不同施肥水平下垄作栽培对油菜苗期光合特性的影响

垄作栽培是一种非常具有实际应用前景的栽培方式,能够改善南方油菜生长环境,进而提高油菜产量。为研究垄作栽培对油菜生长发育的影响,大田条件下,以不同栽培方式为主区(垄作栽培和传统平作),不同施肥水平为副区(低肥、中肥和高肥)研究了油菜苗期光合特性的差异。结果表明,垄作栽培油菜在苗期的光合特性相较于传统平作有明显的优势:(1)能在增加叶片叶绿素含量的同时增加类胡萝卜素来防止叶绿素的自我氧化和损伤,并且垄作油菜的耐阴性更好;(2)垄作栽培的油菜可以增加实际光化学效率ΦPSII、表观光合电子传递效率ETR,拥有较高的光能捕获能力和更高的光化学转化效率;(3)垄作栽培能增加油菜叶片的气孔开放度,改善胞间CO_2的吸收,从而显著增加其光合效率。     

不同栽培方式下小麦灌浆期群体素质的研究

为进一步明确小麦垄作栽培的增产机理,以济麦20号为供试品种,于灌浆中期对垄作小麦和平作小麦分别进行大田层切,研究了垄作栽培对小麦灌浆中期群体素质的影响.结果表明,与传统平作栽培相比,垄作栽培条件下,小麦灌浆中期群体从底部到顶部各层次相对光强增加,以40～50 cm增加幅度最大,群体内光分布得到优化;各层次单位面积功能叶片(绿色叶片)、功能叶鞘(绿色叶鞘)和茎秆干重增加,枯叶片干重减少,尤以中、下部较为明显;穗层上部穗干重大幅度增加,下落穗减少,穗层整齐.这些群体指标的改善,证明垄作栽培麦田群体素质较高,有利于高产低耗目标的实现.     

水稻垄作栽培增产原因及技术要点

为了更好地增加土地利用面积、增加积温、充分发挥肥效，提出起垄超稀植的宽窄行插法(即垄作栽培)，总结了垄作栽培中选用优质品种、培育适龄壮秧、精细整地、提前灌水泡田等主要技术措施。     

绿洲灌区垄作沟灌啤酒大麦的产量及节水效应研究

为了提高绿洲灌区的水资源利用效率,研究了啤酒大麦垄作沟灌栽培的产量效应及节水效果。结果表明,垄作栽培方式有较好的增产、节水、增温效应,与平作栽培相比,4、5月份5cm土层的温度分别提高1.27℃和1.39℃,垄作沟灌栽培啤酒大麦田间长势优于平作栽培,对土壤水分的消耗相对增大,水分对产量的贡献率提高,增产节水效果显著。在相同的灌溉定额下,垄作沟灌较平作栽培啤酒大麦千粒重增加2.10～5.37g,穗粒数增加0.7～7.2粒,产量增加480.5～1 983.6kg.hm-2,增幅6.86%～55.05%,水分利用效率提高5.18%～35.40%,节水1 500m3.hm-2,节水增产效果显著。     

垄作栽培对夏玉米根系和叶片生长发育及产量性状的影响研究

研究了不同栽培方式对夏玉米根系及叶片生长发育和主要产量性状的影响。结果表明：垄作栽培夏玉米与传统平作栽培相比,根系发达,0～50 cm土层各层次根系干重均增加;各叶位叶片宽度增加,长度基部1～5叶位缩短、中上部增加;各期叶面积系数都较大。垄作栽培比传统平作增产12.1%。     

