耐盐碱水稻研究现状、问题与建议

我国有234万hm^2沿海滩涂和1亿hm^2内陆盐碱地,是我国不可多得的土地后备资源,综合利用潜力巨大。水稻作为沿海滩涂和盐碱地改良的首选粮食作物,国内外学者对耐盐碱水稻开展了广泛研究。耐盐碱水稻是指能在盐(碱)浓度0.3%以上的盐碱地生长、单产在300 kg/667 m^2以上的水稻品种。本文对耐盐水稻种质资源筛选、耐盐基因/QTL的定位与克隆、耐盐水稻鉴定与评价方法、耐盐水稻新品种选育及其配套栽培技术的研究进行综述,指出耐盐碱水稻研究中存在的问题,提出进一步加强耐盐碱水稻研究的建议。     

水稻耐盐育种研究进展

培育耐盐水稻品种是盐碱地的粮食作物增产和对盐碱地改良的重要途径之一。水稻对盐胁迫中度敏感,其耐(敏)盐性状是受多基因控制的数量性状,易受环境条件等因素影响。到2015年,利用AFLP、RFLP、SSR等分子标记手段在水稻12条染色体上定位的耐盐QTL已有250多个,其中以第1、2、6和7染色体上居多,但克隆的水稻耐盐基因相对较少。水稻耐盐品种的选育现仍以常规育种为主,即主要通过筛选耐盐种质及耐盐鉴定,再利用杂交和回交等方法将耐盐基因导入到优良水稻品种中,从而选育出综合性状优良的耐盐品种。本文阐述了国内外水稻种质耐盐性鉴定技术和指标、耐盐种质筛选、耐盐品种选育以及耐盐性的遗传及分子机理等研究进展,并对今后水稻耐盐育种研究工作提出了展望与建议。     

盐胁迫对不同水稻品种光合特性和生理生化特性的影响

 用2个耐盐水稻品种和2个盐敏感型水稻品种为材料,研究盐胁迫对水稻植株生物量积累、光合特性等生理特性的影响。结果表明,在盐胁迫条件下,耐盐水稻品种和盐敏感型水稻品种地上和根系的干鲜质量均呈下降趋势,其中,以盐敏感型水稻品种的地上部鲜质量与根系干质量的下降最为显著。盐胁迫条件下,水稻叶片的净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、蒸腾作用（Tr）和表观叶肉导度（AMC）均呈不同程度的下降趋势。其中,耐盐水稻品种Pn、Gs、Tr和Pn/Ci的下降均低于盐敏感型水稻品种。同时,耐盐品种水分利用效率（WUE）也高于盐敏感型品种。盐胁迫条件下,耐盐水稻品种和盐敏感型水稻品种的胞间二氧化碳浓度（Ci）变化并不明显,气孔限制百分率（Ls）均较低,品种间差异也不显著,而表观叶肉导度显著下降,由此推测盐胁迫条件下Pn的下降并非因为气孔的限制,而与RuBPCase活性的下降有关。盐胁迫条件下水稻叶片和根系的渗透性调节物质脯氨酸、总氨基酸和可溶性糖含量上升,其中以可溶性糖含量上升最为显著（P＜0.01）。盐胁迫下叶片保护酶SOD、POD和CAT活性增强,膜透性增强,丙二醛含量增加,同时,根系活力下降。     

