全周期间作模式胶园内间作豆薯的产量及其抗逆生理的特征

研究全周期间作模式胶园大行间间作的豆薯产量及其抗逆性。结果表明,试验期间间作豆薯小区的橡胶株产与常规种植胶园的没有显著差异;间作豆薯的产量为12.7 t/hm2,与单作豆薯的产量(13.5 t/hm2)没有显著性差异,但不同位置间作的豆薯产量间存在差异,以大行中间至少6 m宽的产量最高,显著高于靠近橡胶树两边的豆薯产量(p<0.05);不同位置间作豆薯叶片的游离脯氨酸(Pro)含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性与单作对照总体上无显著性变化(除E4和M的SOD活性以及E1的Pro含量显著低于单作外)(p<0.05)。表明在全周期间作模式胶园大行间间作豆薯是可行的。     

全周期间作胶园间作花生的研究

为探讨全周期间作胶园间作花生的可行性,通过在全周期间作胶园大行间(20 m)距离橡胶树不同位置间作花生,并开展其生长、产量、品质、养分含量以及经济性状表现观测。结果表明,间作的花生均能正常生长和开花结果,并能获得一定的产量,其中行间距橡胶树(东)6 m至(西)8 m之间6 m范围内(相当于25%的胶园面积)间作花生的产量与单作花生无显著差异,间作花生的蛋白质与粗脂肪与单作花生均无显著差异。试验期间(2013年5~7月份),间作花生的全周期间作胶园的橡胶树平均每刀次单株干胶产量和单位面积干胶产量与不间作的全周期间作胶园无显著差异。在全周期间作胶园间作花生能提高胶园收益29.15%,达3 065.04元/hm2。这表明,在全周期间作胶园大行间间作花生是有利的。     

全周期间作模式胶园内间作疣柄魔芋的叶片特征和效益分析

通过在全周期间作模式胶园的宽行中间作疣柄魔芋,分析不同位置疣柄魔芋的叶片特征、产量和经济效益,以探索疣柄魔芋在胶园中的适应性。结果表明,在叶片数、叶柄长、小叶长、叶柄基部直径、叶片叶绿素相对含量(SPAD值)和块茎重量6个性状中,除SPAD值在不同位置之间无显著差异外,其余5个指标差异均达到显著水平(p＜0.05),且均以东侧大于西侧;每667 m2胶园间作魔芋的经济效益明显高于橡胶,橡胶和魔芋纯收入分别为255、1 501元。     

全周期间作模式胶园间作肾茶的产量及药材质量

为评价肾茶在全周期间作模式胶园中的间作发展潜力,以肾茶的露地栽培为对照,对南北行向全周期间作模式胶园间作肾茶的产量及其药材主要质量指标进行了比较分析。结果表明：在南北行向全周期间作模式胶园中间作肾茶,不同观测位置、不同采样时期、不同部位肾茶的产量及其药材质量存在差异,间作各处理肾茶的产量均大幅度低于露地栽培,其中,间作区中产量最高的中间、东侧区地上部产量仅能达到露地栽培约30%的产量水平;虽然部分间作处理的肾茶浸出物、熊果酸含量稍高于露地栽培或与之基本持平,但肾茶地上部的黄酮、迷迭香酸、粗灰分含量均为林下间作差于露地栽培,同时该3个指标均呈现随胶园荫蔽度的增加而变差的趋势。与常规的露地栽培相比,在南北行向全周期间作模式胶园间作条件下,肾茶产量显著下降的同时药材质量变差。因此,肾茶不适宜在南北行向全周期间作模式胶园中间作发展。     

全周期胶园间作对豆薯和大豆的产量、品质和土壤速效养分的影响

研究在全周期胶园宽行间作豆薯和大豆的产量、品质和土壤速效养分的影响。结果表明,与单作相比,间作大豆产量显著降低40%(p0.05),间作豆薯产量略低但差异不显著(p0.05)。总体上,单作和间作处理豆薯和大豆不同位置的可溶性糖、淀粉、粗蛋白和粗脂肪的含量没有显著差异(p0.05),但间作提高了间作带中间区域豆薯的粗脂肪含量。单作豆薯和大豆平均土壤铵态氮、硝态氮均显著高于间作处理的不同位置(p0.05);单作豆薯和大豆土壤速效钾含量高于间作处理且显著高于单作小区两侧(p0.05);而单作豆薯和大豆土壤速效磷则低于间作处理,其中单作豆薯显著低于间作豆薯小区中间区域(p0.05)。综上所述,豆薯比大豆更适合间作于全周期胶园,间作对作物的品质总体上没有影响,但对降低土壤无机氮含量较明显。     

全周期间作模式胶园林下植物多样性特征

通过调查传统胶园与全周期间作模式胶园内植物多样性的差异,探讨全周期种植方式对胶园内植物多样性的影响。结果表明：全周期间作模式胶园内有37种物种,总密度为0.975个/m2,而传统胶园有51种物种,总密度为2.698个/m2;全周期间作模式胶园内Simpson指数、Shannon-wiener指数和Margalef植物丰富度指数均显著小于传统胶园,而其生态优势度指数显著高于传统胶园（p<0.05）;与传统胶园相比,全周期种植方式能导致胶园林下植物物种和个体数（或丛数）减少,植物多样性降低,但其物种的生态优势度较大。     

