肥床旱育稀植水稻单株生产力研究

研究汕优６３不同带蘖秧苗的结实性状及相互关系，表明旱育稀植水稻的结实性状与单株带蘖数呈二次曲线关系，与单株成穗数亦呈二次曲线关系，以单株带蘖２～３个、成穗８～９个秧苗综合性状好，产量高     

生态环境对籼粳交后代株型特性和产量构成的影响

 以两个籼粳稻杂交F2群体（F2 A：晚轮422/沈农265;F2 B：泸恢99/沈农265）为试材,在四川和辽宁同年种植,研究生态环境对株型特性、产量构成及其相互关系的影响。结果表明,生态环境对株型特性和产量构成因素具有较为明显的影响。从四川到辽宁,株高和穗弯曲度显著提高,而穗长、剑叶长、剑叶宽及剑叶张角则表现出降低趋势。在辽宁,有效穗数、千粒重、结实率以及产量均显著高于四川,每穗粒数则显著低于四川。千粒重、结实率和产量表现为Cw（长剑叶、弯穗）> Cz（长剑叶、直穗） > Dw（短剑叶、弯穗） > Dz（短剑叶、直穗）,穗数和每穗粒数以Dz最低,Cz和Cw较高。剑叶长与产量构成因素间的相关性均未达到显著水平,而剑叶宽与每穗粒数均呈显著或极显著正相关,在辽宁,剑叶宽与结实率呈显著负相关。穗弯曲度只在四川分别与结实率及产量显著或极显著正相关,在辽宁则表现为与大多数产量构成因素相关不显著。     

不同年份水稻产量性状的QTL分析

分别于2005年和2006年利用热研2号（粳稻）和密阳23（籼稻）为亲本构建的含111个家系的F6和F7重组自交系群体,对单株穗数、每穗颖花数、每穗实粒数、结实率、千粒重和单株产量6个性状进行了QTL分析。两年共检测到分布于7条染色体上的19个QTL,其中2005年检测到10个,2006年检测到14个,两年相同的QTL 5个。大多数性状之间具有显著的表型相关性,相关性较强的性状之间具有较多共同或紧密连锁的QTL。检测到3个控制产量性状的QTL区域存在一因多效或紧密连锁,其中第8染色体上RM5556-RM331区域两年同时检测到控制每穗颖花数、每穗实粒数以及单株产量的QTL。这些QTL为通过分子标记辅助选择提高水稻产量提供了有用信息。     

籼爪交和粳爪交杂种F1代性状间关系的研究

对229个籼爪交组合、98个粳爪交组合的农艺性状进行了相关分析,对籼爪交和粳爪交组合的单株粒重、结实率进行了通径分析,对籼爪交组合农艺性状和品质性状进行了典型相关分析.籼爪交和粳爪交组合间性状相关性表现不同,独立性强的性状籼爪交组合中为谷长、粳爪交组合中为谷宽,其余性状间表现出复杂的相关关系.籼爪交和粳爪交组合均表现每穗实粒数和单株穗数对单株粒重的直接正效应大;每穗实粒数多、单株穗数多且生育期短或适中是提高籼爪交组合单株粒重的选育方向;粳爪交杂种提高单株产量的育种方向是选育每穗实粒数多并且单株穗数也多的组合,同时要兼顾增加每穗总粒数.每穗实粒数对籼爪交杂种结实率的直接正效应大,籼爪交杂种结实率的提高主要依赖每穗实粒数的增加,而其它性状的选择和改良作用不大.提高粳爪交杂种结实率可从3个方面入手,即选育每穗实粒数较多、每穗总粒数较多、且千粒重较大的组合,但主要是提高每穗实粒数.农艺性状和品质性状间存在典型相关.     

籼粳交重组自交系群体主要农艺性状分析

采用方差分析、相关分析和多元逐步回归分析等方法对籼粳交（Lemont×特青）构建的一套包括265个重组自交系（RIL）群体(F14)的株高、生育期、产量和产量构成因子等10个重要农艺性状进行了研究。结果表明,除株高和有效穗以外,8个农艺性状在双亲之间均存在显著或极显著差异。各性状在RIL群体中呈连续变异,分布频率大致接近正态分布,同时存在双向超亲分离现象。单株产量与结实率、粒数和株高呈极显著相关;除千粒重外,所有性状均与株高具有相关性。对单株产量作用大的性状依次为结实率、有效穗、每穗粒数和千粒重,这4个性状解释了单株产量90.7%的变异。另外还对6份优良株系进行了评价。这些结果可为水稻数量性状基因定位分析提供有用的信息,也为水稻育种改良提供理论依据。     

