5种报春苣苔属植物的叶插繁殖研究

研究6种基质、3种IBA浓度处理和5种叶片切割方式对5种报春苣苔属植物叶插成活的影响。结果表明:基质、IBA浓度及切割方式对5种报春苣苔的叶片扦插具有明显的影响;其中泥炭混河沙(体积比1∶1)、泥炭混珍珠岩(体积比1∶1)是5种报春苣苔更适宜的叶插基质;除柳江报春苣苔外,3种IBA浓度处理对其他4种报春苣苔的叶插成活率无显著影响,但200 mg/L处理插穗的子株数和子株叶片数最多;叶片不同切割方式对不同报春苣苔的叶插效果不同,褐纹报春苣苔以全切的方式为宜,癞叶报春苣苔和石蝴蝶状报春苣苔以不切的方式为宜,柳江报春苣苔以不切、纵切、横切(叶尖朝上)和全切的方式皆可,大根报春苣苔以全切和纵切为宜。      

报春苣苔属新品种特异性、一致性和稳定性测试指南研制

苦苣苔科报春苣苔属具有极其丰富的生物多样性,大多数都具有极高的观赏价值,而其多样化的花朵、叶片和植株形态使其具有开发为极具我国特色的新花卉的潜力。近年来,国产苦苣苔科植物,尤其是报春苣苔属越来越受到人们的重视,在世界苦苣苔科植物新品种登录权威——世界苦苣苔协会（The Gesneriad Society, GS）进行登录的报春苣苔属新品种日渐增多,而该属也有望得以被我国农业农村部新品种保护办公室列入植物品种保护名录。但是目前报春苣苔属植物在国内外均无相关的DUS测试指南与标准,这方面的工作亟待开展。因此,本研究根据植物新品种特异性、一致性和稳定性（简称DUS）测试的原理和技术规则,参考UPOV关于同科不同属的、源自不同国家的测试指南,结合资源现状,研制适用于我国报春苣苔属植物新品种测试的指南,对其适用对象、性状的选择与确定、性状分级、标准品种的选用和DUS判定标准进行详细研讨,为报春苣苔属植物新品种的授权提供测试技术的支撑,为极具我国特色的该类植物测试技术规程的建设与完善提供参考,为将这一类群的新品种培育、园艺化、产业化和新品种保护提供行业标准。     

王氏唇柱苣苔的离体培养及遗传稳定性

以王氏唇柱苣苔(Chirita wangiana)叶片为外植体进行组培离体快繁研究,并利用流式细胞术对组培苗进行遗传稳定性分析。结果表明:最佳初代诱导培养基为MS添加0.5 mg/L 6-BA+0.1 mg/L NAA;最适继代培养基为MS添加0.5 mg/L 6-BA+0.05 mg/L NAA;最适生根培养基为1/2 MS培养基添加0.5 mg/L IBA和15 g/L蔗糖,所有生根培养基获得的组培苗移栽驯化成活率达到92%以上。组织学切片检测表明,王氏唇柱苣苔叶片为外植体所形成芽体均为器官发生方式形成。流式细胞术检测表明,组培苗倍性没有变化,基因组大小与母本相比仅发生了1.86%的减少;染色体数目为2n=36,跟母本一致,植株形态特征上也无变异。研究结果可为王氏唇柱苣苔的园艺应用快速提供大量遗传稳定的种苗。     

