大豆结瘤状况与固氮能力的研究

1.大豆出苗一周,主根上开始结瘤。自分枝期开始,根瘤迅速着结膨大。“丰收十一”结瘤高峰出现在鼓料期,“黑农十一”结瘤量以初熟期为最高。晚熟品种比早熟品种根瘤鲜重多一倍左右。根瘤鲜重的增长主要是由于侧根根瘤的着结,自盛花期开始侧根根瘤量就占绝对优势。 2.早晚熟大豆品种根瘤固氮活性相仿。侧根上根瘤活性不亚于主根根瘤。大豆单株根瘤固氮量主要取决于根瘤着结量。两个大豆品种单株根瘤量高峰均出现在鼓粒期。侧根根瘤在大豆一生的共生固氮活动中起重要作用。 3.大豆根瘤主要分布在土层上层,10cm以下显著减少,30cm以下无根瘤。在鼓粒期小根瘤(1—2毫米)有很高的固氮活性。根瘤内含物是红色的,根瘤就有固氮能力。由红变绿是根瘤的衰败过程,颜色的变化是不可逆的。 4.磷钾肥对结瘤及固氮能力均表现有益影响。在磷钾肥基础上施用氮肥,由于氮量不同反应不一,低量氮肥促进了结瘤和增加固氮量。高氮肥不但抑制了结瘤,也影响了根瘤的固氮能力。深层施氮减轻了根瘤密集区氮素浓度过高对结瘤的危害。 5.早熟品种“丰收十一”每株一生固氮0.736克可供全株氮量的63.6％。晚熟品种“黑农十一”每株一生可固氮2.06,克占全株氮量的87.7％。因为是盆栽,数值可能偏高,但可以看出早熟品种的单株固氮量和占全株     

大气二氧化碳浓度升高条件下大豆光合色素含量的变化

通过不同CO2浓度处理的大豆试验测定，分析了大豆叶片光合色素含量在高CO2浓度条件下的变化。结果表明，随着C02浓度的升高，叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素总量以及类胡萝卜素含量均有增加的趋势。在初花期，CO2浓度为450，550，650和750μmol／mol时，与CO2本底浓度相比，叶绿素总量增加4．4％～14．2％，类胡萝卜素含量提高6．8％～24．6％，鼓粒期也有类似结果。但由于高CO2浓度条件下，叶绿素b含量增幅大于叶绿素a，因此，叶绿素a与叶绿素b的比值降低。     

大豆育苗断根移植对植株生长发育特性的效应

本文采用育苗断根移植的方法研究了大豆植株的生长发育特性。切断主根解除了根的顶端优势,促使侧根大量形成。从分枝到鼓粒期,根容量、根干重均比对照高,到结荚期达到高峰,断根移植后增加了根瘤数量,特别是中小根瘤比对照增加明显,并提高了根瘤固氮活性,固氮量比对照增加3.6—5.5(mg/株·天),改进了大豆氮素供应状况。断根移植后还增加了叶绿素的含量,光合速率高,植株生长繁茂,表现单株鲜重、单株叶面积均比对照高。从产量构成因素看,断根移植后株高变矮,分枝数、单株荚数、单株粒数、百粒重均比对照明显增加,大豆产量可提高15％以上。     

黑土中土著大豆根瘤菌的固氮(C_2H_2)活性结瘤性状和固氮量估测

黑土中土著大豆根瘤菌和不同大豆栽培品种共生固氮活性,在大豆苗期较低,逐渐增加,到结荚鼓粒期达高峰,固氮活性一般为C_2H_46—10μmole株~(-1)小时~(-1),最高C_2H_442μmole株~(-1)小时~(-1)。在不同大豆栽培品种上的结瘤数也是苗期较少,逐渐增加,到鼓粒期达最多,根瘤数目的增加,主要是侧根上根瘤数目的增加。固氮量初测有低肥地比高肥地为高的趋向,高肥地57.1～125.2公斤/公顷,占大豆所需全氮的48～67％,低肥地为66.8～151公斤/公顷,占71～85％。大豆植株中全氮的分布结瘤大豆在花荚中占44.8～56.38％,不结瘤大豆占20.8～49.0％。     

