小麦抗源南农790成株期抗条锈性遗传分析与分子作图

为明确小麦抗锈种质南农790条锈病抗性特征和抗病遗传规律,以5个条锈菌生理小种CYR23、CYR29、CYR31、CYR32和CYR33对其进行苗期抗谱鉴定,并以CYR32和CYR33混合小种对南农790、Avocet S及南农790与Avocet S正交所获得的F1代、F2代和F2∶3群体进行混合小种成株期抗条锈性鉴定及遗传分析。抗病鉴定结果显示,南农790苗期对CYR32和CYR33表现为中度感病(IT:6~7),对其余小种表现为抗病(IT≤2),成株期对混合小种表现为近免疫(IT≤2,S≤5%),表明南农790具有成株期抗条锈性;各世代抗病遗传分析结果表明,其成株期抗病性由一个显性单基因控制,暂命名为YrNan;采用集群分离分析法(BSA),以SSR分子标记对F2代分离群体进行分子作图,发现了6个与YrNan连锁的SSR标记(Xgwm11,Xbarc187,Xbarc181,Xgwm273,Xwmc419和Xwmc216),并将其定位于小麦的1BL染色体,两侧最近的标记分别为Xbarc181(1.3cM)和Xgwm273(6.3cM)。研究结果为南农790抗条锈病基因的分子标记辅助选择及在育种上的应用提供了依据。     

抗条锈病小麦-滨麦Lm#3Ns二体异附加系的分子细胞遗传学鉴定

滨麦(Leymus mollis)是小麦的三级基因源,具有改良小麦所需的许多优良性状。为了将滨麦中的优异基因导入到普通小麦中,通过远缘杂交获得小麦-滨麦异附加系、异代换系、易位系,以选自普通小麦7182与滨麦衍生后代M42(2n=54)F_6代的株系M11005-1-2-7-10-1-1(M11005A)为供试材料,对其进行了形态学、细胞学、原位杂交、分子标记、抗病性等综合鉴定。细胞学观察结果显示,M11005A有44条染色体且配对良好,可以稳定遗传。原位杂交及分子标记结果表明,M11005A含有42条普通小麦染色体和1对来自滨麦Lm#3Ns的染色体,并且用Oligo-pTa535探针得到了Lm#3Ns的FISH核型;筛选出6个EST及8个PLUG特异分子标记可以用来鉴定Lm#3Ns染色体,其中只有1个EST和4个PLUG标记可以同时在M11005A中扩增出滨麦和华山新麦草的条带,说明滨麦的Lm#3Ns染色体与华山新麦草的3Ns基因组之间存在差异。M11005A的穗长、穗型、小穗数、千粒重与亲本7182无显著差异,但分蘖数较7182显著增加,株高显著降低。抗条锈病鉴定结果显示,苗期M11005A对条锈菌生理小种CYR29和CYR34表现高抗,对CYR32表现高感,成株期对CYR32和CYR33混合小种表现高抗,推测滨麦的Lm#3Ns染色体携带对CYR29和CYR34小种的抗性基因,又携带了成株期对CYR32和CYR33的抗性基因。因此,M11005A可以作为抗源应用于小麦的条锈病抗性改良中。     

小麦航天诱变后代的条锈病抗性变异及选择效果研究

为明确小麦航天诱变后代条锈病抗性的变异和选择效果,在甘肃陇南用系谱法对8个小麦品种的诱变后代进行了研究。结果表明,兰天10号、兰天14号、兰天17号在SP1(诱变一代)和SP2(诱变二代),PASCAL和85-173-4在SP2的群体病谱均较原品种对照发生了不显著的变异,但它们在SP1和SP2都没有出现显著的条锈病抗性突变体;郑麦9023、陇原031和DORICO在SP2均出现了显著的条锈病抗性突变系且有分离现象。8个品种的SP2和SP3(诱变三代)共获得9个显著的条锈病抗性突变系和12个显著的非条锈病抗性突变系,其中15个突变系的后代都出现了条锈病抗性的分离和变异。经过4代的选择,证明感病品种在SP2出现的抗性不显著提高株系具有一定的选择可靠性,从郑麦9023和陇原031中分别获得了抗条锈、大粒和兼抗条锈、白粉病的优良突变系。这些结果表明,航天诱变小麦种子能够引起后代条锈病抗性的丰富变异;变异可能出现在SP1、SP2或以后世代;对于感病品种在SP2出现的抗性不显著提高株系可以进行选择;不论哪一方面性状的显著突变系,一般会随世代进展出现条锈病抗性的分离和变异,都应作为抗性选择的目标对象而注意保留。     

