印楝叶水提物加稳定剂对谷蛾产卵的忌避作用

进行了印楝叶水提物对谷蛾(Tinea granella)成虫产卵忌避活性的仓储试验。根据印楝素的结构特点,通过添加稳定剂处理,增强其稳定性,延长活性物的药效时间。结果表明,印楝叶水提物对谷蛾成虫产卵的忌避作用效果极显著,并以加入植酸+柠檬酸的处理组合效果最理想,处理后第1个5d和第2个5d的忌避率分别达到91.0%和81.8%;异抗坏血酸次之,忌避率分别为86.7%和75.7%。      

几种植物源杀虫剂对螺旋粉虱的生物活性及田间防治效果

采用室内生物测定和大田药效试验等方法,测定印楝素、苦参碱和烟碱对螺旋粉虱的室内生物活性与田间防治效果.结果表明,这3种杀虫剂均对螺旋粉虱具有较高的生物活性.其中在对螺旋粉虱成虫的毒力测定中,印楝素、苦参碱和烟碱LC_(50)值分别为0.0998、0.013 3、0.0023mg/L,对3龄若虫的LC_(50)值分别为1.6724、0.0593、0.031 5mg/L,对卵的LC_(50)值分别为1.2117、0.0340和0.011 3mg/L.大田药效结果表明,3种植物源杀虫剂对螺旋粉虱均有很好的防治效果和持效性,其中在1.00 mg/L的浓度下,药后5 d的防治效果仍在80%左右.     

虫粪提取物对甜菜夜蛾成虫产卵和幼虫取食的影响

为了明确甜菜夜蛾(Spodoptera exigua Hübner)幼虫虫粪对其成虫产卵及幼虫取食的影响,采用非选择实验的方法,选用丙酮、甲醇和正己烷3种溶剂对甜菜夜蛾幼虫虫粪中的物质进行提取,然后分别测定3种溶剂幼虫粪便提取物对成虫产卵及幼虫取食的影响。结果表明:丙酮和甲醇幼虫粪便提取物对甜菜夜蛾成虫产卵量有显著的抑制作用,产卵忌避率分别为45.68%和33.21%;而正己烷提取物对成虫产卵的抑制作用不显著。3种溶剂粪便提取物对1龄和4龄幼虫的取食量(面积)均没有显著影响,但显著影响2龄和3龄幼虫的取食行为,其对幼虫的取食抑制率依次为丙酮甲醇正己烷;另外,3种溶剂粪便提取物对甜菜夜蛾幼虫的存活率无显著影响。可见,甜菜夜蛾幼虫粪便中存在对成虫产卵和幼虫取食具有抑制作用的活性物质。     

印楝素、苦皮藤素防治茶卷叶蛾幼虫室内试验初报

开展了0.5%印楝素乳油、1%苦皮藤素乳油防治茶卷叶蛾室内药效试验。0.5%印楝素乳油800倍液和1%苦皮藤素乳油液750倍防治茶卷叶蛾效果良好,药后1、3、5 d防治效果分别为70.00%、85.19%、100%和66.67%、88.89%、95.83%,速效性也较好。初步试验结果表明,0.5%印楝素乳油、1%苦皮藤素乳油适用于茶园防治茶卷叶蛾幼虫。     

印楝种仁5种活性成分纯化与定量分析

印楝(Azadirachta indica.A.juss)种仁中含有印楝素A(azadirachtin)等活性成分,主要为四环三萜类化合物,对害虫具有显著的忌避拒食作用和生长抑制作用。本研究通过硅胶柱层析和TLC法对印楝活性物质进行分离纯化,得到印楝素A等5种高纯度印楝素同系物,采用LC-MS对其进行定性分析,鉴定5种物质分别为azadirachtin、salannin、nimbin、6-deacetylnimbin、6-deacetylsalannin,并使用HPLC对5种化合物进行定量分析。     

印楝素、鱼藤酮防治茶丽纹象甲成虫室内试验初报

通过室内试验研究了印楝素、鱼藤酮对茶丽纹象甲的杀虫效果。结果表明,药后2d,0.5%印楝素乳油1370倍液对茶丽纹象甲成虫的防治效果即达95.56%,药后3d达到100%,与2.5%联苯菊酯乳油1000倍液的差异不显著。0.5%印楝素乳油可作为有机茶园茶丽纹象甲防治的选择药剂。而7.5%鱼藤酮乳油750倍液,药后5d防效才达51.16%,防治效果较差。     

