稻秸还田下播种密度与氮肥运筹对小麦产量及氮素利用效率的影响

为明确秸秆还田条件下稻茬小麦高产高效栽培的适宜播种密度和氮肥运筹方式,采用大田试验,以济麦22号为材料,研究了稻秸还田下不同播种密度(播量120kg·hm-2、180kg·hm-2)、施氮量(180、225和270kg N·hm-2)及氮肥基追比(基肥∶拔节肥∶孕穗肥为6∶3∶1、5∶3∶2和4∶3∶3)对小麦产量和氮素利用效率的影响。结果表明,在施氮量180kg·hm-2(低氮)和225kg·hm-2(适氮)下,提高播种密度显著提高了小麦叶面积指数、开花期旗叶光合速率、花后干物质积累量和籽粒产量;而在施氮量270kg·hm-2(高氮)下,提高播种密度显著降低了小麦生育后期叶面积指数、开花期旗叶光合速率、花后干物质积累量和籽粒产量。提高播种密度、降低施氮量均降低了土壤中无机氮的盈余量,氮肥吸收效率和氮肥农学效率显著提高。产量、氮肥吸收效率及氮肥农学效率均在氮肥基追比为基肥∶拔节肥∶孕穗肥=6∶3∶1时最大。因此,稻秸还田条件下提高小麦播种密度、适当降低施氮量并提高基肥比例,可以实现小麦产量和氮素利用效率的同步提高。     

氮肥运筹对膜下滴灌水稻生长和产量的影响

以T-04为材料,设置不同施氮量(0、200、270、340kg/hm2)和3种施肥策略(即m基肥∶m分蘖肥∶m促花肥∶m保花肥=15∶30∶40∶15、25∶40∶30∶5、40∶15∶35∶10),研究施氮量和施肥策略对膜下滴灌水稻干物质积累动态和产量形成的影响,以探明不同施氮量和氮肥运筹方式对水稻生长和产量形成的影响,并提出最佳的施氮量和施肥策略。结果表明,施氮显著提高膜下滴灌水稻的干物质积累量和籽粒产量,270kg/hm2施氮水平具有最高生物学产量和经济学产量,籽粒产量达到9657.7kg/hm2。施氮量显著影响水稻茎蘖数、有效穗数、成穗率、每穗粒数、实粒数和千粒重。施肥策略对膜下滴灌水稻的有效穗数和成穗率影响显著,以施肥策略S1(基肥∶分蘖肥∶促花肥∶保花肥=15∶30∶40∶15)处理的水稻产量最高。氮肥后移有助于提高膜下滴灌水稻的有效穗数、成穗率,形成高产。对水稻膜下滴灌高产栽培模式而言,270kg/hm2的施氮水平和基肥∶分蘖肥∶促花肥∶保花肥=15∶30∶40∶15的氮肥运筹模式较为合理。     

氮肥对啤酒大麦蛋白质含量及产量的影响

分析了啤酒大麦港啤 1号氮肥的施用量、氮肥运筹比例以及拔节起身肥施用时期对其收获籽粒蛋白质含量和产量的影响 ,并找出啤麦籽粒蛋白质含量不超标 (≤ 12 % ) ,又能获得可观产量(774 9kg/hm2 )的最优施肥组合。即 :氮肥用量为 2 2 5kg/hm2 ,运筹比例 (基肥∶分蘖肥∶起身肥 )为70∶15∶15 ,起身肥施用时期为叶龄余数 3 0时。     

