玉米籽粒脱水速率的配合力分析

试验选用9份自交系,按格列芬双列杂交方法Ⅱ设计,随机区组3次重复。对籽粒生理脱水速率、籽粒自然脱水速率、穗轴脱水速率、苞叶脱水速率4个性状配合力分析结果如下:HR705、HR304、HR112自交系4个性状均负值且低,Mo17、HR11、黄早四、HR106自交系4个性状均为正值较高。丹340、K10自交系4个性状正负值均有。9个自交系4个性状特殊配合力差异大。HR112×HR106组合生理、自然脱水速率最高,黄早四×HR106组合的苞叶脱水速率最高。     

引进玉米自交系穗部性状的配合力和遗传力研究

选用6个引进的玉米自交系,按照NCⅡ遗传交配设计配制了9个杂交组合（3×3）,研究了8个穗部性状的配合力和遗传力。结果表明：（1）同一自交系不同性状的一般配合力效应值不同,不同自交系同一性状的一般配合力效应值表现也不相同。穗行数、行粒数、轴粗受母本一般配合力效应均达到极显著水平。穗行、秃尖长、穗粗、轴粗受组合特殊配合力效应也都达到了显著或极显著水平。（2）不同组合同一性状和同一组合不同性状的特殊配合力效应值也不尽相同。一般配合力不能够完全决定组合的特殊配合力,一般配合力都高的双亲配组,得到高特殊配合力组合的概率较大：（3）所研究的8个穗部性状的广义遗传力由大到小顺序是：行粒数、穗行数、千粒重、轴粗、秃尖长、穗长、穗粗、穗粒重。狭义遗传力由大到小的顺序是：穗行数、轴粗、穗粒重、秃尖长、穗长、千粒重、穗粗、行粒数。其中,广义遗传力和狭义遗传力都较高的性状有穗行数和轴粗,均在75％以上,它们可以作为进行早代选择的指标。     

几个新选玉米自交系的配合力分析

以张掖市农科所自育的9个自交系按照GriffingD4模型双列杂交,从产量上进行了一般配合力和特殊配合力效应的分析。得出:①9个自交系之间,在一般配合力和特殊配合力方面存在明显差异;②以Z801的一般配合力效应值最高为0.69,Z910次之为0.55,Z936居第3为0.27;③特殊配合力效应较高的组合有Z866×Z911、Z851×Z936、Z853×Z895和Z801×Z936共4个,其效应值超过0.70;④以Z866的特殊配合力方差最大值为0.68,Z936次之为0.60,Z895居第3为0.49;⑤Z936不仅有较高的一般配合力,而且还有较大的特殊配合力方差,将是一个很理想的自交系。     

50个常用玉米自交系配合力的聚类分析

对50个玉米自交系,4个测验种中的NC—Ⅱ交配组合进行了试验.以50个自交系的一般配合力及特殊配合力为指标,采用系统聚类法进行聚类分析.结果表明,利用配合力为指标将50个自交系分为13类,这13类在一般配合力和特殊配合力方面各具特点.A类的特点是,与BSSS遗传背景有较高的特殊配合力;B类的特点是,与Syn3和BSSS二种遗传背景均有较高的特殊配合力;C类的特点是,与5003、BSSS二种遗传背景具有较高的特殊配合力,并具较高的一般配合力.因此,认为此法在杂种优势预测及利用方面较通常所用的表型聚类法更可靠实用.     

9个玉米自交系主要穗部性状的配合力分析

采用完全双列杂交方法Ⅳ ,对常用玉米自交系主要穗部性状进行配合力分析。结果表明 :Mo1 7、黄早四、U81 1 2等自交系的一般配合力高 ;Mo1 7×黄早四、U81 1 2×黄早四、武 1 0 9×Mo1 7等组合的特殊配合力高。遗传参数分析的结果表明 :4个穗部性状均以加性效应控制为主 ,且遗传力较高 ,在早代选择可收到显著效果。     

高寒山区几个玉米自交系数量性状配合力分析

利用9个玉米自交系,按 Griffing完全双列杂交方法4组配成36个杂交组合进行试验。对主要数量性状的一般配合力、特殊配合力、配合力总效应以及各自交系的特殊配合力方差进行估算和分析。结果表明,自交系411的一般配合力最高,自交系405和琼180具有较高的一般配合力和特殊配合力方差,其配制的组合配合力总效应高,系组配强优势杂交组合的优良自交系。     