NaCl胁迫对不同耐盐性水稻某些生理特性和光合特性的影响

选取较耐盐的水稻品种‘HH11’、‘JX99’和盐敏感水稻品种‘YSXD’,设置6个土壤NaCl浓度处理(0、1、2、3、4 g/kg),在防雨棚下盆栽并培育至孕穗期,分析NaCl胁迫对不同耐盐性水稻生理生化及光合特性的影响,结果表明:(1)NaCl胁迫抑制水稻的生长,表现为随着NaCl浓度增加,水稻的株高逐渐降低,但在3～4 g/kg土壤含盐量下耐盐水稻的株高显著高于盐敏感水稻品种。(2)耐盐水稻和盐敏感水稻的可溶性总糖对NaCl胁迫的响应差异明显,在1～4 g/kg NaCl胁迫下,盐敏感水稻叶片可溶性总糖显著降低,但是耐盐水稻可溶性总糖大量合成并积累,并且显著高于盐敏感品种。(3)NaCl浓度增加迫使水稻叶片丙二醛不断积累,导致细胞膜透性逐渐增大,但是耐盐水稻丙二醛的积累量较少,细胞膜受盐害程度显著小于盐敏感水稻。(4)NaCl胁迫抑制了水稻光合速率,但不同的NaCl浓度下导致水稻品种光合速率下降的原因各有差异,其中在0～1 g/kg NaCl胁迫下盐敏感水稻光合速率降低是非气孔因素导致的,而在2～4 g/kg NaCl胁迫下是由气孔因素造成的;0～2g/kg盐浓度下耐盐水稻HH11的光合速率降低是非气孔因素导致的,3～4 g/kg盐浓度处理是由气孔因素导致的;气孔因素是0～4 g/kg盐处理耐盐水稻JX99的光合速率降低的主要原因。(5)盐胁迫下耐盐水稻的叶片蒸腾速率显著降低,并且显著低于盐敏感水稻,相反水分利用效率和气孔限制值却明显升高,并且显著高于盐敏感水稻品种,表明盐浓度增加迫使耐盐水稻气孔阻力增大,减少水分的流失,抑制了蒸腾速率,使耐盐水稻叶片保持较高的水势;同时提高了叶片水分利用效率,碳同化效率提高,以满足耐盐水稻正常代谢生理需求,进行正常生命活动。     

盐胁迫影响水稻生理特性及其调控机理研究进展

在全球气候变暖背景下,土壤盐渍化日趋严重,已成为危害农作物生产的重要因素之一。研究盐胁迫对水稻生长发育及生理特征的影响,揭示水稻盐胁迫响应机理,提升水稻抗盐胁迫能力,发掘盐碱地生产能力,对实现盐碱地水稻增产与保障粮食安全具有重要意义。本文综述了盐胁迫下水稻生长发育及生理特征变化,从离子胁迫、渗透胁迫、氧化胁迫与营养失衡等方面概述了盐胁迫导致的水稻应激响应及能量代谢特征,总结了盐碱地治理方法和提高水稻耐盐胁迫能力的品种选育及栽培技术途径,提出了基于优化能量代谢培育耐盐碱品种、研发耐盐栽培技术的建议,为盐碱地水稻生产提供参考。     

不同耐盐能力水稻品种响应盐胁迫的差异

为探明不同耐盐水稻品种产量形成对盐胁迫的响应,以3个耐盐品种和3个盐敏感品种为参试材料,通过两季大田试验,探究耐盐能力不同的水稻品种在3种盐胁迫处理(0.0%、0.3%和0.6%)下生长发育和产量性状差异。结果表明,耐盐水稻品种在0.3%和0.6%盐浓度胁迫下的减产率分别为38.1%～50.6%和51.2%～63.6%,明显低于盐敏感品种的47.9%～72.3%和72.9%～84.6%。同时,盐胁迫下,耐盐水稻品种在分蘖盛期和齐穗期的株高、茎蘖数和地上部干物质量降幅也明显低于盐敏感品种。进一步分析可知,与盐敏感品种相比,耐盐品种在0.6%盐浓度胁迫下具有较高的产量,齐穗期叶片还保持较高的SPAD值,成熟期叶片还保持较低的Na⁺含量和钠钾比。因此,良好的农艺性状和生理指标是水稻在盐胁迫下获得高产的基础。     

盐胁迫下硝态氮对甘薯生长及渗透调节的影响

采用水培营养液方法,研究盐(NaCl,1、120 mmol/L)、氮(NO_3~--N,1、10 mmol/L)交互对耐盐型(J23)与盐敏感型(S19)2个品种甘薯生长及渗透调节的影响。结果表明:(1)随盐水平提高,耐盐型和盐敏感型甘薯胞间CO2浓度随之下降,净光合速率也受到抑制;地上部和根系全氮含量和有机氮含量下降,其鲜重及生物量减小;(2)随NO_3~--N浓度增加,同一盐水平下耐盐型及盐敏感型甘薯,其Na+、NO_3~--N和脯氨酸含量显著增加,而K+含量明显降低,其中盐敏感型甘薯(S19)的生理表现更为显著;(3)NO_3~--N和脯氨酸含量增加对Na+吸收有明显抑制作用,从而提高了甘薯的耐盐能力;(4)在盐氮交互作用处理下,与耐盐型甘薯相比,盐敏感型甘薯对外界氮浓度更为敏感。上述结果表明,随硝态氮供应量增加,均能提高2种甘薯抗盐胁迫能力,尤其是对盐敏感型甘薯(S19)抗盐效果更为显著。     