小麦新抗源Centrum抗条锈性特征及遗传分析

为了明确小麦种质Centrum的抗条锈性特征及抗性遗传规律,分别在杨凌和天水两地对其进行成株期抗条锈性评价,并以CYR29、CYR31、CYR32、CYR33、Su11-4、Su11-5、Su11-7、CH42等8个条锈菌生理小种对其进行苗期抗谱分析,以CYR29和CYR32对Centrum与感病亲本Avocet S构建的BC1、F2和F3群体进行苗期抗条锈病遗传分析。结果表明,Centrum在杨凌混合小种圃和天水自然诱发圃成株期均为免疫反应,苗期对所有参试小种均表现为免疫或近免疫;抗病遗传分析表明Centrum对CYR29和CYR32的抗性分别由同一对显性基因控制。     

ICARDA小麦种质抗条锈资源筛选和抗病基因分析

为给中国小麦抗条锈病育种筛选有效抗源,对203份来自ICARDA的小麦种质,利用杨凌人工病圃和天水、江油自然诱发病圃进行成株期条锈病抗性鉴定,利用条锈菌当前流行小种条中32(CYR32)和条中34(CYR34)在温室进行苗期分小种鉴定,利用 Yr5、 Yr9、 Yr10、 Yr15、 Yr17、 Yr18、 Yr26等抗条锈病基因已开发的分子标记进行基因检测。结果表明,203份材料中107份具有稳定的成株期抗性,31份苗期表现为专化抗性。从这些具有稳定抗病性的材料中,检测到抗条锈病基因 Yr9(51份)、 Yr10(2份)、 Yr17(30份)和 Yr18(56份),未检测到 Yr5、 Yr15、 Yr26;有12份抗条锈表现良好的材料未检测到任何基因,推测其可能携带未开发分子标记的已知基因或新基因。因此,这107份具有稳定抗性的材料可用于中国小麦抗条锈病育种,其中12份可能含有未知基因的材料有待进一步的遗传研究。     

西藏地方小麦品种曲白春的抗条锈性遗传分析

为了明确曲白春的抗条锈性遗传规律,并为其在抗病育种中的合理利用提供理论指导,本研究以曲白春与川麦28构建遗传分析群体,以曲白春与中国春构建等位分析群体,用CYR33温室条件下苗期人工接种遗传分析群体,用混合流行优势小种大田条件下成株期人工诱发接种遗传分析群体和等位分析群体,同时对曲白春的抗条锈性进行遗传分析,并用小麦抗条锈基因Yr18的特异性分子标记对曲白春进行分子检测。结果表明,曲白春苗期对CYR33的抗性由一对显性基因控制,成株期对小麦条锈菌的抗性由2对独立显性核基因控制,即由小麦抗条锈基因Yr18和一对未知的小种专化性抗条锈基因控制。     

硬粒小麦SWAHEN3抗条锈（条中30、31）性状的遗传分析

硬粒小麦SWAHEN3成株期对中国条锈病新小种条中30(CYR30)和条中31(CYR31)免疫-高抗。为明确SWAHEN3抗条锈性状的遗传规律，将SWAHEN3与高感硬粒小麦品种Kappli杂交，获得杂种F     

小麦种质P10078的成株期条锈病抗性特征及遗传规律

为明确小麦抗病种质P10078的抗条锈病特征及抗病遗传规律,利用4个小麦条锈菌小种CYR32、CYR33、V26/CM42和Sull-7对P10078进行了苗期分小种鉴定,并分别在陕西杨凌人工接种病圃和甘肃天水自然诱发病圃连续多年对P10078与感病品种铭贤169及其杂交后代(F_1、F_2、F_(2∶3))进行成株期抗条锈病鉴定。结果发现,P10078苗期对CYR32、V26/CM42表现为感病(IT:7~8),对V26/CM42和Sull-7表现为抗病(IT:2),成株期对混合小种表现为高度抗病(IT:1,S:1%),表明P10078为包含全生育期抗病基因的成株期抗病品种;F_2抗感分离比为3∶1,F_(2∶3)抗感分离比为1∶2∶1,表明P10078成株期抗性由一对显性主效基因控制。P10078所含抗条锈基因为未知抗性基因。     

意大利小麦品种资源抗条锈性鉴定

１９９６年对５２份意大利小麦品种进行抗条锈性分小种接种鉴定和田间抗病性及农艺性状观察试验,结果表明成株期表现抗锈病的有２３份,对条锈菌新优势生理小种条中３０,３１号表现抗病的有３７份。结合农艺性状观察和田间抗条锈病,抗白粉病表现,筛选出了普通小麦Ｐａｓｃａｌ等１３份抗病性强,农艺性状较好的材料。     