氮素运筹对弱筋小麦扬麦9号产量、品质和旗叶衰老特性的影响

为了解弱筋小麦植株衰老特性与籽粒产量及品质形成的关系,选用弱筋小麦扬麦9号,设置不同的氮肥处理,测定和分析了植株生育后期旗叶光合特性和衰老特性及品质指标.结果表明,低氮(180 kg/ha)和高氮(240 kg/ha)在氮肥比例[基肥∶壮蘖肥(5叶期施)∶拔节肥(倒3叶施)∶孕穗肥(倒1.5叶施)]为7∶1∶2∶0时的两处理生产的籽粒品质均符合国标(GB/T 17893-1999).施氮量180 kg/ha、氮肥比例5∶1∶2∶2处理植株生育后期净光合速率、Rubisco含量、SPAD值、POD和SOD酶活性在品质符合国标的处理中最高,旗叶蔗糖含量高,籽粒转化蔗糖能力强,产量最高;施氮量240 kg/ha、氮肥运筹5∶1∶2∶2处理,虽然有效延缓了植株衰老,产量最高,但籽粒品质不符合国标.说明弱筋小麦扬麦9号后期衰老速率快虽有利于降低籽粒蛋白质和湿面筋含量,但不利于产量提高;延缓衰老虽有利于产量提高,但易致品质下降.本试验条件下,弱筋小麦扬麦9号采用施氮量180 kg/ha、氮肥运筹5∶1∶2∶2的栽培方式,后期衰老速率适度,有利于品质改善,产量亦较高.     

氮肥运筹比例对稻田套播强筋小麦产量及花后旗叶衰老的影响

为给稻田套播小麦优质高产栽培提供理论依据,在江苏淮北地区通过大田试验,研究氮肥运筹比例对稻田套播强筋小麦花后旗叶叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、丙二醛（MDA）含量和籽粒产量的影响。结果表明,在总施氮量（240 kg·hm^-2）相同条件下,随拔节肥和孕穗肥施氮比例的上升,小麦产量、氮肥偏生产力（PFP）和氮肥农学效率（NAE）逐渐升高,但后期施肥比例过高,产量有所下降,以基肥∶分蘖肥∶拔节肥∶孕穗肥为3∶3∶2∶2的处理籽粒产量、PFP和NAE最高。随花后生育进程的推移,小麦旗叶叶绿素含量和SOD活性呈单峰曲线变化,MDA含量呈上升趋势。随拔节肥和孕穗肥施用比例的提高,旗叶叶绿素含量和SOD活性下降速率变缓,MDA含量上升速率也减缓。本试验条件下,基肥∶分蘖肥∶拔节肥∶孕穗肥施用比例为3∶3∶2∶2的氮肥运筹方式有利于减缓花后旗叶衰老,提升氮肥利用效率,提高粒重和产量。     

氮肥运筹对港啤1号群体质量及产量和蛋白质含量的影响

为给啤酒大麦优质高产栽培中合理施用氮肥提供科学依据,在配合磷肥的前提下,研究了不同氮肥运筹对啤酒大麦港啤1号群体质量、产量和籽粒蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明,随着施氮量的增加,有效穗数、叶面积指数、群体干物质积累量、籽粒产量和蛋白质含量随之增加;随着氮肥用量后移,越冬苗、返青苗、最高茎蘖数、有效穗数均呈下降的趋势,成穗率和籽粒蛋白质含量均呈上升趋势;综合考虑大麦群体质量、产量及籽粒蛋白质含量等多项指标,啤酒大麦港啤1号以总施氮量225kg/hm2、基肥与穗肥比例为8∶2的组合较好,可获得5790.75kg/hm2的产量,并生产出符合酿酒业标准的优质啤麦原料。     

饲用大麦扬饲麦3号优质高产栽培技术研究

研究不同密度、氮肥用量及运筹比例对饲用大麦扬饲麦3号籽粒产量及主要品质指标的影响,结果表明:1、籽粒产量构成因素中穗数对于产量的贡献占主要作用,穗数与产量呈显著正相关;2、适当增加施氮量和氮肥运筹比例后移可以明显提高籽粒蛋白质与赖氨酸含量,饲用大麦扬饲麦3号籽粒的产量与蛋白质含量、赖氨酸含量呈正相关关系;3、扬饲麦3号以225万/hm2密度、氮肥用量225kgN/hm2、采用基肥∶壮蘖肥∶拔节肥为3∶3∶4运筹比例有利获得优质高产。     