垄作栽培对冬小麦根系活力和旗叶衰老的影响

为了明确垄作栽培条件下冬小麦根系活力与旗叶衰老的变化规律,采用垄作种植方式与传统平作栽培相比较的方法,研究了2种不同种植方式对2个小麦品种烟农19和济麦19根系活力及旗叶衰老的影响。结果表明,垄作栽培中由于小麦种植在垄顶上,0-60 cm土层根系干重较平作栽培增加12％以上,深层土壤(20-60 cm)根系活力得到极显著提高。在垄作栽培条件下,小麦生育后期旗叶叶绿素含量和光合速率较传统平作均有显著提高。开花15 d后,垄作栽培条件下的SOD、CAT、POD活性及可溶性蛋白质含量等较传统平作栽培均有显著提高,MDA含量显著降低。垄作栽培与传统平作栽培在同等节水条件下有利于提高小麦深层根系活力,延缓旗叶衰老。     

绿洲灌区垄作沟灌栽培对春小麦生长和产量的影响

针对绿洲灌区水资源供需矛盾突出的问题,采用春小麦垄作沟灌的方法,研究了垄作沟灌栽培对春小麦生长和产量的影响。结果表明,垄作沟灌栽培促进了春小麦根系的发育和地上部的生长。与平作相比,0～20、20～50和50～100cm土层内根长分别增加39.21%～40.60%、26.99%～27.58%和39.43%～59.49%,叶面积系数增加0.22～1.16,地上部分干物质积累量增加9.56%～42.68%,株高降低6.41cm。在相同灌溉定额下,垄作春小麦增产7.18%～34.97%,平均穗粒数和千粒重分别增加10.35%和5.05%,水分利用效率提高0.31～0.16kg·mm-1,说明垄作栽培具有明显的节水增产效果。     

不同栽培方式对小麦生理特性和产量的影响

为了明确垄作栽培对小麦生理指标和产量性状的影响,研究了平作、垄作1(垄沟内种植1行小麦)、垄作2(垄沟内不种植小麦)等3种不同栽培方式下的小麦生理特性和产量变化.结果表明,无论是NDVI(归一化植被指数)、SPAD值(叶色值)值还是灌浆速率,均是灌浆前增加,到了灌浆期后开始下降;垄作产量大于平作,增产幅度为5.16%～14.52%.垄作栽培与平作相比,有利于产量的形成.     

垄作栽培对小麦生理特性和产量的影响

为明确垄作栽培对小麦生理特性和产量的影响,以豫麦50（弱筋）、郑麦975（中筋）和藁麦8901（强筋）3个小麦品种为材料,分析了2种栽培方式（平作、垄作）下小麦生理特性和产量的差异。结果表明,垄作小麦灌浆后期旗叶生理活性高于平作。藁麦8901和豫麦50及郑麦975在灌浆后期旗叶SPAD值均是垄作高于平作,同时垄作栽培也有助于增强旗叶游离氨基酸含量和NR(硝酸还原酶)的活性,提高旗叶氮素同化能力,促进生育后期旗叶氮素向籽粒的再运转。垄作栽培小麦产量较传统平作有显著提高,增产幅度达9.26%～14.52％。垄作栽培主要通过增加小麦穗粒数或单位面积穗数来提高小麦产量,而对千粒重无显著影响。     

垄作梯式栽培对水稻根系生长的影响

以中稻品种Y两优1号、黄花占和晚稻品种湘晚籼17号、天优华占为材料,研究了垄作梯式栽培对水稻根系生长的影响,结果表明:(1)各品种垄作梯式栽培条件下的白根数较普通平作显著增加,灌浆期与成熟期表现一致;(2)与垄下水稻根系相比,垄上和垄中水稻根系白根数、总根数、根干重和根体积均增加;(3)垄作梯式栽培条件下杂交稻单位面积的根体积和根干重高于普通平作,而常规稻变化规律不明显.垄作梯式栽培模式改善了土壤条件,尤其是垄上和垄中土壤条件,促进了水稻根系的发育,为高产打下了基础.     

