喷施植物健生素,喷施宝,高锰酸钾对马铃薯的增产效果研究

植物健生系，喷施宝，高锰酸钾在马铃薯块茎膨大期喷施叶面，有明显增产效果。三者综合施用可使产量提高２６．６％，分别单施Ｘ１可增产８．２４％，Ｘ２增产１０．９１％，Ｘ３增产７．４７。三种药剂主要是通过促进平均单薯重的增加而实现增产的。Ｘ２特别有利于大薯和特大薯物形成，Ｘ３对植株病害有显著疗效。     

麦类施用抗腐威增产增收效果研究

小麦、大麦施用“抗腐威微量元素肥料添加剂”作种肥，改进配方施肥栽培技术，不增加施肥量，增产增收效果显著。小麦防治根腐病平均效果53．0％，降低生产成本38．40元／hm2，平均增产9．4％，平均增收519．69元／hm2；大麦防治根腐病平均效果57．8％，降低生产成本41．70元／hm2，平均增产8．7％，平均增收530．20元／hm2。     

水稻土施用不同氮、硫水平对油菜产量的影响

浙东平原水稻土油菜田间试验施用不同氮、硫水平的结果显示：（1）油菜籽产量随氮肥用量的增大而增加，施N（50－200kg/hm^)不施硫肥条件下，增产幅度为2．0％－11．8％，施N和施S（30kg/hm^2)条件下，增产幅度为2．4％－12．7％。（2）不同施氮水平下，施硫增产油菜籽5．4％－6．9％。（3）油菜氮吸收量随施氮量的增加而呈增加趋势，低氮水平下施用硫肥促进油菜氮吸收量加大。（4）不同施氮水平的产投比为1．5－4．3，施用硫肥的产投比达5．2－6．7，氮硫配施可提高施用氮肥的产投比。     

玉米新杂交种豫玉20

豫玉20（原名豫单15）是由河南农业大学玉米研究所1990年以自选系S22作母本，外引系478作父本组配而成的竖叶大穗型杂交种。1996年4月通过河南省农作物品种审定委员会审定，并正式命名为豫玉20。该杂交种高产潜力大，稳产性能高，1993年参加河南省区试，各列第一，11个试点全部增产，平均单产8095．5kg／hm2，比对照豫玉5号增产13．7％，达极显著水平。1994年省区试全部试点增产，平均单产7797．0kg／hm2，比对照1（豫玉5号）增产14．3％，比对照Ⅱ（豫玉12）增产20．1％，又达极显著水平。比掖单19增产9．10％。两年区试累计18个试点全部…     

金绿洲有机无机复合肥在制种玉米上的适宜用量研究

研究金绿洲有机无机复合肥最佳施肥量，在玉米上进行不同处理．田间试验表明．玉米施用金绿洲有机无机复合肥以900kg／hm^2增产效果最好．675kg／hm^2增收效果最好。每hm^2不同施肥量的增产效果是：900峰〉675k〉1125b〉450k〉225蚝〉对照．依次比不施肥增产26．65％、26．28％、18．8％、15．86％、1．54％。每hm^2不同施肥量的增收效果是：675kg〉900kg〉450kg〉1125kg〉225kg．施肥利润分别达20160．75元、19773．3元、18835．05元、17985．3元、16846．2元。初步认为在本试验条件下玉米施用金绿洲有机无机复合肥的适宜用量范围为675-900kg／hm^2。     

武夷山区水稻旱育稀植配套技术

一、旱育稀植的增产效果和经济效益1996年武夷山农场双季早稻推广旱育稀植211．2hm2，平均产量4827kg／hm2，比普通栽培增产25．8％；中稻推广10hm2，平均产量3706．skg／hln2比增27．5％虽双季晚稻推广100m2，平均产量5740．skg／5m2，比增16．5％。总产增收增产稻谷29．8936万kg增收节支61．3885万元。二、早育稀植的增产权理1．秧苗素质高，抗逆性强据威优77旱育秧和水育秧对比，同在3月8日播种，31d秧龄移栽时考查（表l），表1不同育秧方式的秧苗条质旱育秧叶龄增0．2叶，苗高矮1．05cm，基茎粗增0．39cm，百苗鲜重增1巳is，干重增4．6g…     

高产抗病杂交水稻新组合——福优晚三

福优晚三是福建省农科院稻麦所用该所育成不育系福伊A与恢复系晚三配成的新组合。1995年测交试种，1996年参加省早季区试平均产量6．87t／hm2，比对照威优64增产2．4％，1997年龙岩市早稻区试平均产量7．02t／hm2，比对照汕优77增产26．1％，莆田县早稻对比试验产量6．62t...     