氮肥对啤酒大麦蛋白质含量及产量的影响

分析了啤酒大麦港啤1号氮肥的施用量、氮肥运筹比例以及拔节起身肥施用时期对其收获籽粒蛋白质含量和产量的影响，并找出啤麦籽粒蛋白质含量不超标(≤12%)，又能获得可观产量(7749kg／hm2)的最优施肥组合。即：氮肥用量为225kg／hm2，运筹比例(基肥：分蘖肥：起身肥)为70：15：15，起身肥施用时期为叶龄余数3．0时。     

氮肥调控对稻茬晚播小麦产量、品质及氮素利用的影响

为探索适宜的稻茬晚播小麦高产高效栽培技术,于2019-2021年进行播期(11月1日和11月25日)、施氮量(210 kg·hm^-2和270 kg·hm^-2)和氮肥运筹(基肥∶分蘖肥∶拔节肥分别为7∶1∶2、5∶1∶4和3∶3∶4)三因素裂区试验,研究施氮量、氮肥运筹组合对不同播期小麦产量、氮素积累量、氮素利用率及品质的影响。结果表明,播期推迟后适当增加基本苗有利于保持穗数稳定,降低减产幅度,与适播相比两个年度平均减产8.62%。增加施氮量能促进植株各生育阶段氮素吸收量,但降低氮肥偏生产力、氮素农学效率、氮素生理效率和氮素表观利用率,且导致产量下降;增加追肥比例促进小麦拔节后氮素吸收利用,有利于提高氮肥偏生产力、氮素农学效率和氮素表观利用率,但降低氮素生理效率。晚播条件下增加氮肥用量或提高追肥比例能提高籽粒蛋白质含量和湿面筋含量,对硬度无显著影响。在适播条件下,5∶1∶4氮肥运筹有利于协调穗数和粒重的关系,获得最高产量;在晚播条件下,3∶3∶4运筹通过降低基肥比例和提高分蘖肥比例,虽然使穗数略降,但提高穗粒数和千粒重,有利于产量形成。综上所述...     

氮肥运筹对不同筋型小麦产量和品质的影响

为筛选不同筋型小麦高产优质栽培的适宜施氮量和施氮比例(基肥∶分蘖肥∶拔节肥∶孕穗肥),以强筋小麦济麦20、中筋小麦保麦1号和弱筋小麦扬麦15为材料,在高产栽培条件下研究了施氮量及施氮比例对不同筋型小麦产量和品质的影响。结果表明,适当增加施氮量或提高小麦生育中后期施氮比例,均能提高三种筋型小麦产量、蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉降值、面团形成时间和稳定时间。三种筋型小麦采用适宜的氮肥运筹均可协同提高产量和改善品质。本试验条件下,强筋小麦济麦20达到高产优质的最优组合为施氮量225kg·hm-2、施氮比例3∶1∶3∶3;中筋小麦保麦1号为施氮量270kg·hm-2、施氮比例3∶1∶3∶3;弱筋小麦扬麦15为施氮量180kg·hm-2、施氮比例5∶1∶2∶2或施氮量225kg·hm-2、施氮比例7∶1∶2∶0。     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

海南百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定及其发生危害

百香果是海南省的新兴产业,也是我国多个省区扶贫攻坚的重要产业。病虫害是影响百香果产业的重要因素,随着海南百香果种植面积越来越大,病虫害对百香果产业的不利影响越来越凸显。由于缺乏百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定的基础性研究,许多种植户对田间发生的病虫害种类识别不足,从而影响了百香果病虫害的防控效果。为了摸清海南百香果种植区的病虫害种类,于2019—2021年对海南省儋州市、乐东县、屯昌县、文昌市、三亚市、东方市、保亭县、白沙县、海口市等百香果种植区的病虫害进行了系统调查与鉴定,并对其发生危害特点进行了研究。鉴定发现海南百香果种植区的病害有11种,分别是病毒病、茎基腐病、炭疽病、疮痂病、疫病、灰霉病、果腐病、褐斑病、烟煤病、藻斑病和缺镁。重要病害为病毒病和茎基腐病,危害程度分别为4级和3级,炭疽病和疮痂病危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他病害危害较轻。害虫有28种,分别是黄胸蓟马、茶黄蓟马、红带蓟马、美洲棘蓟马、普通大蓟马、咖啡木蠹蛾、美洲斑潜蝇、橘小实蝇、斜纹夜蛾、双线盗毒蛾、绿丽刺蛾、白带锯蛱蝶、烟粉虱、温室白粉虱、柑橘粉蚧、木槿曼粉蚧、藤壶蜡蚧、茶角盲蝽、樟颈曼盲蝽、稻绿蝽、中稻缘蝽、茶小绿叶蝉、丽球瓢蜡蝉、绿鳞象甲、眼斑芫菁、白条豆芫菁、甘薯梳龟甲和朱砂叶螨。重要害虫为黄胸蓟马和咖啡木蠹蛾,危害程度均为3级,茶黄蓟马和美洲斑潜蝇的危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他害虫危害较轻。软体动物3种,分别是灰巴蜗牛、同型巴蜗牛和一种尚未鉴定的蛞蝓。本研究明确了海南百香果种植区病虫害具体种类,新发现百香果病害1种和害虫24种,为海南百香果病虫害的精准防控提供技术支撑。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