广西沿海地区豇豆健身控害技术途径

根据广西沿海地区豇豆生长发育气候环境条件和病虫发生为害特点,提出通过创造有利于豇豆正常生长发育而不利于病虫发生为害的栽培环境条件,有效地改善豇豆生育状况,使植株健壮生长,增强自身抗逆性,减少、控制病虫滋生、蔓延和为害,控制豇豆产品农药残留不超标,实现豇豆健身栽培。     

Changes in chemical composition,minerals and amino acids during seed growth and development of four safflower cultivars

Investigation of four safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius L.) cultivars (S208, S400, S541 and S303) showed that when the seeds were harvested at different stages of growth and development (10, 20, 30, and 40 days) after flowering, moisture content significantly decreased with time. Oil, protein, ash and crude fiber were increased up to day 30. Thereafter, these parameters started to decline gradually with time. The cultivars differed in their final values; oil content of the seeds varied from 10.90 to 45.40%, moisture varied from 4.20 to 8.10% and from 8.50 to 11.10%, protein from 12.10 to 20.30% and from 13.40 to 29.60%, ash from 2.30 to 5.40% and from 2.80 to 6.50%, for the seeds and defatted meal, respectively. Crude fiber for the defatted meal was found to vary from 29.50 to 38.60%. Carbohydrate for all cultivars decreased rapidly up to day 40 with final values varying from 28.10 to 63.30% and from 56.70 to 70.30% for the seeds and defatted meal, respectively. Mineral content (Cu, Zn, Fe, Mg, Mn) fluctuated while phosphorus content significantly increased with time for all cultivars. Amino acid content of the defatted meal increased with time up to day 30 after which it started to decline gradually for all cultivars.     

喷灌对秦岭北麓旱地小麦产量及品质的效应

为给陕西旱地及关中灌区小麦高效灌溉提供技术支撑,在陕西秦岭北麓的蓝田县进行了小麦不同生育时期喷灌小区试验和生产示范试验,研究了喷灌对小麦产量及品质的影响。结果表明,在越冬期和拔节期喷灌可显著提高小麦产量、效益和水分利用效率,产量、收入和水分利用效率相对于无灌溉处理的增加幅度分别为22.0%~95.7%、16.5%~83.6%和9.3%~82.7%。喷灌后籽粒容重、吸水率和最大拉伸阻力分别增加1.8%~2.6%、0.5%~1.4%和0.6%~1.9%,其他品质指标降低,磨粉品质和加工品质明显变差。其中籽粒蛋白质含量和硬度分别降低5.2%~8.1%和6.0%~9.4%,最大拉伸面积、沉降值、湿面筋含量和稳定时间分别降低5.2%~7.8%、13.1%~17.3%、3.7%~7.8%和31.3%~42.4%。     

Nutritional assessment of seed proteins in rice bean [Vigna Umbellata (Thumb.) Ohwi and Ohashi

Seeds of three rice bean accessions had 17.26 to 21.42% protein, 3.46 to 4.03% fat, 61.09 to 64.73% carbohydrates 3.99 to 4.58% ash and 5.22 to 7.43% fiber (dry weight basis).The most limiting amino acids in the seed meal, albumin and globulin fractions, were methionine and cysteine with chemical scores of these fractions being 38% to 59%. The amino acid pattern of globulin and seed meal were similar.Thein vitro protein digestibility (IVPD) ranged from 82 to 86% for the seed meal, 86 to 88.5% for the albumin and 75.9 to 83.3% for the globulin. Relative nutritive values (RNV) of raw mature seed of two accessions were 22.6% and 42.4% and increased to 55.6% to 79.4% after boiling and roasting.Part of MS thesis of the senior author.     