水稻施用硅酸盐菌剂效果初报

水稻移栽前基施硅酸盐菌剂3750ml／hm2(兑适量水均匀喷雾)。结果，植株生长旺盛，抗病抗倒，生育进程比对照提前1～3d；结实率提高1．2％；增产作用明显，单位面积增产10．26％。硅酸盐菌剂基施操作方便，对环境无污染，对人畜安全，应用前景广阔。     

旱地冬小麦施用钾肥的效果研究

研究了豫西褐土区旱地冬小麦施用钾肥的效果。结果表明,施钾量（K2O）在0～112.5 kg/hm2的范围内,随施钾量增加,小麦穗数、穗粒数和千粒重逐渐增加,各生育期总茎数及干物质积累量明显增加。施用钾肥对旱地冬小麦有显著的增产效果,增产幅度为7.9％～15.7％,最高产量（4 336kg/hm2）的施肥量（K2O）为114.2 kg/hm2,经济最佳产量（4 275.7 kg/hm2）的施肥量为77.4kg/hm2。     

马铃薯产量与栽培密度及氮磷钾肥施用量的关系研究

采用二次通用旋转组合设计方法试验，以马铃薯产量为目标，以马铃薯密度，氮、磷、钾肥施用量为探讨对象。建立了马铃薯产量与密度、氮、磷、钾肥施用量间关系的数学模型（Y=40308．63＋2377．17X1＋2308．12x2＋1688．86x3＋2487．04X4—5977．36X4^2-996．26X22-2885．43x3^2-1577．96X4 2＋1619．73XIX2＋583．44X1X3—101．74X1X4＋725．18X2Y3-197．59XzX＆387．10X3X4），通过模拟寻优，提出了马铃薯产量≥31454kg／hm2相应的农艺措施是马铃薯密度63465～66840株／hm2．平均65000株：每hm2施氮肥336．4～368．2kg，平均350kg；磷肥389．6--445．4kg，平均417kg；钾肥252．0～281．4kg，平均267kg。     

马铃薯应用外源激素及叶面微肥的增产效果

为了探索马铃薯应用外源激素及叶面微肥的增产效果,选取农户普遍应用的马铃薯块茎膨大剂6种,新面世的产品3种,加对照共10个处理,进行小区试验。经方差和效益分析表明:欧罗壮叶面肥较对照增产13.0%,增加纯效益2 289元.hm-2,投入产出比1:16.9;狮王花宝叶面肥增产11.7%,增加效益2 123元.hm-2,投入产出比1:17;凯普克增产10.3%,增加效益1 791元.hm-2,投入产出比1:12.4;三禾绿丰增产6.1%,增加效益1 058元.hm-2,投入产出比1:9.6;金农富增产3.2%,增加效益497元.hm-2,投入产出比1:4.7。其它产品增产不明显,有些产品出现减产现象,在生产上应小心选用。     

高海拔地区马铃薯高产中的钾肥效应研究

在贵州高海拔地区织金县采用马铃薯高产栽培技术和平衡施肥技术 ,马铃薯产量为14 91t/hm2 ,超过当地平均产量 1 5倍 ,钾肥配施可增产马铃薯 1 0～ 2 5t/hm2 ,增幅 8 0 6 %～2 0 6 3% ,施钾产投比可达 2 0～ 3 5。施钾肥后马铃薯薯块重量增加 19 2 % ,增产以增加薯块为主 ,马铃薯品质有较大改善 ,试验认为 ,高产高效施肥的N∶K2 O比为 10 0∶95～ 14 0为宜 ,即施氮 (N)10 5kg/hm2 ,施钾 (K2 O) 10 0～ 15 0kg/hm2 为宜。施磷量应根据土壤中缺肥情况进行调整。     

The effect of direction of hybridization (4x × 2x vs. 2x × 4x) on yield of cultivated potatoes