聚药雄蕊植物甜叶菊花部特征与繁育特性初步研究

为了解聚药雄蕊结构的繁殖适应意义,为甜叶菊新种质创制途径的建立提供参考,以甜叶菊为例对聚药雄蕊植物花部特征及繁育特性进行了初步研究。甜叶菊头状花序筒状,由5(稀6)基部白色或浅紫红色筒状小花和位于外围彼此交叉重叠的5总苞片组成。开花前,筒状小花封闭,雄蕊5(稀6)着生于花托,花丝分离,全着药合生形成花药筒,随花柱伸长并将柱头包裹于内;小花生长至略1/2总苞片高度时,花药开始成熟并在花药筒内侧释放花粉;小花顶端生长至略高出总苞片时,花冠筒先端开裂并向外平展分裂成5花瓣,花朵开放,花丝和花药筒停止伸长,花柱逐渐伸长至与总苞片等高并通过2(常3)柱头裂片将花粉推出花药筒,柱头裂片呈"Y"形展开。小花开放后,单花可持续开放4~5d,整个头状花序的花期为5~7d,全株花期可持续40~60d;主要访花者为蜜蜂、蓟马等,偶见蝴蝶;甜叶菊单花花粉数为6600±3100、胚珠数为1,花粉胚珠比为6600,属于异交繁育系统;套袋自交和隔离种植实验结果表明甜叶菊自交不亲和。最后,对筒状小花、聚药雄蕊、雌雄异熟及自交不亲和等形态结构、发育及遗传生理协同作用在促进植株雌性和雄性功能协调发挥方面的贡献途径进行了探讨,研究结果为聚药雄蕊植物花部结构相关研究和甜叶菊遗传改良途径的建立提供了参考。     

毛茉莉形态特征调查

调查、观测毛茉莉的形态特征,结果表明:一年生毛茉莉枝条长77～110 cm,冠幅为81.5～125.5 cm,呈匍匐状,分枝多,节间距为4.1～8.2cm,茎粗6.4～12.9 mm。叶对生,卵形,翠绿,叶长4.1～12.3 cm,叶宽2.1～7.2 cm,叶形指数为1.33～1.95,叶面积为6.027～88.56 cm2。花朵洁白,具香味,花期长,花冠直径为4.4～5.8 cm,花瓣10～12枚,花萼裂片4～7枚,百花重13.1 g。毛茉莉在漳州地区生长势旺盛,能一年四季开花,抗逆性较强,适宜在花廊、花架、蔓篱或庭院栽培、推广、应用。     

朱砂根和红凉伞花器官的形态补充描述

朱砂根和红凉伞在最新的分类系统中均隶属于报春花科（Primulaceae）紫金牛属（Ardisia）植物,由于二者在植株形态上存在过渡性状,从而缺乏明显的区分界限,而花部形态是属下划分及种间界定的关键性状,具有较高的分类价值,因此,基于对二者原始形态描述的基础上,分别对其花器官形态与解剖结构进行补充,旨在更加准确地掌握它们在形态性状上的差异。结果表明：朱砂根和红凉伞均为圆齿亚属,主要区别在于叶色的过渡,其余形态无太大的差异性,黑色腺点分布于2种植株的所有器官中,具有较高的观赏价值;朱砂根和红凉伞的花序较多,从外到内不断分化,而花序梗随着花芽的分化逐渐伸长;通过石蜡切片解剖发现,朱砂根和红凉伞花芽分化较早,最小采样花序大小为0.5 mm左右,2种植株均处于花芽分化末期,因此,从外观上不能反映其内部的结构变化;朱砂根的子房膨大有2种类型,当横径>纵径时,子房分化为2室,胚珠和花粉粒成熟,易于受精;纵径>横径时,柱头快速突破花冠裂片高于雄蕊,但子房暂未分室,未见花药明显散粉,导致受精失败和柱头脱落;而红凉伞子房横径和纵径同时生长易于受精,座果率略高于朱砂根。此外,二者通常形成2室子房,本研究还发现朱砂根中具有分化为3室的子房,而红凉伞子房则分隔为完整的4室,后期花器官在外部形态发育过程中没有明显的区别,且二者的花芽分化、开花和坐果等物候期持续时间一致,但朱砂根花芽分化早于红凉伞约7~10 d,这可能与所处的生境不同有关,结果可为物种鉴定及属内分类修订提供参考依据。     