长江流域稻区二化螟抗药性监测

2008-2009年期间,采用毛细管点滴法测定了浙、苏、皖、湘、鄂、川、豫等7省17个种群二化螟4龄幼虫对常用杀虫剂的抗性,结果表明:长江流域稻区二化螟对杀虫剂的抗性分布存在明显的区域性。高抗区浙江南部的苍南、瑞安、江山二化螟种群对20世纪70-90年代广泛使用的沙蚕毒素类的杀虫单(抗性倍数43.2～177.0倍)和有机磷类的三唑磷(238.7～728.1倍)、毒死蜱(31.7～57.8倍)均产生了高-极高水平抗性,且对近年来开始广泛使用的氟虫腈(11.2～24.7倍)和阿维菌素(5.9～7.1倍)也产生了中等或低水平抗性;中抗区的安徽庐江、湖南攸县、江苏高淳种群对三唑磷产生极高水平抗性(203.2～379.0倍),对杀虫单(18.3～48.8倍)和毒死蜱(29.8倍)产生了中等-高水平抗性,对氟虫腈(4.4倍)和阿维菌素(4.1～4.7倍)为敏感性降低;低抗区除江苏仪征种群对毒死蜱(45.2倍)、安徽和县种群对三唑磷(50.0倍)开始产生高水平抗性外,对其他杀虫剂为敏感-中等水平抗性,对氟虫腈和阿维菌素为敏感;敏感区的河南信阳、江苏连云港、四川武胜种群除对个别杀虫剂(如杀虫单)为低水平抗性外,对其他大多数杀虫剂为敏感-敏感性降低。还讨论了按抗性分布的区域性来制定相应的抗性治理方案。     

Chemical composition of indigenous wild herbs,spices, fruits,nuts and leafy vegetables used as food

Thirty wild fruits, nuts, herbs, spices and leafy vegetables were characterized and their chemical composition determined. Some of them were not only used for food, but for medicine in minor aliments by the natives. Results of the proximate analysis showed that on dry weight basis, the crude protein content ranged from 4.6 to 22.1 percent for spices and herbs, 3.2 to 43.1 percent for fruits and nuts, and 15.9 to 35.7 percent for leafy vegetables. The fat (ether extract) ranged from 7.5 to 36.0 percent for spices and herbs, 1.8 to 72.6 percent for fruits and nuts and 10.6 to 22.6 percent for leafy vegetables. Total carbohydrate content ranged from 34.6 to 71.9 percent for spices and herbs, 11.3 to 76.1 percent for fruits and nuts, and 24.6 to 51.4 percent for leafy vegetables. The wild fruits, nuts and leafy vegetables are high in ascorbic acid (Vitamin C.) Ascorbic acid content ranged from 18 mg/100 g dry sample to 113 mg/100 g sample for fruits and nuts, and 23 mg/100 g to 232 mg/100 g sample for leafy vegetables. The levels for peroxide value and free fatty acids (as percent oleic acid) of the spices are generally low indicating good storage stability of these plant materials. The flavour imparting essential oils (as percent oleoresin) content of the spices/herbs were fairly high and ranged from 0.1 to 5.2 percent.     

Effects of sulphur,nitrogen, phosphorus,potassium, and water stress on dietary fibre fractions,starch, amino acids and on the biological value of potato protein

In pot experiments with greatly differing rates of N, P, K, and S, and 3 levels of water, dry matter (DM) yields of tubers varied from 28 to 454 g/pot. Especially P-, K- and S-deficiency reduced the starch content of boiled potatoes, from P from 74 to 59% in DM. S-deficiency increased soluble, insoluble and total digestible fibre (TDF) from about 9 to 12.4% TDF in DM of boiled potatoes. Lignin content of fresh potato DM was increased from 0.7 to 2.0 and from 0.8 to 3.7% by P- and K-deficiency. P-deficiency considerably increased arabinose, galactose, and uronic acid, and decreased glucose content. N-application and P-, K- and S-deficiency increased total- and NO₃-N concentrations which varied from 1.32 to 3.67% and from 17 to 400 ppm in DM. Water stress slightly decreased total-N content. Increasing N in DM, due to high N-rates or P- or K-deficiency, decreased concentrations in crude protein (CP) of all essential amino acids, whereas aspartic acid (asparagine) increased. S-deficiency caused particularly strong decreases in concentrations of essential amino acids from 1.28 to 0.49, 1.62 to 1.10, 5.24 to 3.68, and 5.59 to 2.57 g/16 g N of cystine, methionine, lysine and leucine, respectively. Glutamic acid (glutamine) content was increased from 15.7 to 27.6 g/16 g N by S-deficiency. Expressed as g amino acid/kg DM, all amino acid concentrations increased with increasing % N in DM. In N-balance trials with rats, increasing crude protein concentrations in DM of boiled potatoes increased the true digestibility (TD) of the protein from 72 to 90 but decreased the biological value (BV) from 89 to 65. S-deficiency caused a further reduction of the BV to 45. Excluding S-deficiency treatments, linear regression equations between CP concentrations and BV and TD gave correlation coefficients r of –0.94*** and 0.82***, respectively. There was close agreement between changes of BV and concentrations of first limiting amino acids (chemical score), with r=0.96***.     