不同施肥方法对大豆结瘤固氮和产量的影响

本试验采用乙炔——乙烯还原法(Hardy等人1968)使用SP—2305型气相色谱仪研究了不同施肥方法对大豆结瘤固氮和产量的影响。其主要结果如下:1、大豆施肥必须考虑大豆共生固氮的特点,施肥既能促进根瘤的发育发挥其固氮能力,又能给大豆补充营养。2、在当前生产条件下,种肥每亩施磷5～10斤于种籽下3～5厘米时,据大豆根瘤菌的固氮酶活性测定,大豆生育期的单株固氮量较对照增加61.4％,达到了“以磷增氮”的效果。增产7.9～14.9％。因此,大豆增产重视磷肥的施用是必要的,在缺磷的土壤上效果更显著。3、氮素作追肥,亩追施氮7斤于垅侧开沟深施复土和结荚鼓粒期叶面喷氮肥,亩施尿素1.5～2斤加水60～80斤。氮素主要抑制大豆主根根瘤的发育,对侧根根瘤的发育是促进的,单株根瘤数比对照高16.2～67.6％,单株根瘤重增加4～14.9％,增产10.1～13.1％。结荚鼓粒期叶面喷氮肥,增产4.3～5.9％。     

野生大豆结瘤固氮与叶片和籽粒含氮量的关系

17份野生大豆的盆栽试验结果指出,野生大豆在结瘤固氮方面存在着明显的基因型差异。花期根瘤数、根瘤鲜重和固氮酶活性与单株叶片含氮量呈显著或极显著的正相关,固氮酶活性与单株籽粒氮产量呈正相关,分枝期、花期、结荚鼓粒期的相关系数分别为0.401,0.478和0.512。     

不同化控组合对大豆生育及产量的影响

利用自行研制的大豆化控种衣剂和化控叶喷剂，在大豆播种时进行化控种衣剂处理的基础上，分别进行花期、鼓粒期及花期 鼓粒期叶喷处理，研究了化控调节对大豆生育及产量的影响，结果表明：生育前期化控植株明显矮化，茎粗和根冠比增加，尤其对根冠比作用明显，平均比对照增加3l％；中后期喷施化控剂有利光合作用的提高，加快蒸腾速率，并对大豆体内水分代谢具有一定的调节作用，最终增加结荚数、荚粒数和粒重，起到保花保荚作用。不同化控组合增产幅度差异较大，以种衣剂 花期叶喷 鼓粒期叶喷全程化控增产幅度最高，比对照增产23．0％。其次为种衣剂 鼓粒期叶喷处理，比照增产20．1％，而种衣剂 花期叶喷处理和种衣剂单独处理，比对照增产分别增产12．7％和10．2％。     

叶面肥在大豆上的施用效果

通过2年时间对6种叶面肥在大豆初花期叶面喷施的研究，表明了肥力高等6种叶面肥都能促使大豆健壮生长，增加有效分枝，株粒数，百粒重，加快鼓粒速度，提高光合速度，增加产量。其中以天然芸苔素和有机活性液肥增产效果最好，增产28．33％和21．42％，达显著水平。     

吉林省不同年代育成大豆品种根瘤数量、 鲜重和体积的变化

对吉林省1923年以来育成的20个主要栽培大豆品种不同生育期根瘤数量、根瘤鲜重和根瘤体积的变化进行了比较研究结果表明,大豆根瘤数量、根瘤鲜重和根瘤体积在四叶期（V4）根瘤形成很少,品种间也无差异,盛花期（R2）最大,结荚期（R4）略有下降,鼓粒期（R6）期最低。R2期、R4期大豆根瘤数量、根瘤鲜重和根瘤体积与育成年代和产量呈正相关,其中R2期与育成年代和产量关系最为密切, R6期成负相关,但不显著。现代品种根瘤数量、根瘤鲜重和根瘤体积在R6期均呈下降变化,而老品种根瘤数量、根瘤鲜重和根瘤体积在R6期则表现增加的变化趋势。     