中国西藏贝母兰属（兰科）新资料

贝母兰属植物隶属兰科,多数种类具较高的观赏价值,但西藏自治区的贝母兰属植物资源考察不充分。本文报道了兰科贝母兰属植物1个中国未详知种：细茎贝母兰（Coelogyne mishmensis Gogoi）;4个西藏新记录种：褐唇贝母兰（Coelogyne fuscescens Lindl.）、密茎贝母兰[Coelogyne nitida (Wall. ex D. Don) Lindl.]、疣鞘贝母兰（Coelogyne schultesii Jain et Das）、禾叶贝母兰（Coelogyne viscosa Rchb. F.）。其中,细茎贝母兰与流苏贝母兰（C. fimbriata Lindl.）极为相似,但细茎贝母兰花大,唇瓣边缘为厚绒毛状,与流苏状唇瓣相区别;褐唇贝母兰的近似种为云南贝母兰（C. assamica Linden & Rchb. f.）和斑唇贝母兰（C. fuscescens Lindl. var. brunnea Lindl.）,但三者的界限划分不明确,通过搜索模式标本,从植株和花的形态、颜色看,本文报道的种更接近褐唇贝母兰原变种;密茎贝母兰近似眼斑贝母兰（C. corymbosa Lindl.）,本研究提供鉴别特征将2种区分开;疣鞘贝母兰未在花期时,外观极易与黄绿贝母兰（C. prolifera Lindl.）混淆,但细微特征如鞘上具疣状突起,花唇瓣上具两条褶片等特征极易区别,本文提供了重要形态特征描述及详细特征图片等信息。该新记录的发现扩充了我国西藏自治区贝母兰属植物的记录,为今后兰科植物调查和保护研究提供新资料。     

Kionochaeta中2个中国新记录种和2个大陆新记录种

对采自贵州省习水国家自然保护区（长嵌沟管理站）和贵州省燕子岩国家森林公园若干份枯枝进行室内的标本保湿处理,对其上的暗色丝孢菌采用形态学鉴定法。根据Kionochaeta（悬刺毛孢属）的典型特征：由菌丝体分枝产生分生孢子梗。分生孢子梗粗大、单生、直立、直或稍弯曲、光滑、具隔、厚壁、褐色至黑褐色、锥形、刚毛状,无或伴生侧生刚毛状分枝的分生孢子梗。可育区域通常在分生孢子梗的中下部,极少在顶端;由紧凑或松弛,不规则或流苏状排列,其上产生产孢细胞。产孢细胞安瓿形,烧瓶形或圆柱形,具2种增殖类型：（1）内壁芽生式,没有持续导致平周变厚;（2）内壁芽生式,持续的及顶式产生新的产孢位点。分生孢子内壁芽生式,顶生,单生,产生一个液滴（在基质上）,透明,无隔膜,光滑,椭圆形、梭形、镰状或棒状,极少在两端具一个简单的刚毛。HMZNC0426菌株的典型特征：较长刚毛状分生孢子梗在整个生长过程中缺乏紧密、分枝的产孢结构,但顶端可能产生一系列短的不规则分枝的产孢细胞,刚毛状分生孢子梗基部常伴生一种顶端具产孢结构,较短的分生孢子梗;HMZNC0356菌株的典型特征：分生孢子梗无侧生刚毛状分枝,产胞结构产生在分生孢子梗近中部单一位点上,产孢细胞紧密、无规则排列在分生孢子梗中部;HMZNC0381菌株的典型特征：分生孢子梗中下部着生2~5根侧生的刚毛状分枝,主轴和侧枝的部分顶端着生一系列不规则、短的分枝,其上产生产孢细胞,从而形成可育区域;可育区域位于侧枝下端,构成紧密、分枝、透明至浅褐色的产孢细胞;HMZNC0427菌株的典型特征：分生孢子梗中部着生一根侧生的刚毛状分枝,较短,可育区域位于侧枝下端。根据上述特征鉴定出：Kionochaeta内的K. nanophora Kuthub. & Nawawi (HMZNC0426)和K. spissa P. M. Kirk & B. Sutton (HMZNC0356)为中国新记录种,K. australiensis Goh & K. D. Hyde (HMZNC0427)和K. pughii Kuthub. & Nawawi (HMZNC0381)为中国大陆新记录种。该标本保存在遵义师范学院真菌学标本室（HMZNC）。     

Clonal performance of perennial Oryza sativa/O. rufipogon selections and their combining ability with O. sativa cultivars for survival, stolon production and yield