胡椒园间作槟榔对胡椒产量及养分利用的影响

胡椒园间作槟榔是海南胡椒间作体系中应用较广的一种模式,为探明其间作优势来源,以海南胡椒优势种植区4个试验点的胡椒单作与胡椒/槟榔模式为研究对象,调查了2009~2011年各点胡椒产量与养分投入状况,测定2011年土壤养分与胡椒植株叶片养分含量,从而对比了间作模式与胡椒单作模式下胡椒产量、土壤养分状况、肥料产量贡献率和胡椒叶片养分含量的差异。结果表明：在各试验点不同产量水平下,同一地点间作模式的胡椒产量均极显著高于单作。间作模式土壤氮、磷、钾全量含量略低于单作,但未达到显著水平;间作模式土壤速效磷和速效钾含量高于单作,且速效磷差异达到显著水平。在养分投入相同的条件下,间作模式氮、磷、钾肥料偏生产力均极显著高于单作。间作模式下胡椒叶片磷、钾养分含量周年大于单作。上述结果表明胡椒/槟榔间作提高了土壤中速效养分的含量,促进了胡椒对磷、钾等养分的吸收,从而提高了其肥料利用效率,并最终提高胡椒产量。胡椒/槟榔的间作优势可能与二者地下部互作有关。     

椰园/牧草间作:主间作物之间相互的影响

进行了椰园间作牧草生态系统的研究。通过不同类型椰园间作不同品种牧草的适应性试验,观测了不同主间作物栽培方式中椰园根系分布、土壤养分与温度、主间作物生长及产量等方面的变化。结果表明:(1)在种植密度为10m×6m的椰园(相对光照强度约在50%以上)中,禾本科和豆科牧草均能正常生长;在8m×6m的椰园(相对光照强度约在30%左右)中,多数牧草品种能正常生长;在6m×6m的椰园(相对光照强度不足30%)中,只有少数禾本科牧草能基本正常生长。(2)禾本科牧草与椰树组成的系统稳定性比豆科牧草的好。(3)间作物一般应距幼树1m、成龄树2m以外的地方种植。(4)合理压青培肥与科学防治金龟子害虫,有利于加强主间作物生态系统的稳定性。      

椰子可可间作下种植密度对作物产量及经济效益的影响

研究椰子可可间作条件下,不同种植密度可可对椰子和可可产量及经济效益的影响。试验共设7个处理：在椰园间作不同密度的可可2.0 m×2.0 m（A）、3.0 m×2.0 m（B）和3.0 m×3.0 m（C）,以单作椰子6.0 m×6.0 m（CN）和单作可可2.0 m×2.0 m（CA）、3.0 m×2.0 m（CB）和3.0 m×3.0 m（CC）为对照。结果表明：间作不同密度的可可均显著提高椰子叶片全氮、全磷和全钾等养分含量;间作园土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾等养分含量均显著高于单作椰园;间作可可使椰子产量显著提高,间作可可产量高于单作可可,但差异不显著;处理C的产投比和土地当量比较高。在海南椰园,采用3.0 m×3.0 m的密度间种可可有利于经济效益提高,并起到节本增效的作用。     

成龄胶园间作不同豆科作物对土壤养分的影响

以间作胶园的土壤为材料,以单作胶园土壤为对照,采用土壤常规分析方法分别测定其中的主要营养成分。结果表明,间作的9种豆科作物均不同程度的降低了胶园土壤的有机质、全氮(除间作凉薯和黎豆的土壤全氮含量略高于不间作土壤外)、全磷、速效磷含量及pH值,不同程度的增加了铵态氮、硝态氮、全钾及速效钾含量。说明成龄胶园间作豆科作物能改善土壤的硝态氮、铵态氮、全钾及速效钾含量,短时期内提高了土壤的供氮、供钾能力,但降低了土壤磷含量和土壤磷的供应能力。由此可见,在成龄胶园内进行间作,必须加强作物施肥,以实现土壤养分的收支平衡,维护土壤功能、保护土壤质量。     

Potato production on wide beds: Impact on yield and selected soil physical characteristics

Planting three rows of potatoes in a bed the width of two conventional rows offers an easily managed way to increase seed piece populations, with the potential of increasing tuber yield and enhancing tuber quality. A wide bed production system (3 rows of potatoes planted on a 1.9 m flat-topped raised bed) was compared to a conventional-ridged system (1 row of potatoes in sharply sloped ridges on 96 cm centers) in 1996 and 1997 on a Norfolk sandy loam soil and a Portsmouth fine sandy loam soil in eastern North Carolina. Potato plant stands, leaf area index at approximately 9 WAP, yield, and quality were measured. Soil temperature, soil moisture, and cone index, as a measure of soil penetration resistance, were also measured, wide beds were more moist than conventional ridges early in the season. Cone index was greater throughout the root profile in wide beds in two of three tests. The row on the west side of an individual wide bed was most similar to conventional ridges in daily soil temperature fluctuations between minimum and maximum temperatures, and had greater fluctuations than the middle and eastern rows of the wide bed. Total yield and yield of grade A potatoes were not significantly different between wide beds and conventional ridges at either site. At one site, yield of grade B potatoes was significantly less in the wide bed; among the three rows in the wide bed, the eastern row had significantly lower yield of grade B potatoes. Conventional ridges had a higher percent of green grade A potatoes than the wide beds in one of three trials. Under North Carolina conditions, changing production systems would be unadvisable for most growers because wide beds do not increase yield enough to justify spending the money for more seed and to change equipment.     

