印楝活性物质超临界CO2萃取技术

印楝(Azadirachta indica A.Juss)种子中含有大量杀虫活性较高的柠檬素类物质,印楝油可促进柠檬素类物质的稳定性和生物活性。本实验通过超临界CO2萃取得到含柠檬素类物质和印楝油混合的粗提物,以印楝素A为检测指标,使用均匀设计优化萃取工艺的压力、温度、时间和夹带剂的体积4个因子,确定最佳提取工艺条件为压力37MPa,温度43℃,时间165min,夹带剂的体积13mL,此时印楝种仁中印楝素A萃取率为0.37%。初步测定超临界CO2萃取产物对玉米象(Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky)成虫的驱避活性,并对该技术应用于印楝产业化的前景和可行性进行分析探讨。     

微波超声协同萃取香草兰净油工艺优化及挥发性成分分析

为优化香草兰净油超声微波协同萃取工艺条件,采用二次回归正交旋转组合设计对香草兰净油得率进行探讨,并进行气相色谱-质谱鉴定.结果表明:最佳萃取条件为萃取时间6.91 min,萃取功率253W,萃取溶液石油醚:正己烷=2.8:1(V:V),得率5.18％.匹配度达90以上的化合物有25种,其中脂肪酸、醛类及酯类含量较高,主要有亚油酸(23.17％)、月桂酸(0.07％)、肉豆蔻酸(0.24％)、十五烷酸(0.28％)、n-十六烷酸(5.43％)、9,12-十八烷二烯酸乙酯(5.30％)、棕榈酸甲酯(0.09％)、香兰素(12.6％)等.该净油具有浓郁独特的香味,优选得到的工艺可提高香草兰净油得率.     

Characterization of O-β-glucosidase Activity in Vanilla planifolia and the change during the Curing Crocess of Vanilla Beans

香草兰是最重要的食品香料之一,其主要香味成分为香兰素,主要存在于香草兰豆荚中.香兰素一般由成熟豆荚中的香兰素葡萄糖苷经过漫长的发酵过程转化而来.O-β-葡萄糖苷酶在发酵生香的过程中起着关键作用.研究结果表明:香草兰的根、茎、叶和豆荚中都具有O-β-糖苷酶活性,豆荚活性最高,叶片活性最低；来自不同器官的O-β-糖苷酶的底物特异性一致,都能降解香兰素糖苷、2-NPG、4-NPG,都不能降解n-OG及硫代葡萄糖苷；香草兰糖苷酶提取物在50～60℃处理1 min,对酶活性影响很小,70℃处理1 min,酶活性丧失约40％,说明香草兰糖苷酶对高温具有一定耐受性,杀青后剩余糖苷酶活性在漫长的发酵过程中能够满足酶促反应的需求.     

反相高效液相色谱法检测香草兰豆酊、浸膏中香兰素

采用反相高效液相色谱法测定香草兰豆酊、浸膏中香兰素含量,色谱柱为C_(18)柱,甲醇/0.5%冰乙酸水溶液(20/80.v/v)为流动相,等浓度洗脱,测定波长为280 nm,外标法定量.该方法相对标准偏差分别为0.28%和0.24%.加标回收率为97.89%～100.71%.本方法具有操作简便,结果准确等优点,特别适用于香草兰豆酊、浸膏等精深加工产品中香兰素含量的检测分析.     

香草兰O-β-葡萄糖苷酶底物特异性和温度稳定性研究

香草兰是最重要的食品香料之一,其主要香味成分为香兰素,主要存在于香草兰豆荚中。香兰素一般由成熟豆荚中的香兰素葡萄糖苷经过漫长的发酵过程转化而来。O-β-葡萄糖苷酶在发酵生香的过程中起着关键作用。研究结果表明:香草兰的根、茎、叶和豆荚中都具有O-β-糖苷酶活性,豆荚活性最高,叶片活性最低;来自不同器官的O-β-糖苷酶的底物特异性一致,都能降解香兰素糖苷、2-NPG、4-NPG,都不能降解n-OG及硫代葡萄糖苷;香草兰糖苷酶提取物在50～60℃处理1 min,对酶活性影响很小,70℃处理1 min,酶活性丧失约40%,说明香草兰糖苷酶对高温具有一定耐受性,杀青后剩余糖苷酶活性在漫长的发酵过程中能够满足酶促反应的需求。     

顶空固相微萃取-气质联用分析香荚兰浸膏风味组分的条件优化

为选择适宜的香荚兰浸膏萃取条件,采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术,以固相微萃取样品处理量、萃取温度和萃取时间三个条件分析各萃取条件对香荚兰浸膏风味组分、面积及含量的影响。结果表明：在实验范围内香荚兰浸膏最佳萃取条件为萃取样品添加量2.0 g、萃取温度80 ℃、萃取时间25 min。最佳条件下香荚兰浸膏鉴定出匹配度90以上的化合物45种,此条件下总化合物面积（×10 ¹¹）及香兰素面积（×10 ¹⁰）最高分别为1.04±0.09、6.99±0.46,匹配度90以上化合物占总化合物相对百分含量的90.24%;香荚兰中主要化合物醛类百分含量占总化合物相对百分含量的72.03%。     