In Southeast Asia, upland rice (Oryza sativa) is an annual crop typically grown for subsistence on hilly lands that are at risk for soil erosion. If perennial cultivars of upland rice were developed, they would provide farmers with an inexpensive tool to produce a preferred food while conserving soil. O. rufipogon, the undomesticated progenitor of O. sativa, includes perennial and stoloniferous forms. To evaluate the feasibility of developing perennial cultivars by combining genes of O. sativa and O. rufipogon, four trials were conducted in an upland field at IRRI: O. sativa/O. rufipogon F₁ clone and cutting height trial, F₂ family trial, and two O. sativa/stoloniferous-selection factorial mating design trials. Plants were established at the beginning of the rainy season, then subjected to a 6-month dry season and evaluated for survival after 1 year. Of the 2101 cultivar control plants, only three IR47686-1-4-B individuals survived and none produced stolons. The 18 F₁ clones, which were selected from previous trials with less drought stress, ranged in survival from 4.4 to 91.4%. Cutting height at harvest did not affect survival. Survival among the F₂ families ranged from 9.4 to 31.9%. Segregation for stolon presence did not differ from a 3:1 ratio for five of the six F₂ families, suggesting the effect of a single dominant gene. Average yields per plant for the F₂ families were 1/3 to 1/9 of yields for the cultivars. However, by crossing the F₁s to cultivars, yield potential was almost fully recovered. For the full-sib families of the factorial trials, survival ranged from 0.0 to 48.6%. Azucena and IR47686-1-4-B, both japonica cultivars, exhibited greater general combining ability for survival relative to the six other cultivar parents. Thus, the process of developing perennial cultivars of rice should include screening annual cultivars to identify those with the best combining ability for survival. To develop cultivars of perennial upland rice, drought avoidance and/or tolerance from annual upland cultivars must be combined with the capacity for perennial growth from wild perennial species. The frequency of stolonifereous testcross progeny was lower than expected and was affected by the O. sativa parent. Thus, additional genes likely affected stolon penetrance and expression. Analyses of covariance indicated that stolons improved the likelihood of survival for progenies of the factorial trials but the effect was small (b < 0.1), and that yield (g/plant) had a small negative effect on percent survival (b = −0.13 to −0.32). This study demonstrated that it was possible to introgress genes for perennial growth from wild O. rufipogon accessions into domesticated O. sativa. Additionally, strategies for developing perennial cultivars of upland rice were improved.     

温度对海岛小花蝽5龄若虫捕食茶黄蓟马功能反应的影响

海岛小花蝽（Orius maxidentex Ghauri）是蓟马的重要天敌昆虫,在热带地区,海岛小花蝽是优势天敌,对高温有较强的适应能力,较适合热带地区的害虫防治。目前海岛小花蝽对茶黄蓟马（Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood）的控害情况尚未明确,为了解海岛小花蝽对茶黄蓟马的控制作用,明确不同温度对海岛小花蝽捕食茶黄蓟马功能反应的影响。本研究以海岛小花蝽5龄若虫为例,在16、20、24、28、32℃温度条件下,测定海岛小花蝽5龄若虫对茶黄蓟马2龄若虫和成虫的捕食功能反应。在16~32℃,随着温度的升高,海岛小花蝽5龄若虫随猎物密度的增加,其捕食量有明显的逐级上升趋势;试验温度范围内海岛小花蝽5龄若虫对茶黄蓟马的捕食功能反应均符合Holling Ⅱ型方程。海岛小花蝽5龄若虫对茶黄蓟马2龄若虫的捕食能力与茶黄蓟马成虫的捕食能力并无明显差异,在28~32℃范围内,海岛小花蝽对茶黄蓟马的捕食量显著高于其他试验温度;海岛小花蝽5龄若虫在试验温度32℃,猎物密度为60头时捕食量最大,对茶黄蓟马2龄若虫与成虫的捕食量分别为34.6、34.0头。海岛小花蝽5龄若虫对茶黄蓟马2龄若虫与成虫在32℃时的处理时间最短,分别为0.0119、0.0115 d。海岛小花蝽5龄若虫对茶黄蓟马的捕食量与茶黄蓟马猎物密度呈正相关,但寻找效应与猎物密度呈负相关,在相同的猎物密度下,随着温度的升高,寻找效应逐渐下降,海岛小花蝽5龄若虫对茶黄蓟马表现出较高的寻找效应。当猎物密度大于最大捕食量时,海岛小花蝽5龄若虫取食具有选择性,仅取食茶黄蓟马腹部。海岛小花蝽5龄若虫在较高的温度条件下表现出对茶黄蓟马有良好的控害能力,是热带地区重要的天敌资源。     