水稻耐盐育种研究进展

盐胁迫对作物的不利影响使作物生长受到抑制,进而影响产量和品质。水稻也是一样,其产量和品质也会受到盐分胁迫的不利影响。从耐盐水稻品种的选育、水稻耐盐的分子机制、耐盐基因的克隆、现代生物技术与耐盐水稻育种方面进行阐述,以期有助于表征未知的耐盐性机制并促进育种应用。     

我国耐矿物质胁迫农作物品种筛选利用研究的若干进展

农作物耐矿物质胁迫是指作物体对某些矿质逆境(如盐害、碱害、铝害、铁毒和缺磷、缺锌、缺铁、缺钾等)的耐性,这一研究领域随着遗传育种学,植物营养学和生态学的发展有较快进展。七十年代后期以来召开的几次国际植物营养会议、作物抗性生理会议都把农作物耐矿物质胁迫的问题提到重要议程,并有大量研究论文对农作物耐矿物质胁迫的遗传特性、生理机制和筛选方法等进行专门论述。在美国,已成功地培育出了耐盐番茄和耐盐大麦新品种。国际水稻研究所1971年开始了耐盐碱、耐铁毒、耐缺锌、缺磷水稻品种筛选,而后作为     

耐盐性不同水稻品种对盐胁迫的响应及其生理机制

【目的】阐明耐盐性不同水稻品种对盐胁迫的响应差异及其生理机制。【方法】耐盐水稻品种连鉴5号、盐稻16Z38和盐敏感水稻品种华粳5号、连粳17号生长于盆钵,盆栽土设置2个不同盐浓度处理：0 g/kg (对照);3 g/kg(盐胁迫)。【结果】与对照相比,在盐胁迫下两类品种均有不同程度的减产,耐盐品种减产的幅度明显小于盐敏感品种。耐盐水稻品种具有较高的产量主要在于较高的颖花量和结实率。与盐敏感品种相比,耐盐水稻品种在分蘖中期、拔节期、抽穗期和灌浆中期叶片中超氧化物歧化酶等抗氧化酶活性较高,拔节期和抽穗期具有较高根系脯氨酸含量、脯氨酸合成酶活性和较高的K⁺/Na⁺值,分蘖至拔节以及抽穗至成熟期具有较高的作物生长率,抽穗期具有较高的叶面积指数和叶片SPAD值,抽穗至灌浆中期具有较高的根系氧化力。【结论】在盐胁迫下耐盐水稻品种较高的总颖花量、较强的抗氧化和渗透调节能力、较高的根系氧化力和K⁺/Na⁺值是其获得较高产量的重要原因。在盐胁迫下叶片超氧化物歧化酶活性较强和根系氧化力较高可作为评定水稻品种耐盐性的重要...     

Sulfated and Sulfur-Containing Steroids and Their Pharmacological Profile

The review focuses on sulfated steroids that have been isolated from seaweeds, marine sponges, soft corals, ascidians, starfish, and other marine invertebrates. Sulfur-containing steroids and triterpenoids are sourced from sedentary marine coelenterates, plants, marine sediments, crude oil, and other geological deposits. The review presents the pharmacological profile of sulfated steroids, sulfur-containing steroids, and triterpenoids, which is based on data obtained using the PASS program. In addition, several semi-synthetic and synthetic epithio steroids, which represent a rare group of bioactive lipids that have not yet been found in nature, but possess a high level of antitumor activity, were included in this review for the comparative pharmacological characterization of this class of compounds. About 140 steroids and triterpenoids are presented in this review, which demonstrate a wide range of biological activities. Therefore, out of 71 sulfated steroids, thirteen show strong antitumor activity with a confidence level of more than 90%, out of 50 sulfur-containing steroids, only four show strong antitumor activity with a confidence level of more than 93%, and out of eighteen epithio steroids, thirteen steroids show strong antitumor activity with a confidence level of 91% to 97.4%.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

毛花马铃苣苔及黄花马铃苣苔的形态补充描述

马铃苣苔属植物花部形态是该属的属下划分及种间界定的关键性状,基于野外实地调查、标本采集及花部形态、结构的解剖、摄影,并对照模式标本,分别对毛花马铃苣苔和黄花马铃苣苔进行了形态补充描述,明确了毛花马铃苣苔花冠斜钟状,两侧对称,檐部上唇2裂片边缘具2.0~3.0 mm宽的橙红色带,其余部分鹅黄色,下唇3裂片橙红色,喉部及筒部鹅黄色,具有1枚退化雄蕊,蒴果线形、近圆柱状或稍具4棱;黄花马铃苣苔花冠钟状筒形,近辐射对称,外面橙红色,内面喉部以上橙红色,喉部以下灰白色,花盘高约1 mm,可育雄蕊4枚,偶见3枚,退化雄蕊1枚,偶见2枚。     

