also rotating grasses with broadleaf crops. Yields, WUE, PUE, value-basis precipitation use efficiency ($PUE), gross receipts, and net returns from the four opportunity cropping (OC) selection schemes were compared with the same quantities from four set rotations [wheat-fallow (conventional till), (WF (CT)); wheat-fallow (no-till), (WF (NT)); wheat–corn (Zea mays L.)-fallow (no-till), (WCF); wheat–millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) (no-till), (WM)]. Water use efficiency was greater for three of the OC selection schemes than for any of the four set rotations. Precipitation was used more efficiently using two of the OC selection schemes than using any of the four set rotations. Of the four OC cropping decision methods, net returns were greatest for the method that assumed average growing season precipitation and allowed selection from all possible crop choices. The net returns from this system were not different from net returns from WF (CT) and WF (NT). Cropping frequency can be effectively increased in dryland cropping systems by use of crop selection rules based on water use/yield production functions, measured available soil water, and expected precipitation.     

Physicochemical and functional characterization of wheat milling co-products: Fine grinding to achieve high fiber antioxidant-rich fractions

Milling of wheat produces co-products rich in dietary fiber, micronutrients and phytochemicals which can be used to integrate healthy functional foods. In the study different co-products including bran, shorts, and red dog were identified by physicochemical and functional analyses. The results showed that the fat, protein and starch contents decreased in order of red dog > shorts > bran (P < 0.05). The ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), hemicellulose, water and oil holding capacities (WHC, OHC) were in order bran > shorts > red dog, respectively (P < 0.05). Antioxidant capacity was in order red dog > shorts > bran (P < 0.05). The bran was selected as the co-product with the highest fiber that was finely grounded to four different fractions (>355, 250–355, 180–250, <180 μm) and they were characterized more detail. The fat, protein and starch contents decreased with increasing bran particle size (P < 0.05). The ash, crude fiber, NDF, ADF, hemicellulose and WHC and OHC increased with the increasing bran particle size (P < 0.05). DPPH radical scavenging activity increased with increasing particle size (P < 0.05). The bran fractions 250–355 and >355 μm can be used as high fiber ingredients rich in antioxidants to generate functional foods.     

巴西蕉AP2/ERF超家族全基因组分析

香蕉作为热带和亚热带发展中国家最重要的粮食和经济作物,其产量和质量受到低温、干旱、高盐等非生物逆境胁迫的严重影响。基于香蕉A基因组测序数据,利用生物信息学技术和方法,对巴西蕉中调控植物非生物逆境胁迫应答方面发挥重要作用的AP2/ERF超家族基因全基因组进行系统分析。结果表明:共获得119个巴西蕉AP2/ERF超家族基因,并将其划分成ERF(100)、RAV(15)和soloist(4)家族,其中ERF家族又被划分为10个亚家族,每个亚家族基因具有相似的保守motif和基因结构。此研究结果不仅为巴西蕉应答非生物逆境胁迫下AP2/ERF超家族基因功能和响应机制的研究、香蕉品种抗逆改良奠定理论基础,而且也为不同物种的AP2/ERF超家族基因的系统发育和进化研究提供方法和理论依据。     

钾素水平对油菜酶活性的影响

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