Interactive Effects of Sodium and Potassium on the Growth and Photosynthesis of Spinach and Komatsuna

Abstract

Two cultivars of spinach and one cultivar of komatsuna were sand cultured using a nutrient solution with Na and K in various combinations. The growth (fresh weight of shoot) of spinach cv. Atlas was significantly increased when 1.4 mM KC1 of the 7 m M KO was replaced with 1.4 mM NaCl, although the growth was reduced when more KC1 was replaced with NaCl. In another spinach cv. All Right, however, NaCl substituting for 20% of KC1 showed no significant effects. In komatsuna, Na used in place of K at any ratio reduced the growth. The growth of spinach cv. Atlas was increased by applying 20 mM NaCl, irrespective of K dose (480 - 2400 mg K₂O per 1/2000 a Wagner pot). The growth of spinach cv. All Right was also increased by 20 mM NaCl when K was at a deficient level (480 - 960 mg K20 per pot), but was not when K was at: an excessive level (1920 - 2400 mg K₂O per pot). In komatsuna, 20 mM NaCl reduced the growth. In spinach, Na prevented the decrease of the photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance caused by K deficiency.     

白砂糖干燥与冷却机理及影响

砂糖的含水量、装包温度和仓储条件对其贮存保质具有重要影响。本文从白砂糖的含水分特性、干燥机理和生产过程环节等对白砂糖干燥与冷却的影响进行深入分析。由于结晶过程的包裹现象,砂糖含水分可分为表面和内部水分,白砂糖干燥过程只能去除前者。生产过程中煮糖、分蜜操作对内部水分含量有影响。贮存过程的内部水分的扩散是砂糖降质的根本原因,而装包温度和贮存条件是影响内部水分扩散的外在条件。     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.     

苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在水稻中的残留消解动态及残留分析

本文建立了气质联用仪测定稻田环境中苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯的残留分析方法,对苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在水稻、土壤和田水中的消解动态和残留规律进行了研究。苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在糙米、稻壳、植株、土壤和田水中的最低检测浓度均为0.20 mg/kg,最小检出量为0.2 ng,在不同样品中的平均加标回收率为80.8%~109.5%,相对标准偏差在1.7%~19.7%之间。田间试验结果表明,苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在水稻植株和田水中的残留消解动态规律均符合一级动力学反应模型,苯醚甲环唑在水稻植株和田水中的残留消解半衰期分别为6.3~11.6 d和1.4~11.6 d;嘧菌酯在水稻植株和田水中的残留消解半衰期分别为3.6~8.7 d和2.9~23.1 d。以推荐剂量600 g/hm2和1.5倍推荐剂量900 g/hm2,最多施药3次,距最后一次施药15 d时,苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在糙米中的最高残留量分别为0.461 mg/kg和0.634 mg/kg,低于我国国家标准《食品中农药最大残留限量》(GB2763-2014)中规定的糙米中苯醚甲环唑最大残留限量0.5 mg/kg和欧盟、美国规定的糙米中嘧菌酯最大残留限量5.0 mg/kg。