辣木多糖酶促提取技术优化及不同部位含量研究

为研究辣木多糖的酶促提取工艺和辣木不同部位的多糖含量,在单因素试验的基础上,以多糖提取率为指标,选择纤维素酶用量、提取温度、提取时间、液料比为试验因素,采用二次回归正交旋转组合设计对纤维素酶辅助提取辣木多糖的工艺参数进行优化,并在此基础上研究辣木不同部位的多糖含量差异。4种因素对辣木多糖提取率的影响顺序依次为:纤维素酶用量>提取温度>液料比>提取时间。建立辣木多糖提取率(Y)与纤维素酶用量(X1)、提取温度(X2)、提取时间(X3)、液料比(X4)的二次正交回归模型:Y=18.6602+0.8134X1+0.7572X2–0.4312X3+0.6909X4–0.5181X12–0.4935X22–0.6277X42,该模型拟合度好,4个因素均对多糖提取率有显著影响(p<0.05)。通过回归模型获得优化的提取工艺为:纤维素酶用量1.60%,提取温度53℃,提取时间68 min,液料比52∶1,在此条件下辣木多糖提取率为19.83%,实际值与预测值一致。辣木不同部位的多糖含量结果表明,辣木根、花、嫩叶、茎中均含有丰富的多糖,其中根中含量最高且极显著高于其他部位(p<0.01),可进一步开发利用。采用二次回归正交旋转组合设计优化得到的辣木多糖酶促提取工艺条件准确可靠,可有效提高辣木多糖提取率并可在生产中推广应用。     

应用响应面分析优化酶法辅助超声提取余甘子多糖工艺

利用酶法辅助超声提取法从余甘子中提取多糖,考查了超声时间、液料比、超声温度和超声功率对多糖提取率的影响.在单因素试验的基础上采用响应面分析优化提取工艺条件.结果表明,余甘子多糖的最佳提取工艺条件为：超声温度41℃,液料比6∶1,超声时间75min,超声功率300W,多糖提取率为5.76%,接近于模型预测值.     

椰子可溶性膳食纤维提取工艺的研究

对从椰蓉中提取椰子可溶性膳食纤维的工艺进行了研究。首先探讨料液比、温度、pH、Na2CO3浓度、时间等因素对提取率的影响,在此基础上探索最佳的提取工艺。结果表明:在Na2CO3浓度为4%、pH8.0、料液比为1∶15、提取温度为70℃、提取时间为120 min时,CSDF的提取率最高;方差分析表明,温度和料液比对提取率的影响达显著性水平。所提CSDF的纯度为65.18%。     

椰子水多糖的提取工艺

对椰子水多糖的提取工艺进行研究, 分别探讨温度、 pH 值、 提取时间、 乙醇体积比等因素对多糖提取率的影响。 结果初步表明, 以料水比 1 ∶ 10、 温度 75 ℃、 pH7.0、 提取时间 120 min, 然后加入乙醇, 使得乙醇浓度（体积比）为 85％时, 4 ℃下沉淀 24 h 的工艺条件有利于椰子水多糖的提取。     

金线莲多糖的提取工艺优化

以金线莲为试验材料,采用热水浸提法,对其多糖提取工艺进行优化。在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验考察料液比、提取温度、提取时间及提取次数对多糖提取得率的影响,优选出最佳提取工艺条件。结果表明:影响金线莲多糖提取率的主次因素为:提取温度提取次数提取时间料液比,并且4个因子对多糖提取得率影响均达到显著水平。金线莲多糖的最优提取工艺条件为:料液比1︰30、水浴温度70℃、提取时间90 min、提取4次。在最优提取工艺条件下,金线莲多糖提取得率为26.68%。研究认为应用此工艺多糖得率高,且简单易于调控,具有一定的应用价值。     

丝瓜络多糖提取工艺的研究

研究了丝瓜络多糖的提取工艺。在进行预处理方法和提取次数试验后,对浸提温度、料液比、浸提时间分别进行单因素试验和L9(33)正交设计对丝瓜络多糖的提取工艺进行优化。结果表明:丝瓜络晒干后直接提取、在浸提温度70℃、料液比1∶30、浸提时间10h、浸提1次为最佳提取条件。在此条件下,丝瓜络多糖粗品的提取率为10.08%,多糖含量为19.27%。     

