玉米子粒灌浆速率的配合力分析

试验选用9份自交系,按格列芬双列杂交方法Ⅱ设计。对4个阶段灌浆速率配合力分析并结合产量对自交系和杂交组合进行综合评价。结果表明:第Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ期灌浆速率的配合力自交系间有较大差异;同一自交系及同一自交系的不同杂交种4个时期的灌浆速率也有较大差异。HR705自交系4个阶段均较低;Mo17第Ⅰ、Ⅱ期较低,第Ⅲ、Ⅳ期较高;HR11前3期较高,第Ⅳ期较低;黄早四4期均高;HR304前两期较低,后两期较高;丹340Ⅰ期较低,其它3期均高;HR1124期均高;K10第Ⅰ、Ⅱ期最高,Ⅲ、Ⅳ期较低;HR106的4期均较低。灌浆速率一般配合力高的自交系其特殊配合力也较高,一般配合力低的自交系也有特殊配合力较高的组合出现,因此有必要重视特殊配合力。     

9个玉米自交系主要穗部性状的配合力分析

采用完全双列杂交方法Ⅳ ,对常用玉米自交系主要穗部性状进行配合力分析。结果表明 :Mo1 7、黄早四、U81 1 2等自交系的一般配合力高 ;Mo1 7×黄早四、U81 1 2×黄早四、武 1 0 9×Mo1 7等组合的特殊配合力高。遗传参数分析的结果表明 :4个穗部性状均以加性效应控制为主 ,且遗传力较高 ,在早代选择可收到显著效果。     

鲜食糯玉米货架期苞叶相关性状的配合力及其遗传效应分析

为了明确鲜食糯玉米货架期间苞叶相关性状的配合力及其遗传效应，选用6个自交系为父本、6个自交系为母本，按不完全双列杂交设计组配得到36个组合，对6个苞叶性状进行配合力分析和遗传参数估计。结果表明，苞叶含水量、苞叶层数、苞叶长、苞叶宽和苞叶总面积的一般配合力方差分析均达极显著水平，苞叶叶绿素含量达显著水平。苞叶性状遗传参数基因型方差均大于环境方差，主要受基因型的影响；GCA方差均大于SCA方差，表明以基因的加性效应为主。各性状的狭义遗传力大小依次为苞叶层数>苞叶叶绿素含量>苞叶宽>苞叶长>苞叶含水量>苞叶叶面积，苞叶含水量、苞叶叶绿素含量、苞叶长、苞叶宽、苞叶层数的狭义遗传力均大于50%，表明这些性状可以在早代进行选择。     

10个玉米自交系穗部性状的配合力分析

采用5×5不完全双列杂交设计,对10个玉米自交系的单株产量等7个性状的一般配合力和特殊配合力进行了分析。结果表明:交51、7922、丹340、自330有较高的一般配合力,黄早四×7922、自330×木4、Mo17×5331、丹340×095、32×7922、自330×交51和丹340×交51有较高的特殊配合力。在所有杂交组合中,丹340×交51的产量最高,丹340×095、自330×交51的产量次之,这3个组合可作为潜势组合进一步试验。在选择性状时,玉米穗长、穗粗、穗行数和单株产量宜早代选择,行粒数、出籽率、百粒重宜晚代选择。     

部分玉米自交系对丝黑穗病的抗性鉴定和遗传效应研究

采用人工接种鉴定法评价72份玉米自交系对丝黑穗病的抗性。在72份自交系中高抗系18个,占25%;抗病系15个,占20.8%;中抗系12个,占16.7%。采用双列杂交方法 4的遗传交配设计,对其中11份自交系的抗病力进行配合力分析及遗传参数估算。结果表明,917-1、4F1和吉818的GCA负效应较大,昌7-2、黄早四和长3的GCA正效应较大;吉818×黄早四、917-1×黄早四、吉818×昌7-2、KD-13×昌7-2组合具有显著的负效应,黄早四×昌7-2和917-1×吉818组合具有显著正效应。玉米抗丝黑穗病基因的加性效应和显性效应同时存在,加性效应占主导。选育杂交种时不仅要考虑双亲的一般配合力,也要注重其特殊配合力的作用。要选育中抗以上类型杂交种,其双亲之一必须为抗病系。     

巴西玉米种质资源的配合力研究

采用完全双列杂交法,以黄早四、丹340、Mo17和B73为测试种,分析已筛选出的5个巴西自交系和4个我国分属四大类群的温带玉米种质自交系的配合力。结果表明,巴西×温带种质资源的单株产量、配合力等明显优于其它组合。     

玉米自交系产量及主要穗部性状的配合力分析

采用不完全双列杂交方法,以宁夏自育的14个玉米自交系和2个常用自交系为母本,与改良Reid、Lancaster(Mo17和自330两个亚群)、塘四平头、旅大红骨这5个亚群的代表系Mo17、丹340、掖478、黄早四、B73为父本,进行了产量及主要穗部性状的配合力研究。结果表明,目前生产上主栽品种掖单19的亲本掖478与掖52106具有较高的特殊配合力;一般配合力以掖52106最高,宁58、郑22、宁70次之;特殊配合力较掖52106×掖478高的组合有4个,仅占配制组合的5%,说明多年来宁夏自育的玉米自交系在性状上还需进一步改良。试验对产量及主要穗部性状的配合力、遗传力及其相关性做了较深入的分析,产量与穗长、穗粗及行粒数的配合力相关性较大,提出了自交系性状选择应以穗行数为主,行粒数、千粒重次之,对产量直接选择效果较小。     