中国海南海岛小花蝽（Orius maxidentex Ghauri）的发现及生物学记述

花蝽是一类捕食性半翅目昆虫。花蝽科目前约包含70个属,其中小花蝽属（Orius Wolff, 1811）是最大的属,全世界包含约80种,中国目前有15种。小花蝽属的种类在蓟马的生物防治方面具有极大的应用前景,是生物防治领域研究和利用的热门天敌类群。目前在我国针对蓟马的有害生物综合治理及绿色防控项目中,能够应用的仅东亚小花蝽（O. sauteri）及南方小花蝽（O. strigicollis）。最近在海南发现的海岛小花蝽（Orius maxidentex Ghauri）为中国新记录种,国外分布于泰国、印度、巴基斯坦、伊朗、阿拉伯联合酋长国、苏丹、塞内加尔。本研究对海岛小花蝽的形态学特征和生物学特征进行了描述,拍摄了海岛小花蝽各虫态及生殖器特征图,并对其发育历期、捕食、交配、产卵、孵化、蜕皮、羽化及同类相食的现象进行了简单描述和研究。此外,本研究获得了海岛小花蝽线粒体细胞色素氧化酶亚基I（COI）基因序列,并提交到美国国家生物技术信息中心（GenBank登录号：OL798096）进行序列比对,分子鉴定结果表明与塞内加尔的海岛小花蝽序列高度一致。海岛小花蝽常见于青葙（Celosia argentea）、小蓬草（Conyza canadensis）等杂草,及芒果（Mangifera indica）、豇豆（Vigna unguiculata）和茄子（Solanum melongena）等作物的花及幼叶上。卵产于植物组织中,若虫阶段有5个龄期,成虫和若虫均以蓟马为食,可捕食花蓟马（Frankliniella intonsa）、黄胸蓟马（Thrips hawaiiensis）、棕榈蓟马（T. palmi）、豆大蓟马（Megalurothrips usitatus）、茶黄蓟马（Scirtothrips dorsalis）及美洲棘蓟马（Echinothrips americanus）等。海岛小花蝽在海南岛全年可见,且具有明显的种群优势,是海南蓟马害虫的重要天敌。本研究在实验室条件下,利用美洲棘蓟马（E. americanus）和大豆幼苗进行室内饲养和观察,发现海岛小花蝽在温度(25±2)℃及相对湿度75%±5%条件下,可以取食美洲棘蓟马完成世代发育,卵期(3.66±0.67)d,1龄若虫(1.72±0.65)d,2龄若虫(2.21±0.82)d,3龄若虫(2.62±0.62)d,4龄若虫(2.45±0.74)d,5龄若虫(3.21± 0.82)d。本研究凭证标本保存于中国热带农业科学院环境与植物保护研究所和中国农业大学植物保护学院昆虫标本馆。     

Informative ISSR Markers Help Identify Genetically Distinct Accessions of Oryza rufipogon in Yield Improvement

Inter simple sequence repeat(ISSR) polymorphism was used to determine genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships in 90 genotypes of wild and cultivated species of Oryza from different geographical regions of the world. In all the 17 primers used in ISSR-PCR, a total of 11 464 bands were amplified at 253 band positions/loci. The primer UBC-809 amplified the maximum bands(1 059) at 21 band positions. UBC-810 and UBC-835 amplified the minimum of 391 bands each at 7 and 14 band positions, respectively. The mean polymorphism information content ranged from 0.44 to 0.84 and resolving power ranged from 8.69 to 23.53. Un-weighted pair group method with arithmetic mean dendrogram and population structure based on the 17 primers separated all genotypes into 4 major clusters with a genetic similarity of 53%–100%. The first two clusters consisted of 30 O. rufipogon accessions each. In the third cluster, O. nivara and O. longistaminata grouped as one sub-cluster and all other O. nivara accessions and cultivars grouped as another sub-cluster. The fourth cluster had only five O. rufipogon accessions which can be a source of new genes. Four sub-populations were identified within O. rufipogon and two sub-populations within O. nivara at K = 7. A subset of six primers with high resolving power values were the most informative and grouped all genotypes almost similarly as the 17 primers did. Use of these six highly informative primers in ISSR-PCR is a cost effective and robust method for assessing genetic diversity in large germplasm collections of wild rice species.     