印楝提取物对瓜叶螟幼虫拒食活性的测定

研究6种印楝种仁提取物（编号为A，B，C，D，E，F）对瓜叶螟（Diaphania indica)幼虫的拒食活性。室内试验结果表明；印楝的6种提取物稀释10倍时，对瓜叶螟幼虫具有较强的拒食活性。24h非选择性拒食率分别为D100.0%，B96.1%,A93.2%,E87.5%,C76.5%,F66.6%；在稀释100倍时，处理后24h，提取物D对瓜叶螟幼虫具有较好的拒食作用，拒食率为96.5%,C61.6%，其他4种拒食活性较差。     

印楝活性物质超临界CO2萃取技术

印楝(Azadirachta indica A.Juss)种子中含有大量杀虫活性较高的柠檬素类物质,印楝油可促进柠檬素类物质的稳定性和生物活性。本实验通过超临界CO2萃取得到含柠檬素类物质和印楝油混合的粗提物,以印楝素A为检测指标,使用均匀设计优化萃取工艺的压力、温度、时间和夹带剂的体积4个因子,确定最佳提取工艺条件为压力37MPa,温度43℃,时间165min,夹带剂的体积13mL,此时印楝种仁中印楝素A萃取率为0.37%。初步测定超临界CO2萃取产物对玉米象(Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky)成虫的驱避活性,并对该技术应用于印楝产业化的前景和可行性进行分析探讨。     

14种植物精油对茶尺蠖行为的影响

为获得能够应用于茶园茶尺蠖Ectropis obliqua“推—拉”策略的行为调节剂,在室内测定了茶尺蠖成虫对14种植物精油的趋性反应,及植物精油对茶尺蠖雌虫产卵行为的干扰作用,并采用叶碟法测定了植物精油对茶尺蠖幼虫的拒食作用。结果表明,罗勒、迷迭香、肉桂、茴香及天竺葵5种植物精油对茶尺蠖成虫表现出一定的驱避活性,并且迷迭香油和天竺葵油还能显著干扰雌虫的产卵活动。在3个浓度处理下,茴香、罗勒和藿香植物精油对茶尺蠖3龄幼虫表现出显著的拒食活性。随着精油处理浓度的升高,茶尺蠖幼虫的拒食率升高,生长率随之下降。试验结果证明迷迭香、罗勒、茴香及天竺葵等植物精油对茶尺蠖具有显著的行为调控功能,具备作为茶尺蠖防控剂开发的潜力,值得进一步研究。     

辣蓼粗提物对茶尺蠖的生物活性

辣蓼（Polygonum hydropiper L）粗提物对茶尺蠖3龄幼虫的室内生物活性测定结果表明，以95％的酒精为溶剂的辣蓼提取物效果最佳。在触杀试验中，95％酒精提取物处理后3d和7d的校正死亡率分别达到了44.22％和52.40％，乙酸乙酯提取物在3d和7d后校正死亡率也达到了29.25％和31.97％；非选择性拒食作用结果表明，95%的酒精提取物具有良好的拒食效果，12h和24h的拒食率分别达到了90.29％和84.15%。     

取食香根草后水稻螟虫对杀虫剂敏感度变化

【目的】香根草能有效诱集水稻螟虫产卵,且孵化的幼虫取食香根草一定时间后死亡,可用于水稻螟虫的田间防控。但田间防治往往是多种防治措施相结合。为了研究取食香根草后的幼虫对常用杀虫剂的敏感度,【方法】利用稻苗浸渍法测定了茚虫威、氯虫苯甲酰胺、多杀菌素、甲氨基阿维菌素、氟虫胺、氰氟虫腙、阿维菌素、毒死蜱8种常用杀虫剂对水稻大螟和二化螟的毒力作用,以及取食香根草后螟虫对这些药剂的敏感度变化。【结果】8种杀虫剂(氰氟虫腙,甲氨基阿维菌素,氯虫苯甲酰胺,氟虫胺,多杀菌素,阿维菌素,茚虫威,毒死蜱)对大螟的LC₅₀依次为1.04,1.40,2.67,3.48,7.59,13.03,16.57,23.28 mg/L;对二化螟的LC₅₀依次为1.94,2.07,4.20,8.93,9.72,17.63,9.51,64.68mg/L。与取食水稻的螟虫比较,香根草饲喂3d后,大螟幼虫对8种药剂的敏感性均有所提高,致死率提高13.3～22.2个百分点,其中,对氯虫苯甲酰胺、多杀菌素、氟虫胺、氰氟虫腙、毒死蜱的敏感度显著提高;而香根草饲喂后的二化螟幼虫对所有测定药剂敏感度均显著提高,致死率提高26.7～33.3个百分点。二化螟幼虫对所有测定药剂敏感度升高更为明显。【结论】初步明确了水稻螟虫取食香根草后对杀虫剂的敏感度有不同程度提高。     