Susceptibility of Different Populations of Nilaparvata lugens from Major Rice Growing Areas of Karnataka, India to Different Groups of Insecticides

Susceptibility to insecticides was investigated by collecting field populations of brown planthopper from different locations of southern Karnataka,India(Gangavati,Kathalagere,Kollegala,Soraba and Mandya).All the field populations differed in their susceptibility to insecticides.In general,Soraba and Mandya populations were more susceptible to insecticides compared to Gangavati and Kathalagere populations.The resistance ratios varied greatly among the populations viz.,chlorpyriphos(1.13-to 16.82-fold),imidacloprid(0.53-to 13.50-fold),acephate(1.34-to 5.32-fold),fipronil(1.13-to4.06-fold),thiamethoxam(1.01-to 2.19-fold),clothianidin(1.92-to 4.86-fold),dinotefuran(0.82-to 2.22-fold),buprofezin(1.06-to 5.43-fold)and carbofuran(0.41-to 2.17-fold).The populations from Gangavati,Kathalagere and Kollegala exhibited higher resistance to some of the old insecticides and low resistance to new molecules.     

大豆资源对SMV株系抗性的鉴定

在南京田间对我国约六千份大豆资源进行大豆花叶病毒(SMV)抗性鉴定的结果,5.3％对本地区SMV毒源群体具有较佳抗性;黄淮、长江下游等地区资源的抗性优于其他地区。从国内及一些国外资源中入选的56份材料经实验室鉴定,28份具有株系专化抗性,包括7份抗S_(?)、S_c、S_(?)、S_h4个株系,3份抗3个株系,7份抗2个株系,11份抗1个株系。其中11份既具良好田间抗性又具对江苏主要株系S(?)及S_c的专化抗性,可作为本地区抗SMV育种的抗源。     

黄淮海区主推玉米品种子粒主要矿物质元素含量分析

对黄淮海区36个主推玉米品种子粒各微量和常量矿物质元素含量进行分析。结果表明,玉米子粒Zn、Fe、Mn和Cu浓度变化范围分别为16.2~24.0、17.7~32.9、3.3~7.4和1.1~2.4 mg/kg,其平均浓度分别为20.1、23.0、4.5和1.6 mg/kg,变异系数分别为10.3%、23.0%、23.9%和22.1%。Ca和Mg浓度范围分别为37.8~93.5和1 002.1~1 357.4 mg/kg,平均浓度分别为68.3和1 163.2 mg/kg,变异系数为25.3%和7.9%。N,K和P浓度范围分别为8.9~14.0、3.2~4.8和2.2~3.0 g/kg,平均浓度分别为11.5,3.9和2.6 g/kg,变异系数分别为12.4%,10.7%和8.3%。子粒中60.2%~85.9%的P以植酸磷形态存在,与Zn和Fe均无相关性;Zn和Fe同时与Mn、Mg和K呈显著正相关,表明玉米子粒中Zn、Fe、Mn、Mg和K浓度提高的同时不会提高植酸P浓度,有利于提高子粒Zn和Fe的生物有效性。