海南百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定及其发生危害

百香果是海南省的新兴产业,也是我国多个省区扶贫攻坚的重要产业。病虫害是影响百香果产业的重要因素,随着海南百香果种植面积越来越大,病虫害对百香果产业的不利影响越来越凸显。由于缺乏百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定的基础性研究,许多种植户对田间发生的病虫害种类识别不足,从而影响了百香果病虫害的防控效果。为了摸清海南百香果种植区的病虫害种类,于2019—2021年对海南省儋州市、乐东县、屯昌县、文昌市、三亚市、东方市、保亭县、白沙县、海口市等百香果种植区的病虫害进行了系统调查与鉴定,并对其发生危害特点进行了研究。鉴定发现海南百香果种植区的病害有11种,分别是病毒病、茎基腐病、炭疽病、疮痂病、疫病、灰霉病、果腐病、褐斑病、烟煤病、藻斑病和缺镁。重要病害为病毒病和茎基腐病,危害程度分别为4级和3级,炭疽病和疮痂病危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他病害危害较轻。害虫有28种,分别是黄胸蓟马、茶黄蓟马、红带蓟马、美洲棘蓟马、普通大蓟马、咖啡木蠹蛾、美洲斑潜蝇、橘小实蝇、斜纹夜蛾、双线盗毒蛾、绿丽刺蛾、白带锯蛱蝶、烟粉虱、温室白粉虱、柑橘粉蚧、木槿曼粉蚧、藤壶蜡蚧、茶角盲蝽、樟颈曼盲蝽、稻绿蝽、中稻缘蝽、茶小绿叶蝉、丽球瓢蜡蝉、绿鳞象甲、眼斑芫菁、白条豆芫菁、甘薯梳龟甲和朱砂叶螨。重要害虫为黄胸蓟马和咖啡木蠹蛾,危害程度均为3级,茶黄蓟马和美洲斑潜蝇的危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他害虫危害较轻。软体动物3种,分别是灰巴蜗牛、同型巴蜗牛和一种尚未鉴定的蛞蝓。本研究明确了海南百香果种植区病虫害具体种类,新发现百香果病害1种和害虫24种,为海南百香果病虫害的精准防控提供技术支撑。     

Physicochemical properties and garification (gari yield) of selected cassava cultivars in Rivers State,Nigeria

Gari was processed from six different cassava cultivars TMS 3575, TMS 3044, hormone treated variety (HTV), TMS 30555, TMS 40944 and TMS 30572. Chemical analyses of the gari samples showed pH values of: 4.0, 4.0, 3.9, 3.6, 3.4, 3.6 and total titratable acidity of 0.99, 0.99, 0.98, 0.85, 0.96, 0.85 (% lactic acid) for TMS 3575, 3044, HTV, 30555, 30572, and 40944 respectively. Physical characteristics of the samples showed the swelling index of 264.5%, 223.5%, 364.0%, 321.3%, 241.3% and 232.7%, water absorption capacity of 1.0 ml g-1, 0.8, 1.5, 1.9, 1.7, 1.9 ml g-1 sample, relative bulk density of 0.29, 0.30, 0.15, 0.17, 0.15 (g cm-3) and gari yield of 34%, 21%, 33%, 24%, and 23%, for cultivars, TMS 3575 (2), 3044, HTV, 30555, 30572, 40944 respectively. Sensory evaluation showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) in quality and overall acceptability among the samples while Tukey test showed a difference ( p< 0.05) between HTV and between 3575 and 3044. The cassava pulp from the cultivars and their corresponding gari had HCN content (mg/100 g) ranging from 7.9 to 9.3 for pulp and 1.1 to 1.5 for gari, respectively. The 72 hours fermentation period reduced the HCN in all cultivars by 85%, which is considered to be a safe level for human consumption.     