稻螟赤眼蜂防治水稻二化螟效果初探

为验证人工释放赤眼蜂对水稻二化螟的防治效果,笔者于2012年开展了相关试验示范。蛾始盛期开始放蜂,放蜂面积6 670 m2,3次放蜂,总放蜂量30万头。试验结果表明,放蜂田虫伤株率2.63%~3.84%,加权平均为3.28%;防控效果为77.30%~84.73%,加权平均为79.62%。科学放蜂对控制水稻二化螟、保护水田的生态环境以及提高稻米品质有重要意义。     

A New and Simple Method for Collecting Eggs of the Striped Stemborer,Chilo suppressalis

The method for collecting eggs of the striped stem borer, Chilo suppressalis using plastic bags was studied in comparison with using caged rice plants. There was no significant difference in fecundity of C. suppressalis at 279 eggs/moth and in percentage of hatched eggs at 95% between in plastic bags and on rice plants. More egg masses were collected on plastic bags than on rice plants, whereas more smaller egg masses (less than 100 eggs per mass) in plastic bags than on rice plants. The advantages in collecting eggs of C. suppressalis and other insects by using plastic bags were also discussed.     

A New and Simple Method for Collecting Eggs of the Striped Stemborer,Chilo suppressalis

The method for collecting eggs of the striped stem borer, Chilo suppressalis using plastic bags was studied in comparison with using caged rice plants. There was no significant difference in fecundity of C. suppressalis at 279 eggs/moth and in percentage of hatched eggs at 95% between in plastic bags and on rice plants. More egg masses were collected on plastic bags than on rice plants, whereas more smaller egg masses (less than 100 eggs per mass) in plastic bags than on rice plants. The advantages in collecting eggs of C. suppressalis and other insects by using plastic bags were also discussed.     

Toxic effects of neem-based insecticides on Pieris brassicae (Linn.)

Four neem-based insecticides, Neemix^® (0.25% EC @ 20 mg azadirachtin/liter), Ecozin^® (3% EC @ 20 mg azadirachtin/liter), Agroneem^® (0.15% EC @ 4.8 mg azadirachtin/liter) and Neem oil (0.25% EC azadirachtin @ 20 mg azadirachtin/liter) and a non-commercial neem leaf powder, were evaluated for oviposition deterrence, antifeedant effect to larvae and toxicity to eggs and larvae of Pieris brassicae (Linn.) on cabbage leaves in the laboratory. The concentrations tested were with in the ranges of recommended field rates. Oviposition deterrence in no-choice, two-choice and six-choice assays, was observed for all the treatments. They exhibited significant (P < 0.01) oviposition deterrence on P. brassicae when compared with a non-treated control. Cabbage leaves treated with the neem-based insecticides were used as an egg-laying substrate. Numbers of eggs oviposited by P. brassicae adults on treated cabbage leaves were significantly lower then those treated with water, but no significant differences were detected among the neem insecticides. They also deterred feeding by Pieris larvae and exhibited significant antifeedant effects. Larvae of P. brassicae on treated leaves stopped feeding and dropped from the leaf, resulting in no or minimal damage. Direct contact with neem-based insecticides decreased the survival of eggs. Survival of larvae fed for 9 days on leaves treated with neem-based insecticides was reduced to 51%, 49%, 48%, 24% and 18% in the Neem oil, Neemix, Agroneem, Ecozin and neem leaf powder treatments, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded from the present investigations that neem-based insecticides had oviposition deterrence, antifeedant and toxic effect to P. brassicae.     