白背天葵多酚的提取及其抗氧化活性

本文研究了白背天葵多酚的超临界CO₂提取工艺及其体内外抗氧化活性,为白背天葵的开发利用提供依据。以萃取压力、萃取时间、萃取温度、CO₂流量和夹带剂浓度为单因素,以多酚提取得率为指标,采用响应面法对提取工艺条件进行优化。采用体外抗氧化活性试验分析提取物对DPPH及ABTS自由基的清除能力。体内抗氧化活性试验以D-半乳糖致衰小鼠为模型,白背天葵多酚提取物150、300、600 mg/kg连续灌胃30 d,测定其血清及肝组织中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量。结果表明,白背天葵多酚的超临界CO₂最优提取工艺为萃取压力35 MPa、萃取时间2 h、萃取温度40 ℃、CO₂流量20 L/h,多酚提取得率为5.32%。体外抗氧化试验表明,多酚对DPPH及ABTS自由基的清除率随其浓度的提高而提高。与空白组比较,衰老模型组血清及肝组织中的SOD、GSH-Px、CAT活性显著性降低,MDA含量显著性升高,白背天葵多酚提取物能显著提高衰老模型组血清及肝组织中的SOD、GSH-Px、CAT活性,并降低MDA含量。     

冷冻-溶解联合外源酶处理香草兰鲜豆荚对香气成分的影响研究

香草兰是兰科多年生藤本攀缘植物,经过发酵后散发出多种芳香成分成为重要的风味原料。然而,传统发酵生香时间长,香气成分转化率低。本试验考察冷冻-溶解联合不同外源酶处理对香草兰鲜豆荚主要香气成分的影响。结果表明：外源酶不仅可以提高香兰素的含量,还可提高其前体物质-葡糖香草醛的转化率。在此基础上,对比空白样品,所有冷冻-溶解联合外源酶处理后的香草兰中香兰素、对羟基苯甲醛、对羟基苯甲酸和香兰酸含量均显著增加,经过纤维素酶-果胶酶-β葡萄糖苷酶处理后的香兰素、对羟基苯甲醛、对羟基苯甲酸和香兰酸含量最高为5.660％、0.089％、0.069％和0.101％;相比于传统发酵和普通外源酶处理,所有冷冻-溶解联合外源酶处理香草兰鲜豆荚均显著增加香兰素含量（p<0.05）,而纤维素酶-果胶酶-β葡萄糖苷酶、果胶酶-β葡萄糖苷酶、纤维素酶-β葡萄糖苷酶、纤维素酶-果胶酶、果胶酶显著增加对羟基苯甲醛、对羟基苯甲酸和香兰酸含量（p<0.05）。     

微波辅助乙醇提取大豆异黄酮的研究

以乙醇作为萃取剂,采用微波法从大豆中提取异黄酮,分别考察了微波功率、乙醇的体积分数、料液比和微波辐射时间对异黄酮提取量的影响.结果表明:从大豆中提取异黄酮的最佳工艺条件:微波功率400 w、乙醇的体积分数50%、料液比1:4、微波辐射时间5 min.在最佳工艺条件下,异黄酮的提取量1.3205 mg.g-1.与传统溶剂...     

利用SPME-GC×GC/TOFMS对香草兰中挥发、半挥发性成分萃取与分析研究

利用固相微萃取(SPME)法萃取香草兰中挥发和半挥发性的成分,再结合全二维气相色谱/飞行时间质谱(GC×GC/TOFMS)技术进行定性分析。试验共鉴定出香草兰中181种挥发、半挥发性化合物,其中含量较高的成分主要有香兰素、呋喃甲醛、(2S,3S)-(+)-2,3-丁二醇、邻甲氧基苯酚、2,3-丁二醇、苯酚、正己醛、(2R,3R)-(-)-2,3-丁二醇、对羟基苯甲醛、3-甲基丁酸、2,3,5,6-四甲基吡嗪、3-羟基-2-丁酮、香草酸、壬醛、正己酸、1-辛烯-3-酮。结果表明,GC×GC/TOFMS高分辨率和高灵敏度的特点非常适合复杂组分体系的定性分析。     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

In vitro reproduction in the annual pasture legumes subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.)

Pasture legumes are important components of both mixed farming rotations and permanent pastures in temperate climates. Breeding of two widely sown pasture legumes, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.), is constrained by the long generation cycle, typically enabling only one generation per year. We hypothesized manipulation of culture medium and conditions would enable the development of a laboratory‐based protocol for in vitro reproduction in subterranean clover and French serradella. In vitro flowering and viable seed set was induced from both species. For subterranean clover, the most effective treatment was culturing on modified MS medium with 1 μm kinetin and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and continuous photoperiod. For French serradella, culture on a hormone‐free B5 medium with 5 mm NH₄Cl and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and 20 h photoperiod was optimum. It is expected this technique will have application in accelerating generation turnover within breeding programs, for the study of factors influencing flowering in pasture legumes, and for the propagation of valuable yet enfeebled plants such as embryo‐rescued hybrids.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Estimation of lucerne yield stability for enabling effective cultivar selection under rainfed conditions

Evaluation of crop and forage yield stability is of increasing relevance in the context of current and recent environmental changes but, in contrast to other field crops, there are no published systematic analyses among forage crops in Europe. A study of stability performance was conducted with 13 Czech cultivars of lucerne at four locations over a 2‐year period with the following aims: (a) to evaluate yield stability of varieties across different environments and (b) to calculate measurable benefits of variety selection in relation to the specific environment. The cultivar Vlasta was identified as the highest yielding cultivar (annual yield 16.0 t DM/ha), whereas the lowest yielding cv. Magda, Tereza and Oslava averaged around 14.9 t DM/ha. Effect of genotype × environment interaction (G × E) was two times higher than for genotype alone. Additive main effects and the multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model showed that the highest yielding cultivars may not be stable across environments. This study demonstrated further that significant yield improvement could be detected, even among a relatively homogenous group of domestic cultivars, and this was driven mainly by site productivity: the improvement was +10% in low‐yielding sites, compared with +3% in high‐yielding sites. Results highlight that advanced agronomy should also consider stability parameters such as AMMI stability value or superiority measures for forage crops in response to the challenges associated with climate change.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.