Donors for Resistance to Brown Planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) from Wild Rice Species

Out of 1 989 wild accessions sown in seed boxes for screening, only 1 003 wild accessions with good germination were screened against brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) under greenhouse conditions. The collection comprised of accessions from 11 wild species and African cultivated rice. The germplasm was screened for BPH following standard seed box screening technique in the greenhouse. As many as 159 accessions were identified as resistant during the year 2012 based on one year screening. A selected set of BPH resistant accessions were screened again during 2013. Based on the two years screening, seven accessions of O. nivara (AA), one accession of O. officinalis (CC), seven accessions of O. australiensis (EE), five accessions of O. punctata (BB and BBCC) and nine accessions of O. latifolia (CCDD) were confirmed to be resistant to BPH. So far no BPH resistance genes have been identified and designated from O. nivara and O. punctata, hence these may act as new sources of resistance.     

多年生稻稻瘟病抗性评价

利用长雄野生稻（Oryza longistaminata）地下茎无性繁殖特性培育多年生稻（Perennial Rice, PR）已经成功并开始示范推广。多年生稻表现出一定的稻瘟病抗性,但其所具有的稻瘟病抗性来源尚不清楚。本研究通过田间病情调查、接种鉴定以及抗性基因检测等3种方法,对育成的多年生稻23（PR23）、云大24（PR24）、云大25（PR25）、云大101（PR101）、云大107（PR107）、父本长雄野生稻、母本RD23、（RD23/长雄野生稻）F₁进行稻瘟病抗性评价。结果表明,父本长雄野生稻、（RD23/长雄野生稻）F₁代及5个多年生稻品种（系）表现为高抗稻瘟病,而母本RD23表现高感稻瘟病,推测PR23、PR24、PR25、PR101和PR107这5个多年生稻品种（系）的稻瘟病抗性可能来源于长雄野生稻。其中,PR23、PR25稻瘟病抗性基因可能来自于长雄野生稻的Pi5基因和Pita-2位点,PR24稻瘟病抗性基因可能是来自长雄野生稻的Pita-2位点,PR107稻瘟病抗性基因可能来自于长雄野生稻的Pi5基因和Pish位点;PR101中未检测到本文中涉及到的基因或位点,推测其稻瘟病抗性来自长雄野生稻内未知的稻瘟病抗性基因。本研究结果将为多年生稻稻瘟病抗病育种、品种布局、植保技术制定等提供一定参考。     

Effects of fungicides on eyespot, caused predominantly by Oculimacula acuformis, and yield of early-drilled winter wheat

The effectiveness against eyespot of nine fungicide treatments, applied at GS 31, was evaluated in early-drilled winter wheat crops. Visual assessments of stem-base diseases were made before fungicide application and at GS 39/55 and 69/70 of cultivars Consort, Savannah and Claire. Competitive PCR was used to quantify Oculimacula acuformis, O. yallundae, Microdochium nivale, Fusarium spp. and Rhizoctonia cerealis. PCR results indicated that O. acuformis was the predominant pathogen causing eyespot in all three crops. Treatments containing cyprodinil were most successful in reducing disease index and DNA of O. acuformis across cultivars. Treatments containing prochloraz were less consistent in eyespot control, significantly reducing the DNA of O. acuformis only in one instance at GS 70 of cultivar Claire. None of the fungicide treatments had any significant effect on brown foot rot or sharp eyespot, or DNA of M. nivale or R. cerealis. The potential for O. acuformis to cause yield loss was indicated by significant negative relationships between yield and eyespot incidence or DNA of O. acuformis at GS 69/70 for each wheat crop. Relationships between DNA of O. acuformis and eyespot incidence or severity at each growth stage were weak but generally improved at the later growth stages of the crops when disease symptoms were easily distinguished. Both molecular methods and visual assessment failed to predict eyespot incidence or pathogen DNA late in season using incidence or DNA of O. acuformis at GS 31. PCR assays, however, accurately identified the stem base pathogens at early growth stages of the crops when the symptoms of their respective diseases were not readily diagnosed.     