不同类型亲本的杂交粳稻产量性状比较

收集不同熟期、不同类型的BT型粳稻不育系(保持系)和恢复系,对亲本分别按不同性状进行聚类,比较分析不同类型亲本配组杂种后代的性状表现,结果表明:1)不同类型亲本配组,杂种的性状一般表现为中间类型;2)亲本的抽穗期、株高对杂种单株穗数、每穗总粒数、每穗实粒数、单株产量、单株颖花量等多数产量性状无明显影响。亲本的穗粒结构对杂种的穗粒构成有明显影响,多穗型亲本间配组,杂种每穗总粒数及单株颖花量、产量潜力均较小;大穗型亲本间配组,杂种每穗总粒数及单株颖花量、产量潜力均较大;3)以多穗型不育系与大穗型恢复系配组,产量较高,是现有亲本配制杂交粳稻一种较好的配组方式;4)直立穗不育系与弯曲穗恢复系配组,杂种单株颖花量最多,产量潜力最大,而且株叶形态较好,如筛选到结实率高的组合,该配组方式的杂种具有较高的增产潜力。     

Genotypic Differences in Growth and Physiological Responses to Transplanting and Direct Seeding Cultivation in Rice

The field experiments were conducted to investigate the growth and physiological responses of six super hybrid rice combinations to two planting methods,transplanting(TP) and direct seeding(DS) during 2006-2007 and 2007-2008. The 1000-grain weight and number of tillers per plant at the early growth stage,the maximum quantum yield of PSII(Fv/Fm) and transpiration rate(Tr) were higher in DS plants than in TP ones,whereas the grain yield,number of panicles per square meter,seed setting rate,net photosynthetic ...     

减氮后中日粳稻品种杂交后代株型、产量和米质的变化及其相互关系

【目的】研究氮肥减施后中日粳稻品种杂交构建的重组自交系(RIL)群体株型、产量和米质性状的变化规律及其相互关系。【方法】以中国东北地区典型的直立穗型水稻辽粳5号与日本的优质米水稻秋田小町（弯曲穗型）杂交构建的RIL群体为试材,在高氮和低氮两种施肥模式下,调查株型、产量及米质性状,分析三者间的关系,探讨高产、稳产、高食味值类型株系的共同特征。【结果】氮肥减施后RIL群体齐穗期提前,株高降低,剑叶、倒2叶、倒3叶叶片变窄变短,剑叶基角变小,倒3叶基角变大,结实率、千粒重、经济系数增大,单株穗数减少,产量下降,糙米率和精米率提高,食味值提高。在两种施肥模式下,高产高食味值类型株系与低产低食味类型株系的显著区别是植株较高,叶片长,穗子长,一次枝梗结实率高,着粒密度较小;高产稳产类型株系的共同特征是剑叶较窄、剑叶基角较大;高产稳产高食味值类型株系的共同特征是剑叶和倒2叶较窄。【结论】株型特征可以用来间接选择高产、稳产、高食味值的水稻品种。     

粳型光敏核不育系配制组合杂种优势分析

对用粳型光敏核不育系Ｎ５０８８Ｓ和７００１Ｓ与７５个不同类型的恢复系配制的１５０个两系杂交稻组合杂种优势进行分析结果表明,单株产量、单株有效穗、千粒重、穗总粒数等性状具有较强的超父优势和竞争优势,株高、穗长、生育期等性状表现负向超父优势和竞争优势。分析了杂种与父本之间各主要性状的相关关系,讨论了在选育两系杂交稻中应注意的一些问题。     

水稻品种8504的广亲和性及其利用价值

对原产澳大利亚的品种８５０４的广亲和性进行了测交验证，并分析和评价了该广亲和品种的利用价值．该品种广亲和性好、亲和谱广，熟期适宜，米质较好，中抗稻瘟病，与籼、粳杂交，杂种优势均较强，且广亲和性遗传简单．     

杂交稻再生稻经济性状试验研究

围绕我省当前再生稻发展需要，在大田生产中，采用１２个杂优组合对影响再生稻产量的因素进行研究，结果表明：再生穗和实粒数对产量的影响呈显著正相关；通过提高栽培水平，可显著增加再生穗从而达到再生稻增产的目的     

“十二五”四川省审定高产型中籼迟熟杂交稻经济性状及产量分析

对"十二五"期间四川省审定的51个高产型中籼迟熟三系杂交稻组合的经济性状和产量进行了分析,并研究了经济性状与产量间的相关关系。结果表明,这51个组合的平均有效穗数为13.89万/667 m~2、穗着粒数为176.87粒、结实率为80.99%、千粒重为29.52 g、稻谷产量为547.22 kg/667 m~2、增产率为5.36%。单产与有效穗数和增产率呈极显著正相关,与穗长、穗着粒、结实率和千粒重相关性均不显著;有效穗数与穗着粒数、千粒重呈极显著负相关,与穗长呈显著负相关;结实率与千粒重呈显著负相关。因此,在四川省这样的生态条件下,要进一步突破水稻产量水平,应在保持一定单穗质量的基础上,平衡协调穗、粒结构,适当增加有效穗数。针对不少品种结实率不高的问题,提出了提高新育杂交稻结实率的主要途径。     