杂交小麦强优势组合抗白粉病基因的定向导入与改良研究初报

为创制杂交小麦白粉病抗性定向改良育种新体系,以白粉病抗源材料N95175、N9134为抗病种质,以强优势杂交小麦新品种"西杂一号"和"西杂五号"的亲本为受体,以陕西不同地区小麦白粉病流行混合菌种为菌源,对供试材料亲本、杂种F1代和回交后代材料进行了苗期和成株期抗性鉴定,并利用与抗白粉病基因Pm21共分离的SCAR标记、抗白粉病基因PmAS846紧密连锁的SSR标记作为抗病性定向选择分子标记进行了抗病性鉴定。结果表明,以N95175、N9134为亲本的杂种F1含有Pm21基因或PmAS846基因,苗期和成株期均表现为高抗,与抗病亲本的抗病性表现基本一致,符合杂种优势表现显性假说,其抗病性主要由显性单基因控制。研究同时表明,仅凭借表型鉴定结果盲目性较大,表型鉴定和分子标记鉴定相结合准确率较高。     

In vitro reproduction in the annual pasture legumes subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.)

Pasture legumes are important components of both mixed farming rotations and permanent pastures in temperate climates. Breeding of two widely sown pasture legumes, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.), is constrained by the long generation cycle, typically enabling only one generation per year. We hypothesized manipulation of culture medium and conditions would enable the development of a laboratory‐based protocol for in vitro reproduction in subterranean clover and French serradella. In vitro flowering and viable seed set was induced from both species. For subterranean clover, the most effective treatment was culturing on modified MS medium with 1 μm kinetin and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and continuous photoperiod. For French serradella, culture on a hormone‐free B5 medium with 5 mm NH₄Cl and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and 20 h photoperiod was optimum. It is expected this technique will have application in accelerating generation turnover within breeding programs, for the study of factors influencing flowering in pasture legumes, and for the propagation of valuable yet enfeebled plants such as embryo‐rescued hybrids.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Estimation of lucerne yield stability for enabling effective cultivar selection under rainfed conditions

Evaluation of crop and forage yield stability is of increasing relevance in the context of current and recent environmental changes but, in contrast to other field crops, there are no published systematic analyses among forage crops in Europe. A study of stability performance was conducted with 13 Czech cultivars of lucerne at four locations over a 2‐year period with the following aims: (a) to evaluate yield stability of varieties across different environments and (b) to calculate measurable benefits of variety selection in relation to the specific environment. The cultivar Vlasta was identified as the highest yielding cultivar (annual yield 16.0 t DM/ha), whereas the lowest yielding cv. Magda, Tereza and Oslava averaged around 14.9 t DM/ha. Effect of genotype × environment interaction (G × E) was two times higher than for genotype alone. Additive main effects and the multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model showed that the highest yielding cultivars may not be stable across environments. This study demonstrated further that significant yield improvement could be detected, even among a relatively homogenous group of domestic cultivars, and this was driven mainly by site productivity: the improvement was +10% in low‐yielding sites, compared with +3% in high‐yielding sites. Results highlight that advanced agronomy should also consider stability parameters such as AMMI stability value or superiority measures for forage crops in response to the challenges associated with climate change.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

稻文化的再思考3:稻与社稷——印度、泰国等东南亚、南亚主要国家

东南亚、南亚地区是世界上重要的稻米产区,稻米在民众饮食生活和国家社会政治中占有重要地位,民众生活中也保存了非常悠久和丰富的稻作文化习俗及稻谷起源神话传说。本文分析了水稻在东南亚、南亚主要国家印度、印度尼西亚、泰国、越南、菲律宾、孟加拉国、缅甸的作用、地位、生产、消费、文化等情况,并指出了印度、印度尼西亚稻文化的主要标志。     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Model of wheat yield response to application of diclofop-methyl to control ryegrass (Lolium rigidum)

A general model of crop yield response to herbicide application is proposed. The model includes three components: the effect of herbicide dosage on weed density, the effect of surviving weed density on crop yield and the effect of herbicide directly on the crop. The model is used to estimate the response of wheat yield to application of diclofop-methyl to control ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in Australia. It is found that the competitiveness of ryegrass plants surviving treatment is reduced by the treatment and that the proportion of yield loss at a given ryegrass density is not independent of the absolute weed-free yield. The response function is used to calculate economic thresholds and optimal herbicide dosages.