Field evaluation of the resistance of some faba bean (Vicia faba L.) genotypes to the parasitic weed Orobanche foetida Poiret

Heavy infestation of faba bean fields by Orobanche foetida is an emerging problem in Tunisia. Field trials during three consecutive crop seasons demonstrated the resistance of three genotypes to O. foetida, including the cv. Baraca, selected for resistance to O. crenata, and two Tunisian breeding lines, Bader and XBJ90.03-16-1-1-1. Resistant genotypes displayed a parasitism index two-fold lower than that of the susceptible checks. They carried 2–8 times less of tubercle attachments and 2–3 times less of emerged parasite spikes at pod setting stage and at crop maturity, respectively. Seed-yield losses by parasitism reached 90% for the susceptible checks and were two-fold lower for the resistant genotypes. Parasitism affected negatively the protein/starch ratio of seeds of both susceptible and resistant genotypes. The line XBJ90.03-16-1-1-1 was the best candidate for registration because of better productivity in non-infested fields and production of high-weight seeds.     

传统绿肥贵州山地景观化利用潜力评价

为了促进贵州观光农业与生态环境的协调发展,本研究对传统绿肥贵州山地景观化利用潜力进行评价。以贵州主要种植的传统绿肥光叶苕子（Vicia villosa var.）、紫云英（Astragalus sinicus L.）、箭筈豌豆（Vicia sativa L.）、肥田萝卜（Raphanus sativus L.）、山黧豆（Lathyrus cicera L.）、油葵（Oil-sunflower）、二月兰[Orychophragmus violaceus （L.） O.E. Schulz]为研究对象,分析其花朵时空分布特征、花朵视觉特性等景观效益,以及各绿肥作物的生长特性及养分效益。二月兰的开花时间最早,随后是肥田萝卜、山黧豆、紫云英,接着是光叶苕子、箭筈豌豆,而油葵是夏季绿肥,初花期为6月中旬,花穗期17~43 d,花期长短表现依次为二月兰>肥田萝卜>油葵>光叶苕子>紫云英>山黧豆>箭筈豌豆。花朵分布高度为油葵150~200 cm、肥田萝卜75~95 cm、二月兰与光叶苕子及箭筈豌豆25~50 cm、紫云英和山黧豆15~25 cm。单株花朵数光叶苕子最多。单朵花面积油葵最大。单株花面积光叶苕子最大。结合观光与保育目标,可利用绿肥作物打造2—3月间的二月兰蓝紫色花海,3—4月间的紫云英紫红色花海、肥田萝卜白色花海,4月间的光叶苕子紫色花海,6—7月间的油葵黄色花海,以丰富贵州观光休闲农业的观光色调,延长观光时间,实现观光品牌的多样化。     

A review of the biology and control of selected weed species in the genus Oxalis: O. stricta L., O. latifolia H.B.K. and O. pes-caprae L.

This review considers the distribution, weed problems, biology and control of Oxalis stricta, O. latifolia and O. pes-caprae. The rhizomatous O. stricta is a persistent seed-producing weed which invades horticultural crops in North America. Chemical control is generally most effective in situations where soil-applied residual herbicides can be used; in turfgrass however, foliage-applied herbicides provide suppression only. O. latifolia is widely distributed in a range of annual and perennial crops growing in temperate and tropical locations. This pernicious perennial weed reproduces exclusively by asexual structures, underground bulbs, stolons and tubers. The complexities of the perennating system have rendered ineffective a wide range of herbicide families as a means of restricting the spread of O. latifolia. Similarly, cultural methods of control have not been successful. O. pes-caprae also grows and perennates from bulbs. This weed is essentially a problem in cereal crops in Southern Australia and Mediterranean fruit orchards. Cultural and chemical control difficulties and inadequacies are similar to those in O. latifolia. Future research strategies involving weed physiology, herbicide action and cultural control including biological control are discussed in relation to obtaining improved control methods for the selected Oxalis species.