The types of reciprocal differences found in higher plants are generally limited to those characters which are controlled by one or two major genes. There are, however, a few examples where the progeny from reciprocal crosses differ in yield or other quantitative characters. Both have been ascribed mainly to cytoplasmic inheritance. In cultivated tetraploid potatoes (Solatium tuberosum Group Tuberosum) differences in yield of the progeny from reciprocal crosses have been found. These reciprocal differences are attributed to the mode of 2n gamete formation rather than cytoplasmic differences. Preliminary experiments involving reciprocal crosses between Tuberosum cultivars (2n=4x=48) and Phurejahaploid Tuberosum hybrids (2n=2x=24) indicated that some progenies from 4x x 2x crosses yield more than progenies from reciprocal crosses. It was hypothesized that the differences in tuber yield may be due to one or more of the following factors: (i) the effect of high fruit set on yield —i.e. almost 100% of the progenies from 2x X 4x crosses are male fertile and thus higher fruit set is expected than in the 4x X 2x progenies where only about 57% of the F₁ clones are male fertile; (ii) the advantage of being in 4x cytoplasm if the nucleus is 4x; and (iii) the difference in mode of 2n gamete formation-first division restitution (FDR) gives highly heterozygous gametes and second division restitution (SDR) results in highly homozygous gametes. Six families of reciprocal crosses between three 4x cultivars (Merrimack, Superior, and Wis 639) and three 2x Phureja-haploid clones (W5293.3, W5295.7, and W5845.1) were planted in 1970 in Rhinelander in a split-plot design with two tubers of each clone in each of two replicates. Flowers were removed from one of the paired plants in each family. Even though the fruit yields were higher in 2x X 4x progenies as expected, tuber yields were not affected by fruit formation. Therefore, factor (i) is apparently not involved in the reciprocal differences observed. Significantly higher tuber yields were obtained from 4x X 2x families only with the 2x clone W5295.7. This eliminated factor (ii), since no difference in reciprocals was obtained with the other 2x clones. Factor (iii) could thus be responsible for differences in reciprocal crosses, since cytological observations indicate only W5295.7 of the 2x clones used forms 2n pollen by FDR.     

凯普克对马铃薯的增产效果研究

为探索天然植物生长调节剂凯普克对马铃薯的增产效果,在同等施肥条件下进行两个马铃薯品种田间试验。结果表明:凯普克处理的马铃薯单株结薯数多,两个试验点比对照每株分别增加0.4和0.7个;凯普克处理大薯比例高,分别提高3个和4个百分点;产量增加,凯普克处理增产幅度分别为22.5%和19.2%。投入产出分析表明,所有试验点凯普克处理的产出都比对照高,每公顷增加收益分别为6 256和6 993元。凯普克在马铃薯种植中使用可行,可进一步扩大推广。     

马铃薯4X—2X选系在不同密度下产量及产量性状的表现

本试验采用裂区试验设计。以品种（系）为主区因素、密度为副区因素，研究７个４Ｘ—２Ｘ选系（Ａ１～Ａ７）及其４Ｘ亲本东衣３０３（Ａ８）以及密度（Ｂ１～Ｂ３）对产量和产量性状的影响。品种（系）间在小区总量、小区块茎数、小区商品薯重、小区商品薯数方面差异极显著。Ａ６品系小区块茎数极显著的低于东农３０３，但小区总产、小区商品薯重、小区商品薯数和东农３０３差异没有达到极显著水平．不同密度对小区总产和小区块茎数的影响分别达到了显著和极显著的水平，但对小区商品薯重和小区商品薯数没有显著的影响。较高密度下（Ｂ１，株距３０ｃｍ）小区总产和小区块茎数极显著高于Ｂ２（株距３５ｃｍ）和Ｂ３（株距４０ｃｍ）。在小区块茎数方面，品种（系）×密度互作显著。     

施氮量和直播密度互作对水稻产量形成特征的影响

【目的】旨在阐明施氮量和直播密度互作对水稻产量形成特征的影响。【方法】以优质食味粳稻南粳9108为试验材料,设置4个施氮量处理,即N_1(0kg/hm^2)、N_2(150kg/hm^2)、N_3(225kg/hm^2)、N_4(300kg/hm^2),5个直播密度处理,即D_1(90×10~4/hm^2)、D_2(180×10~4/hm^2)、D_3(270×10~4/hm^2)、D_4(360×10~4/hm^2)、D_5(450×10~4/hm^2)。【结果】随施氮量增加,机直播稻产量增加。在N_1、N_2和N_3施氮量下,机直播稻产量随直播密度增加先增后降,分别在D_4、D_3和D_2密度下获得最高产量,其最高产量分别为6.74、7.78和8.93 t/hm^2;在N_4施氮量下,水稻产量随直播密度增加而降低,在D_1密度下获得最高产量,为9.55 t/hm^2。不同施氮量下采用适宜直播密度可以提高水稻产量,其中N_4施氮量配套D_1直播密度机直播稻产量最高,其有效穗数适宜,穗型较大,生育中后期LAI较大、光合势高,生育后期群体生长率、净同化率和干物质积累量等指标均较优。【结论】机直播稻在300 kg/hm^2的高氮水平下易取得高产,配套适宜直播密度可进一步提高水稻产量,但从稻田绿色生产和节本增效角度考虑,机直播稻适当降低施氮量至225 kg/hm^2,配套180×10~4/hm^2直播密度仍可获得9 t/hm^2左右的产量,也值得推广。     