几种野生稻抽提物对斜纹夜蛾幼虫的拒食作用

用甲醇对6种野生稻E6-1, E6-3/6-4(大颖野生稻的不同生态型),E7-4(颗粒野生稻), E9-10、E9-20(阔叶野生稻的不同生态型),E13-13（小粒野生稻）,E15-13（药用野生稻）和E16-3（斑点野生稻）进行了索氏提取,提取率分别为19.62%,15.60%,18.90%,8.50%,16.27%, 24.86%,10.04%和13.32%。通过测定这6种野生稻抽提物对3龄斜纹夜蛾幼虫的选择性拒食活性和非选择性拒食活性,筛选出大颖野生稻抽提物E6-1对斜纹夜蛾有较强的拒食作用。用E6-1对叶碟处理后,在1%的浓度下,24 h和48 h测得其对3龄斜纹夜蛾选择性拒食率均为100%,而非选择性拒食率分别为40.95%和47.27%;毒力测定表明2龄斜纹夜蛾幼虫24 h和48 h后的拒食中浓度([i]AFC[/i][sub]50[/sub]）分别为120 mg/mL和50 mg/mL。     

Azadirachtin avoidance by larvae and adult females of the tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta

The tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta is a serious worldwide threat to tomato production and its control in open-field tomato has relied heavily on synthetic insecticides, which however are not allowed in organic tomato cultivation. Furthermore, insecticide resistance to synthetic insecticides is already a major concern in populations of the tomato leafminer. Azadirachtin is one of the main biorational pesticides in use today, particularly in organic farming, and has potential as an alternative to conventional insecticides for such use. However, the effects of neem-based products of high azadirachtin content on the tomato leafminer have been little studied and very little is known of their sublethal behavioral effects on this pest species. Here we assessed the insecticidal effect of a commercial neem-based formulation (as a source of azadirachtin) against two populations of the tomato leafminer and its behavioral effects on egg-laying preferences, walking by larvae and leaf-mining. Azadirachtin caused heavy mortality in insect larvae allowing only 2.5–3.5% survival at the Brazilian recommended field-concentration (i.e., 27 mg a.i./L) with negligible difference between the populations tested. Azadirachtin also caused egg-laying avoidance (under free-choice conditions, but not in no-choice conditions) and affected walking by larvae, but not leaf-mining. These results indicate the potential of azadirachtin not only as an insecticide potentially important for organic farming, but also as an egg-laying deterrent minimizing T. absoluta infestation although it may also favor escape by larvae to exposure since it sparks behavioral avoidance.     

Suppression of Rice Stem Borer, Chilo suppressalis by Mass Trapping Using Synthetic Sex Pheromone in Paddy Field

Suppressing effects of mass trapping using synthetic sex pheromone with main active ingredients of Z-11-hexadecenal, Z-13-octadecenal and Z-9-hexadecenal on the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis were investigated during the flight periods of the overwintering and 1st generation in the paddy area of 60 ha in 1999. Population density of C. suppressalis in the pheromone-treated fields was lower than that in control. The egg masses decreased by 74.39% and population size of adult males of the 1st generation decreased by 61.64% in the treated fields as compared to control. Meanwhile, the damage by C.suppressalis larvae was significantly lower in the treated fields than control (t-test, P=0.05). Percentages of brownish leaf sheath, dead heart, and white head in the treated fields were decreased by 70.90%, 57.01% and 44.30%, respectively in contrast to control. The present study demonstrated that mass trapping to C. suppressalis using synthetic sex pheromone shows great potential as an alternative measure in an environment-friendly pest management and at the same challenging the insecticide use that has some environment impacts.     

Suppression of Rice Stem Borer, Chilo suppressalis by Mass Trapping Using Synthetic Sex Pheromone in Paddy Field

Suppressing effects of mass trapping using synthetic sex pheromone with main active ingredients of Z-11-hexadece-nal, Z-13-octadecenal and Z-9-hexadecenal on the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis were investigated during the flight periods of the overwintering and 1^st generation in the paddy area of 60 ha in 1999. Population density of C. suppressalis in the pheromone-treated fields was lower than that in control. The egg masses decreased by 74. 39% and population size of adult males of the 1^st generation decreased by 61.64% in the treated fields as compared to control. Meanwhile, the damage by C.suppressalis larvae was significantly lower in the treated fields than control (t-test, P=0.05). Percentages of brownish leaf sheath, dead heart, and white head in the treated fields were decreased by 70.90%, 57.01% and 44.30%, respectively in contrast to control. The present study demonstrated that mass trapping to C. suppressalis using synthetic sex pheromone shows great potential as an alternative measure in an environment-friendly pest management and at the same challenging the insecticide use that has some environment impacts.