杂交稻与常规稻对涝渍环境适应能力的比较研究

利用形态和产量性状指标,比较分析了杂交稻和常规稻在分蘖期和孕穗期对淹涝胁迫环境适应能力的差异性。在深水涝渍条件下,杂交稻生长发育普遍快于常规稻,单蔸苗数显著高于常规稻,有效穗相对受害率低于常规稻,因而单蔸产量显著高于常规稻。分蘖期遭受淹涝胁迫杂交稻的忍耐力优于常规稻,淹涝后的活苗率显著高于常规稻;而且,受淹涝后的杂交稻比常规稻能更快地恢复生长,成熟时主要农艺性状表现是成穗率极显著高于常规稻,每穗实粒数和结实率的相对受害率极显著低于常规稻,单蔸产量的受害程度低于常规稻。孕穗期淹涝胁迫后,杂交稻和常规稻之间产量及相关经济性状的差异均未达到显著水平。     

Agronomic performance of rice breeding lines selected based on plant traits or grain yield

Selection for yield per se has greatly contributed to yield improvement in many crops. It is expected that selection based on plant traits is more effective in increasing crop yield potential. This study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of trait-based and yield-based selection in increasing rice yield and to determine whether lines with ideotype traits have the potential to express higher yield under optimal crop management conditions. Lines were selected based on plant traits or on grain yield measured in a breeder's replicated yield trial. The main target traits for selection were plant height, leaf and panicle morphology, grain size, total dry weight, and grain-filling percentage. Yield performance of trait-based selection was compared with that of yield-based selection in an agronomic trial with optimum crop management for three seasons. Trait-based selection increased leaf area index and total dry weight but reduced spikelet number per m² and harvest index compared with yield-based selection. Consequently, selection based on plant traits did not increase grain yield compared with selection based on yield per se. In one of the three seasons, yield of trait-based selection was significantly lower than that of yield-based selection. Among all tested breeding lines, maximum yield was produced by yield-based selection and minimum yield came from trait-based selection. These results suggest that lines with ideotype traits did not express higher grain yield than lines selected based on yield per se under optimal crop management conditions, and yield-based selection was as effective in increasing rice grain yield as trait-based selection in the late generations of the breeding cycle.     

不同生态类型大麦品种(系)杂交后代主要农艺性状的分析

为了解不同生态类型大麦品种(系)杂交后代主要农艺性状的分离规律,以美国引进的优质啤酒春大麦品系ABI 18-152为母本、江苏主推冬啤酒大麦品种扬农啤7号为父本配制的杂种F1、F2群体及亲本为材料,测定株高、穗长、穗下节间长、单株穗数、主穗粒数、千粒质量、单株产量、粒长、粒宽、粒长宽比10个农艺性状,对各性状的杂种优势及分离规律进行分析。结果表明:除主穗粒数和粒宽在亲本间差异不具统计学意义,其余8个性状在亲本间均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)或高度统计学意义(P<0.01)。杂种F1的10个性状大多存在正向中亲优势和负向高亲优势,优势大小在性状间存在较大差异。株高类性状和单株产量性状在杂种F2群体内变异程度高,变异系数均在10%以上,单株产量的变异系数最大(58.65%);籽粒粒型性状在杂种F2群体内的变异程度较低,其变异系数在5%左右,粒长的变异系数最小(4.52%)。降低单株株高,对影响单株产量的性状加强选择,可实现矮秆高产品种的选育。     

川东南轻简栽培方式再生稻产量构成特征和经济效益分析

为了探明轻简栽培方式对中稻⁺再生稻产量构成特征和经济效益的影响,以黄华占和金农丝苗为材料,于2017年在四川泸州进行不同栽培方式（翻耕移栽、翻耕直播、免耕移栽）的大田试验,分析了中稻-再生稻干物质生产特性、产量、产量构成和经济效益。结果表明,不同栽培方式间头季稻产量差异不显著。翻耕直播头季稻产量较翻耕移栽平均增加3.5%,免耕移栽头季稻产量与翻耕移栽相当。再生季产量表现为翻耕移栽>免耕移栽>翻耕直播的趋势,但各栽培方式间差异不显著。与翻耕移栽相比,翻耕直播头季稻有效穗数较多而每穗粒数较少,成熟期干物质较高而收获指数较低。翻耕直播再生季有效穗数较多而每穗粒数和结实率较少。免耕移栽与翻耕移栽在有效穗数、每穗粒数、结实率、千粒重、干物质和收获指数上差异不显著。不同栽培方式之间产值差异较小,但经济效益差异较大。与翻耕移栽相比,翻耕直播、免耕移栽的经济效益分别增加0.4%和6.2%。可见,头季稻高产途径是培育足够的有效穗数和提高千粒重,再生季高产途径是在足穗的基础上,协同提高结实率和千粒重。轻简化栽培技术具有节本、省工、经济效益高等优点,在川东南地区具有很大的发展前景。     