外源二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸钠对初花期淹水大豆根系氮代谢的影响

为明确二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸钠（DDTC）对淹水胁迫下大豆根系氮代谢的调控作用,采用盆栽试验,以大豆品种徐豆18（敏感）和南农1138-2（耐涝）为试验材料,在大豆初花期（R1）叶面喷施蒸馏水或DDTC,喷施1 d后进行淹水胁迫8 d（水面淹至大豆子叶节部位）,研究DDTC对花期淹水大豆根系活力、根系含氮化合物以及氮代谢酶活性的影响。结果表明：淹水胁迫下,与徐豆18相比,南农1138-2根系活力、固氮能力以及根系含氮化合物输出能力的下降幅度较小,根系中铵态氮（NH4+-N）含量增加幅度较小,而根系中硝酸还原酶（NR）和谷氨酰胺合酶（GS）活性、硝态氮（NO3--N）和游离氨基酸（FAA）含量增加幅度较大。DDTC处理提高了淹水胁迫下根系活力和根系干质量,进而有利于缓解淹水胁迫对大豆产量的抑制;增加了根系中NR、GS活性,NO3--N、FAA、可溶性蛋白含量,并降低了NH4+-N含量,从而增强了根系对氮素的吸收、同化能力;抑制了根瘤干物质重和根瘤固氮酶活性下降,进而提高了淹水胁迫下大豆固氮能力;DDTC处理也能缓解淹水胁迫下伤流液中NO3--N、FAA总量下降,表明DDTC处理促进了根系中含氮化合物向地上部转运。总之,淹水胁迫下,外源DDTC能够通过调控根系氮代谢减轻淹水胁迫对大豆植株的伤害。     

In vitro reproduction in the annual pasture legumes subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.)

Pasture legumes are important components of both mixed farming rotations and permanent pastures in temperate climates. Breeding of two widely sown pasture legumes, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.), is constrained by the long generation cycle, typically enabling only one generation per year. We hypothesized manipulation of culture medium and conditions would enable the development of a laboratory‐based protocol for in vitro reproduction in subterranean clover and French serradella. In vitro flowering and viable seed set was induced from both species. For subterranean clover, the most effective treatment was culturing on modified MS medium with 1 μm kinetin and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and continuous photoperiod. For French serradella, culture on a hormone‐free B5 medium with 5 mm NH₄Cl and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and 20 h photoperiod was optimum. It is expected this technique will have application in accelerating generation turnover within breeding programs, for the study of factors influencing flowering in pasture legumes, and for the propagation of valuable yet enfeebled plants such as embryo‐rescued hybrids.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Estimation of lucerne yield stability for enabling effective cultivar selection under rainfed conditions

Evaluation of crop and forage yield stability is of increasing relevance in the context of current and recent environmental changes but, in contrast to other field crops, there are no published systematic analyses among forage crops in Europe. A study of stability performance was conducted with 13 Czech cultivars of lucerne at four locations over a 2‐year period with the following aims: (a) to evaluate yield stability of varieties across different environments and (b) to calculate measurable benefits of variety selection in relation to the specific environment. The cultivar Vlasta was identified as the highest yielding cultivar (annual yield 16.0 t DM/ha), whereas the lowest yielding cv. Magda, Tereza and Oslava averaged around 14.9 t DM/ha. Effect of genotype × environment interaction (G × E) was two times higher than for genotype alone. Additive main effects and the multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model showed that the highest yielding cultivars may not be stable across environments. This study demonstrated further that significant yield improvement could be detected, even among a relatively homogenous group of domestic cultivars, and this was driven mainly by site productivity: the improvement was +10% in low‐yielding sites, compared with +3% in high‐yielding sites. Results highlight that advanced agronomy should also consider stability parameters such as AMMI stability value or superiority measures for forage crops in response to the challenges associated with climate change.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

稻文化的再思考3:稻与社稷——印度、泰国等东南亚、南亚主要国家

东南亚、南亚地区是世界上重要的稻米产区,稻米在民众饮食生活和国家社会政治中占有重要地位,民众生活中也保存了非常悠久和丰富的稻作文化习俗及稻谷起源神话传说。本文分析了水稻在东南亚、南亚主要国家印度、印度尼西亚、泰国、越南、菲律宾、孟加拉国、缅甸的作用、地位、生产、消费、文化等情况,并指出了印度、印度尼西亚稻文化的主要标志。     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Model of wheat yield response to application of diclofop-methyl to control ryegrass (Lolium rigidum)

A general model of crop yield response to herbicide application is proposed. The model includes three components: the effect of herbicide dosage on weed density, the effect of surviving weed density on crop yield and the effect of herbicide directly on the crop. The model is used to estimate the response of wheat yield to application of diclofop-methyl to control ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in Australia. It is found that the competitiveness of ryegrass plants surviving treatment is reduced by the treatment and that the proportion of yield loss at a given ryegrass density is not independent of the absolute weed-free yield. The response function is used to calculate economic thresholds and optimal herbicide dosages.