Lancaster群体改良自交系株型性状的配合力分析

采用不完全双列杂交,分析8个含有Lancaster血缘的自交系与4大类群代表系中5个自交系的一般配合力(GCA)和特殊配合力(SCA)。结果表明：株高、穗位高、茎直径、雄穗长、雄穗分枝的GCA和SCA方差均达极显著水平;一般配合力及小区产量较高的自交系有N305、N575、N583、吉853、丹340、丹988;N575×丹340的总配合力效应值最高,是最好的杂交组合。在供试的8个自交系中,N575、N583、N305与各父本所配杂交组合产量较高,是比较理想的自交系。株型性状间的相关分析表明,株高与穗位高、雄穗长度有较大的正相关,穗位高与茎直径相关性较大。     

不同耐冷型玉米种质的配合力及聚类分析

选择不同耐冷玉米种质8份,按GriffingⅡ的设计组配,对自交系的主要农艺性状进行配合力分析。结果表明：株高、穗位高、叶片数、穗长、行粒数、单株产量、2粒宽、容重8个性状的一般配合力(GCA)、特殊配合力(SCA)方差极显著。HR6×2001-F32、FR1454×2001-F32、Mo17×FR1454、HR6×HR295组合具有较高产量;依据产量SCA的效应值聚类,发现耐冷自交系分属不同类群,因此通过有效的改良方法可以提高玉米种质的耐冷性。     

早熟玉米自交系主要数量性状的配合力分析及评价

本文以11个玉米自交系按Griffing4模式进行双列杂交,得到55个杂交组合。对55个组合的17个主要数量性状进行鉴定。结果表明,同一性状的不同自交系间及同一自交系的不同性状之间,G.C.A均有一定差异。自交系甸11、长3、K10、合344、龙抗11、169的G.C.A较高;同时,本研究还发现,有些自交系的个别性状特殊配合力方差较大,应注重后代选择。     

早熟高赖氨酸玉米自交系的遗传分析及配合力评价

利用8个早熟高赖氨酸玉米自交系,按Griffing4模式进行双列杂交,共获28个杂交组合。对28个杂交组合的14个性状进行田间鉴定及室内考种,结果表明,穗位高、株高、叶面积增长速率、喇叭口期叶面积四个性状的广义遗传力及狭义遗传力均较高;配合力分析结果表明,高赖氨酸玉米的喇叭口期叶面积等7个性状的一般配合力方差达到显著水平,而苗期叶面积、苗期叶干重、拔节期叶干重的特殊配合力方差达到显著水平;遗传方差组成分析表明,喇叭口期叶面积等8个性状的加性效应在遗传中起主要作用,而苗期叶干重、拔节期叶干重、苗期叶面积三个性状非加性效应在遗传中起主导作用。此外,本文还对8个高赖氨酸玉米的一般配合力及特殊配合力方差进行了评价。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pulque</Emphasis>, An Alcoholic Drink from Rural Mexico,Contains Phytase. Its <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> Effects on Corn Tortilla

Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn.     

Cytoplasmic substitution inSolanum. II. Tuber characteristics of reciprocal backcross progeny

Summary Recurrent backcrosses (BC) were used to introduce nuclear factors ofS. tuberosum L. ssp.tuberosum into the cytoplasm of Andean potatoesS. tuberosum ssp.andigena (Juz. and Buk.) Hawkes andS. phureja Juz. and Buk. Each generation BC was produced in reciprocal directions to test the effect of cytoplasmic substitution on yield. This report analyses tuber number, tuber weight, and tuber length of BC₂ and BC₃ substitution into ssp.andigena cytoplasm and BC₂ and BC₂ substitutions intoS. phureja cytoplasm. Direction of cross had no consistent significant effect on yield components of ssp.andigena substitution lines. InS. phureja reciprocal progenies direction of cross was responsible for significant differences of some reciprocal sets. When there were significant differences the higher yield usually occurred when ssp.tuberosum was the pistillate parent, but in some progenies when ssp.tuberosum was the pistillate parent the yield was significantly lower than in the reciprocals. It is suggested that differences between reciprocals resulted from chromosomally encoded gene action, resulting from maternal and/or paternal effects, rather than cytoplasmic factors. Authorized for publication as paper No. 7494 in the Journal Series of The Pennsylvania Agriculture Experiment Station.