Agronomic Performance of F1 Hybrids of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Japonica-Indica Crosses

Summary

Generally F₁ hybrids from crosses between japonica and indica rice show variable degrees of sterility. Previous studies revealed that among the indica rice, the Aus type has sexual affinity with japonica cultivars giving higher fertility in F₁ hybrids. Therefore, we made an effort to obtain higher grain yield by producing F₁ hybrids between japonica and Aus-type indica. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the heterosis in these F₁ hybrids for dry matter accumulation, spikelet fertility, yield and yield attributes, to find cross combinations with higher grain yield, and examined the relationships of grain yield with some agronomic characters. F₁ hybrids flowered earlier than their parent cultivars. Heterosis for dry matter accumulation was positive at the panicle initiation stage, at heading and at maturity. The average heterosis for number of panicles, grain and straw yield per plant, number of spikelets per panicle and 1000-grain weight was positive. A few F₁ hybrids showed positive heterosis for number of filled grains per panicle, spikelet fertility and harvest index; but the average heterosis for these traits was negative. Among the yield components, a higher number of panicles per plant and higher number of spikelet per panicle contributed to higher grain yield in F₁ hybrids. A significant and positive relationship existed between spikelet fertility and grain yield per plant. The higher grain yield was attributed to higher dry matter production rather than higher harvest index in F₁ hybrids, although low spikelet fertility limited yield potential in some F₁ hybrids.     

30个旱稻品种的主要农艺性状与相关分析

利用SAS等软件对30个旱稻品种的千粒重、株高、单株有效穗数等10个主要农艺性状进行了遗传力、遗传进度、相关系数等参数的分析，特别是进行了性状间的通径分析。结果表明：单株粒数、千粒重、结实率对旱稻单株产量的提高是至关重要的，而穗长、主茎杆粗、单株有效穗数对单株产量作用不大，甚至会出现负相关作用。因此认为，通过对单株粒数、千粒重、结实率的选择，有助于旱稻的培育，加强灌浆期的管理可以有效提高单株产量。     

中日水稻品种杂交后代的株型性状与产量和品质的关系

以东北地区最具代表性的水稻品种辽粳5号(直立穗型)与日本著名的优质米品种秋田小町(弯曲穗型)杂交后采用单粒传法构建的F9重组自交系群体(以下简称RIL群体)为试材,研究中日水稻品种杂交后代株型性状的变化规律及其与稻米产量和品质的关系,结果表明,来自中日水稻杂交的RIL群体的株型性状、产量和米质性状均发生了分离和重组。株高、倒3、4节长和剑叶基角与产量呈显著正相关。植株越高、颈穗弯曲程度越大、倒3叶越窄长的株系,稻米的加工品质和外观品质越好。食味值与绝大多数株型性状的相关性未达显著水平,仅与倒3片叶的宽、二次枝梗数、着粒密度呈极显著负相关。产量与米质的相关分析表明,产量越高,整精米率就越高,但食味越差。中日水稻品种杂交后代的株型性状与产量和米质性状密切相关。尽管产量与食味很难统一,但RIL群体中仍然有极小部分产量高食味也好的株系,它们的主要株型特征是具有较长的穗长和较长的倒1节间长。     

Relationship Between Plant Type and Grain Quality of Japonica Hybrid Rice in Northern China

Plant type and grain quality are two major aspects in rice breeding. Using canonical correlation analysis and canonical redundancy analysis, the relationship between plant type traits and rice grain quality traits was studied with 100 crosses derived from 10 sterile lines × 10 restorer lines. There was a complex relationship between parts of the traits of the two aspects. The angle of the 2nd leaf from the top and single panicle weight played important roles in plant type system and amylose content and grain length in grain quality system. The angle of the 2nd leaf from the top, plant height and single panicle weight had a great effect on grain quality traits, and amylose content, brown rice rate and translucency were easily influenced by plant type traits. Selection index model indicated that japonica hybrid rice in Northern China with good quality was characterized by broad flag leaf and 2nd leaf from the top, narrow and short 3rd leaf from the top, low plant height, short culm, long and more panicles and low single panicle weight.