黄早4改良系CH70与黄早4配合力比较分析

经配合力方差分析及配合力相对效应值估算:各亲本一般配合力方差与组合特殊配合力方差均达极显著水准。黄早4改良系CH70的一般配合力相对效应值gi为1.94,高于黄早4和CH75自交系,组合特殊配合力相对效应值以79028/黄早4最高,Sij为7.88,原武02/CH70次之、Sij为5.81。     

高寒山区几个玉米自交系数量性状配合力分析

利用9个玉米自交系,按 Griffing完全双列杂交方法4组配成36个杂交组合进行试验。对主要数量性状的一般配合力、特殊配合力、配合力总效应以及各自交系的特殊配合力方差进行估算和分析。结果表明,自交系411的一般配合力最高,自交系405和琼180具有较高的一般配合力和特殊配合力方差,其配制的组合配合力总效应高,系组配强优势杂交组合的优良自交系。     

25个优良温带玉米自交系与4个热带玉米自交系农艺性状的配合力研究

采用NCⅡ设计对25个优良温带玉米自交系和4个热带自交系配制100个杂交组合,在云南省3种不同生态环境下对这些杂交组合进行农艺性状和产量配合力分析。结果表明,温带自交系郑58、K1218是综合性状配合力十分优良的自交系;铁7922、辽3180是综合性状配合力优良的自交系;自330、丹340、云147、81515、西502等是综合性状配合力比较优良的自交系。热带自交系单株产量GCA效应值YML146>YML145>CML171>CML166,温带系×Suwan1和温带系×Tuxpeno是主要的杂种优势模式。将4个热带自交系分别用TA(热带硬粒型)和TB(热带马齿型)来表示,有以下几种类型:①某温带自交系×TA为强优势组合,同一温带自交系×TB也是强优势组合;②某温带自交系×TA为强优势组合,同一温带自交系×TB是弱优势组合;③某温带自交系×TA为弱优势组合,同一温带自交系×TB也是弱优势组合。     

In vitro reproduction in the annual pasture legumes subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.)

Pasture legumes are important components of both mixed farming rotations and permanent pastures in temperate climates. Breeding of two widely sown pasture legumes, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.), is constrained by the long generation cycle, typically enabling only one generation per year. We hypothesized manipulation of culture medium and conditions would enable the development of a laboratory‐based protocol for in vitro reproduction in subterranean clover and French serradella. In vitro flowering and viable seed set was induced from both species. For subterranean clover, the most effective treatment was culturing on modified MS medium with 1 μm kinetin and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and continuous photoperiod. For French serradella, culture on a hormone‐free B5 medium with 5 mm NH₄Cl and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and 20 h photoperiod was optimum. It is expected this technique will have application in accelerating generation turnover within breeding programs, for the study of factors influencing flowering in pasture legumes, and for the propagation of valuable yet enfeebled plants such as embryo‐rescued hybrids.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Estimation of lucerne yield stability for enabling effective cultivar selection under rainfed conditions

Evaluation of crop and forage yield stability is of increasing relevance in the context of current and recent environmental changes but, in contrast to other field crops, there are no published systematic analyses among forage crops in Europe. A study of stability performance was conducted with 13 Czech cultivars of lucerne at four locations over a 2‐year period with the following aims: (a) to evaluate yield stability of varieties across different environments and (b) to calculate measurable benefits of variety selection in relation to the specific environment. The cultivar Vlasta was identified as the highest yielding cultivar (annual yield 16.0 t DM/ha), whereas the lowest yielding cv. Magda, Tereza and Oslava averaged around 14.9 t DM/ha. Effect of genotype × environment interaction (G × E) was two times higher than for genotype alone. Additive main effects and the multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model showed that the highest yielding cultivars may not be stable across environments. This study demonstrated further that significant yield improvement could be detected, even among a relatively homogenous group of domestic cultivars, and this was driven mainly by site productivity: the improvement was +10% in low‐yielding sites, compared with +3% in high‐yielding sites. Results highlight that advanced agronomy should also consider stability parameters such as AMMI stability value or superiority measures for forage crops in response to the challenges associated with climate change.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

---

Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

---

Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

稻文化的再思考3:稻与社稷——印度、泰国等东南亚、南亚主要国家

东南亚、南亚地区是世界上重要的稻米产区,稻米在民众饮食生活和国家社会政治中占有重要地位,民众生活中也保存了非常悠久和丰富的稻作文化习俗及稻谷起源神话传说。本文分析了水稻在东南亚、南亚主要国家印度、印度尼西亚、泰国、越南、菲律宾、孟加拉国、缅甸的作用、地位、生产、消费、文化等情况,并指出了印度、印度尼西亚稻文化的主要标志。     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Model of wheat yield response to application of diclofop-methyl to control ryegrass (Lolium rigidum)

A general model of crop yield response to herbicide application is proposed. The model includes three components: the effect of herbicide dosage on weed density, the effect of surviving weed density on crop yield and the effect of herbicide directly on the crop. The model is used to estimate the response of wheat yield to application of diclofop-methyl to control ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in Australia. It is found that the competitiveness of ryegrass plants surviving treatment is reduced by the treatment and that the proportion of yield loss at a given ryegrass density is not independent of the absolute weed-free yield. The response function is used to calculate economic thresholds and optimal herbicide dosages.