陕南秦巴山区油菜施肥现状评价

在陕南秦巴山区测土配方施肥项目(2006—2009年)11个县2 576户调查数据基础上,对该地区油菜施肥现状及农户养分资源投入进行了系统分析和评价。结果表明,陕南秦巴山区油菜平均产量为 2 355kg/hm2,产量中等的农户占60.68%。总氮（N）、磷（P2O5）、钾（K2O）养分投入量分别为179、80、54kg/hm2,其中化肥氮（N）、磷（P2O5）、钾（K2O）养分投入量分别为145、62、34kg/hm2。整体化肥氮磷钾施用量与产量都有显著的相关性,且各养分投入均表现出报酬递减趋势。根据养分分级等级,农户化肥氮磷钾肥投入合理比例分别为38.55%、27.60%和25.89%,过量的比例分别为15.22%、26.24%和10.33%,不足比例分别为46.23%、46.16%和63.78%。将化肥养分投入不足的农户施肥量增加到合理水平,陕南秦巴山区油菜可增产5.61万吨。另外,施用有机肥和硼肥的农户比例分别只有45.26%和41.73%;施用硼肥平均增产101kg/hm2,说明通过合理施肥,该区油菜产量仍有较大增产潜力。该区域油菜施肥存在的问题是：氮肥和磷肥投入过量和不足并存,钾肥、硼肥和有机肥投入不足比较普遍。今后该区域油菜施肥的重点是平衡氮肥和磷肥用量;增加钾肥、硼肥和有机肥用量;增加追肥的施用,尤其是钾肥。       

Estimating potato yield responses from chemical control of early blight in Minnesota

The effect of early blight on tuber yield of two potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars (Russet Burbank and Norland) was evaluated using number and timing of applications of three chemicals to generate different disease epidemics in 1981 and 1982. Under the non-irrigated farming conditions in Minnesota, there were no significant differences among captafol, triphenyltin hydroxide and maneb-Zn in blight control to increase yield. Of the five spray schedules tested, a 7–10 day spray schedule initiated when blight severity exceeded 0.01%, and a 7–10 day schedule initiated when blight was found above the lower third of the plant, generally gave significant, positive yield responses with all three chemicals. At Rosemount in 1982, the greatest yield increases (relative to unsprayed) obtained were 34.9% and 48.6% in total tuber yields for Norland and Russet Burbank, respectively. At Rosemount in 1982, the highest yield increases (relative to unsprayed) obtained were 92.2% and 56.6% in total tuber yields for Norland and Russet Burbank respectively. At Grand Forks in 1981, the highest yield increases were 126.8% and 34.6% in total tuber yields for Norland and Russet Burbank respectively. Across all three experiments, maximum yield losses (percentage of [[yield of ‘healthy’—yield of unsprayed check]/yield of ‘healthy’’]) were 58.4% (US #1 tubers) and 55.9% (total tubers) for cv. Norland and 34.4% (US #1 tubers) and 36.2% (total tubers) for cv. Russet Burbank.     

Agronomic characterization of diploid hybrid families derived from crosses between haploids of the common potato and three wild Argentinian tuber-bearing species

Five diploid hybrid families derived from crosses between haploids of three Argentinian cultivars and three diploid wild species,Solanum gourlayi, S. chacoense andS. spegazzinii, were evaluated in a field experiment in Balcarce. All plants were androsterile and, thus, could not be screened for 2n pollen production. Data on agronomic tuber traits were statistically analyzed. Differences among families were non-significant for tuber number/plant, but were significant for tuber weight/plant and dry matter content (with values above 21.0% in two of them). The relative frequencies of tubers in the categories established for size, skin texture, and eye depth were family dependent, but they were familiy independent in the categories established for tuber shape and skin color. Great morphological variability was detected for all the traits studied, and plants with high yield and high dry matter content were identified. These families can be used as sources of germplasm in breeding and to explore heterotic responses in 2x × 4x crosses, given the capacity of some plants to produce 2n eggs, as found in a related investigation.     

氮肥施入量对水稻新品种盐粳50产量的影响

采用小区对比试验方法,探讨了氮肥施入量135.0 kg/hm2、202.5 kg/hm2、270.0 kg/hm2、337.5 kg/hm2、405.0 kg/hm2对水稻新品种盐粳50产量的影响。结果表明,适宜增加氮肥施入量,可促进水稻新品种盐粳50单位面积收获穗数及颖花量、结实率及千粒重的增加,促进水稻增产;若过量增加氮肥施入量则降低植株抗病、抗倒能力,不利于单位面积颖花量及千粒重的增加而造成减产。在本试验条件下,氮肥(N)施入量337.5 kg/hm2的处理获得单产9.46 t/hm2,比4、5、2、1处理分别增产了0.6%、2.9%、5.1%、14.8%。