宽幅带播对大穗型冬小麦冠层特征及产量的影响

为了解宽幅带播在小麦种植上的应用效果,在大田条件下,以兰考矮早八为材料,研究了宽幅带播种植对大穗型冬小麦冠层特征及产量的影响.结果表明,与常规条播比较,宽幅带播的小麦群体叶面积指数、冠层光截获量和相对湿度较高,而冠层温度较低,穗数显著增加,产量提高0.47％～13.70％.宽幅带播下随着行距增大,叶面积指数、光截获量和湿度降低,而冠层温度升高,穗数和穗粒数减少,千粒重增加,最终产量降低.宽幅带播下15 cm行距可作为大穗型冬小麦品种的适宜行距配置.     

玉米宽窄行交替休闲保护性耕种的土壤水分变化规律研究

通过采用玉米宽窄行种植、行间深松作业,结合不同方式秸秆还田的试验研究,明确了玉米宽窄交替休闲种植土壤水分变化的量化指标及在不同深松深度与宽度条件下土壤水分变化规律。试验结果表明,在吉林省中部地区,采用玉米宽窄行种植,行间进行深松作业,建立了土壤水库,可有效蓄积夏秋降雨。     

Patterns of spatial arrangement of early potatoes

Summary Yield comparisons were made at three stages of maturity between half and whole tubers ofUlster Prince planted equidistant triangularly (row width 33 cm), and whole tubers planted at twice that row width at the same seed rates which averaged 4.5 and 9.0 tonne/ha. At the same seed rate narrow rows gave no increase in total yield at the first lift, but about 1.3 tonne/ha more at lifts made 10 and 20 days later. The higher seed rate outyielded the lower by about 4.0, 6.0 and 7.5 tonne/ha in total yield for the three lifts respectively. In yield of tubers under 32 mm, there was a large response to increased seed rate and a small response to reduced row width. Single experiments withUlster Premier andArran Pilot, showed responses which differed in some respects from those ofUlster Prince.     

盐碱胁迫对水稻源库与产量的影响

采用盆栽法,对2个盐碱敏感性不同的水稻品种89-45（耐盐碱）和吉农大10号（不耐盐碱）,在吉林省西部地区不同盐碱浓度的盐碱土中的表现进行了研究。盐碱胁迫导致叶面积系数变小,不耐盐碱品种较耐盐碱品种下降的趋势更明显; 盐碱胁迫降低了水稻有效分蘖数,最终导致产量下降,胁迫越大,产量越低。     

The growth and yield of rubber at maturity is improved by intercropping with banana during the early stage of rubber cultivation

Intercropping with short-term crops provides a significant additional income during the long immature period of rubber tree growth when no latex is produced. Much previous evidence has demonstrated that the growth of young rubber trees is unaffected by the presence of an intercrop. However, few, if any studies have however been conducted to date to assess the effects of intercropping on subsequent growth and yield of rubber once the companion intercrop is removed. This study demonstrates for the first time that intensive intercropping of young rubber with banana may result not only in a sustained increase in growth and yield of rubber trees but also a reduction in the length of the unproductive immature phase.Rubber was grown either as a sole crop, or intercropped for the first 4 years with banana. The intercrop comprised an additive series of one, two or three rows of banana to one row of rubber. Growth of rubber was monitored for 6 years, i.e. up to the time that tapping for latex began and a logistic growth function was fitted to girth data in order to assess growth. Intercropping had a positive effect on the growth of rubber throughout the 6 years of the study, with the result that trees in the intercrop treatment were ready for tapping 4 months earlier than in the sole crop. Whilst girth and height were greater in the intercrops, bark thickness was similar to that of the sole crop. Intercrop treatments had no effect on latex yield per plant, but yield per hectare was greater in the intercrop than sole crop treatments due to a higher number of tappable trees.     

武鸣县木薯间(套)种模式的产量与效益分析

2009年,广西区武鸣县建立6个木薯间(套)种模式示范基地,对验收产量及其效益分析的结果表明：西瓜、南瓜、香瓜或毛节瓜套种木薯、以及木薯间作花生或大豆的鲜薯单产比对照(纯种木薯)提高6.1%～25.2%,总收入是对照的1.6～4.2倍,净收入是对照的1.7～4.9倍,其中,瓜类套种的效益优于花生和大豆间作。2009年,以上木薯间(套)种模式的种植总面积达到13 800 hm2,占全县的49.3%。