正交法筛选超声提取银杏果中黄酮及多糖的工艺

目的:筛选银杏种仁中具有抗氧化作用的银杏果多糖和黄酮的超声优化提取工艺。方法:通过正交实验法来确定银杏果多糖和黄酮超声辅助提取法的最优条件。采用硫酸-苯酚法确定多糖含量;三氯化铝显色法确定总黄酮的含量。结果:最优提取工艺为料液比:1:30,超声时间:30min,温度:40℃,其中,料液比、超声时间、温度对提取率的影响依次减小。在此条件下得到的总提取率为12.27%。     

响应面法优化火麻籽蛋白质的提取工艺

运用碱提酸沉法从火麻籽中提取粗蛋白质。研究中以提取时间、提取温度、料液比和提取pH值为影响因素,采用单因素试验和响应面试验设计,以火麻籽蛋白质的提取率为指标,确定火麻籽提取工艺参数的最佳组合。结果表明提取时间1.58 h、提取温度49.54℃、液料比20.17:1、提取pH值10.99为蛋白质提取的最佳条件,实际最大提取率为24.47%。火麻籽蛋白质含量较高,具有较大的开发利用价值。     

复合酶解辅助乙醇提取茶多酚工艺研究

以单枞茶为实验材料,研究复合酶解辅助乙醇提取茶多酚的工艺条件,考察酶解温度、酶添加量、酶解pH、酶解时间、乙醇质量分数、料液比、提取时间、提取温度8个单因素对茶多酚提取率的影响。在单因素实验的基础上,通过正交实验优化提取工艺参数。结果表明:酶解温度60℃、酶添加量3.5%、酶解pH4.8的条件下酶解预处理3 h后,在乙醇质量分数为60%、提取温度为70℃、料液比为1︰50的条件下提取1.5 h,茶多酚的提取率达25.82%,与传统水提法相比,茶多酚提取率提高了69.87%。     

纤维素酶辅助法提取柚子皮中多糖的工艺研究

目的纤维素酶辅助法在柚子皮多糖提取的应用。并筛选出最佳提取条件。方法采取单因素及正交实验的方法,对料液比、反映时间、酶解温度、pH值以及酶含量进行考察,以柚子皮多糖的提取量作为评价指标,找到最佳提取条件。结果酶辅助提取的最佳提取工艺：料液比1：30、反映时间5．5h、酶解温度60℃、pH值5．5、酶含量0．1％。结论纤维素酶辅助法可作为柚子皮多糖提取的一种有效方法。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pulque</Emphasis>, An Alcoholic Drink from Rural Mexico,Contains Phytase. Its <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> Effects on Corn Tortilla

Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn.     

Cytoplasmic substitution inSolanum. II. Tuber characteristics of reciprocal backcross progeny

Summary Recurrent backcrosses (BC) were used to introduce nuclear factors ofS. tuberosum L. ssp.tuberosum into the cytoplasm of Andean potatoesS. tuberosum ssp.andigena (Juz. and Buk.) Hawkes andS. phureja Juz. and Buk. Each generation BC was produced in reciprocal directions to test the effect of cytoplasmic substitution on yield. This report analyses tuber number, tuber weight, and tuber length of BC₂ and BC₃ substitution into ssp.andigena cytoplasm and BC₂ and BC₂ substitutions intoS. phureja cytoplasm. Direction of cross had no consistent significant effect on yield components of ssp.andigena substitution lines. InS. phureja reciprocal progenies direction of cross was responsible for significant differences of some reciprocal sets. When there were significant differences the higher yield usually occurred when ssp.tuberosum was the pistillate parent, but in some progenies when ssp.tuberosum was the pistillate parent the yield was significantly lower than in the reciprocals. It is suggested that differences between reciprocals resulted from chromosomally encoded gene action, resulting from maternal and/or paternal effects, rather than cytoplasmic factors. Authorized for publication as paper No. 7494 in the Journal Series of The Pennsylvania Agriculture Experiment Station.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.