小麦已知抗白粉病基因在河南的抗性评价及Pm2基因的标记追踪

为了明确已知抗白粉病基因在河南省小麦品种中的有效性,用采自河南省主要麦区的7个白粉病菌株(YuⅠ～YuⅦ)对39份含已知抗白粉病基因的小麦品种进行苗期接菌鉴定.结果表明:Pm1、Pm3a、Pm3b、Pm3c、Pm3d、Pm3e、Pm5a、Pm7、Pm8等基因对多数白粉病菌株抗性较差,Pm2、Pm4b、Pm6、Pm12、Pm17、Pm18、Pm19、Pm22、Pm24等基因对于少数菌株表现感病,Pm3f、Pm4a、Pm5(Mli)、Pm13、Pm16、Pm20、Pm21、Pm23等基因对全部菌株均表现抗病.聚合基因材料Maris Dove、Normandie和Arthur对7个白粉菌株均表现感病;而材料CI12632、Maris Huntsman 抗性表现良好.利用Pm2基因的SSR标记Xcfd81对这5个聚合材料进行检测,结果显示,标记Xcfd81在CI12632、Maris Huntsman中可以检测到与Pm2基因相同的特异带,而在Maris Dove、Normandie和Arthur中检测不到.     

茶叶中聚酯型儿茶素研究进展

聚酯型儿茶素（Theasinensins, TSs）是一类儿茶素的氧化产物,是在茶叶加工过程中由于揉捻等工序使茶叶细胞破碎导致儿茶素与酶接触,进而氧化形成的。近年来,一些研究结果表明TSs具有一定的生理活性功能。本文就从TSs的发现、形成机理、分析方法、分离制备、药理作用方面进行综述。     

随州春马铃薯“深沟高垄全覆膜”综合配套栽培技术

在随州采用深沟高垄全覆膜技术种植春马铃薯,具有很好的防寒、增温、节水、防渍、抗病、早熟及显著增产的效果,每667 m2可达3 092.6 kg。其主要技术是:选择适宜田块、精细整地、科学制垄;选用优良品种、合理密植、科学播种;防备冻害;化学调控;加强田管、及时防治病虫害;适时收获等具体措施。     

Limitation of multi-elemental fingerprinting of wheat grains: Effect of cultivar,sowing date,and nutrient management

Multi-element fingerprinting demonstrates some potential for tracing the origin of agricultural products but not for discriminating among crop cultivars and nutrient management (source, rate). With principal component analysis (PCA) and univariate statistics, we examined 19 elements in grains from two winter wheat cultivars (Hereford, Mariboss) grown with different rates of animal manure (AM) or mineral fertilisers (NPK) in a long-term field experiment and two sowing dates (early, timely).Nitrogen, Cd and Mn related to NPK, and Mo and Na to AM. Barium, Fe, and P reflected nutrient rate; these elements increased with nutrient rate regardless of source. Unmanured grains were enriched in Cu. Mariboss was characterized by higher concentrations of Sr, Ba and Sc compared to Hereford with Sr in grain as the main separator. Univariate statistics showed higher concentrations of N, P, Mg, Ba, Cu, Mo and Zn in early sown than in timely sown wheat. Compared with Hereford grains Mariboss was higher in P, Mg, Ba, Cu and Sr but lower in Mn, Mo and Zn. Thus, confounding effects of cultivar, sowing date, nutrient source and rate limits the potential of multi-element analysis in discriminating among agricultural products from different sites and cropping systems.     

Chemical analysis and nutritional assessment of Teramnus labialis (L.) Spreng. (Fabaceae)

Seeds of Teramnus labialis (L.) Spreng.(Fabaceae), used as food by Malayali tribals in theKollihills of Salem District, Tamil Nadu in SouthIndia, were investigated for their nutritional value. These seeds were analyzed for proximate composition,total (true) seed proteins, seed proteinfractions, amino acid composition, fatty acidcomposition, minerals and antinutritional factors. Crude protein, crude fat, ash, and nitrogen freeextracts constituted 22.86%, 6.10%, 4.62%, and,58.15%, respectively, of the seed weight. The caloricvalue of 100 g dry matter of seed material was 378.94kcal. The essential amino acids lysine, leucine +isoleucine, arginine, valine and histidine werepresent in relatively large quantities. Theunsaturated fatty acids constituted more than 60% ofthe crude fat. Concentrations of minerals such aspotassium, magnesium, calcium, and, phosphorus werehigh. Antinutritional factors such as total freephenols, tannins, L-DOPA, hydrogen cyanide andphytic acid were present in minute quantities. Theseantinutritional factors are potentially eliminated using the conventional method of soaking the seeds in water,boiling with water and decanting prior to consumption.