Virulence of the Populations of the Whitebacked Planthopper, Sogatella furcifera Reared on Different Resistant Rice Varieties

ARC and ND colony were obtained by rearing the whitebacked planthopper (WBPH), Sogatella furcifera(Horvath), exclusively on ARC10239 (ARC, carrying resistance gene Wbph2) and N‘Diang Marie (ND, carrying resistance gene WbphS) till 15 generations. Taichung Native 1 (TN1) and Rathu Heenati (RHT) served as susceptible and resistant check, respectively. The results of electronic recording revealed that duration of salivation and X-waveform of the two colonies on their corresponding hosts was short while the duration of phloem ingestion was long. The amount of honeydew excreted by ARC and ND colony did not differ on their corresponding host varieties from TN1 and was much higher than that of RHT. The number of eggs laid on their host varieties and TN1 were significantly higher than that on RHT. No distinct change was observed for these two colonies in term of percentage of developed eggs. The nymph survival rate of ND colony on its selection host was 45.0%, significantly different from that on TN1(71.4%0) and RHT(21.0%), while that of ARCcolony was 68. 3%, not significantly different from that on TN1(77.5%), but much higher than that on RHT(22.6%).The nymphal development duration of these two colonies on the corresponding hosts was not different from that on TN1, but significantly shorter than that on RHT. In brief, these two colonies had almost adapted to their corresponding host varieties based on feeding and oviposition, but the nymphal survival rate of ND colony was still low.     

Nabeshi等14个台湾品种对白背飞虱的抗生性测定初报

对14个来自台湾的水稻品种进行了产卵效应、若虫生存率、种群增长的抗生性和蜜露测定。结果表明,雌成虫在不同抗性水稻品种上的产卵量有明显差异。与TN1相比,有68.4%的供试品种在若虫生存率上表现出较强的抗生性,42%的供试品种具有明显的抗生性。除了Chi-sheng-tao外,其他品种对白背飞虱的取食有明显的抑制作用。     

寄主植物对3种稻飞虱解毒酶和保护酶活性的影响

 就不同寄主植物\[水稻品种TN1、IR42、Rathu Heenati（RHT）和武育粳3号以及稻田常见杂草稗草\]对3种稻飞虱\[褐飞虱(Nilaparvata lugens)、白背飞虱(Sogatella furcifera)和灰飞虱(Laodelphax striatellus)\]的存活率及解毒酶和保护酶活性的影响进行了研究。结果表明,3种稻飞虱在5种供试植物上的存活率明显不同,其中,褐飞虱在TN1上存活率最高,IR42、武育粳3号次之,在RHT和稗草上存活率极低或不能存活;白背飞虱和灰飞虱在TN1、武育粳3号和稗草上存活率较高,RHT、IR42上存活率显著降低。3种稻飞虱间,除谷胱甘肽S 转移酶和微粒体多功能氧化酶活性在若虫期无显著差异外,成虫期谷胱甘肽 S 转移酶、微粒体多功能氧化酶以及成虫和若虫期羧酸酯酶、超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶的活性均存在显著差异。不同寄主植物对3种飞虱酶活性的影响程度不同,其中,对灰飞虱的影响最大,对褐飞虱的影响最小,对白背飞虱的影响居中。这与3种飞虱寄主范围表现出一致性。然而,即使在寄主适合度相似的供试植物上,3种飞虱间甚至同种飞虱成虫与若虫之间的变化并不一致,寄主适合度与解毒酶及保护酶间的关系因虫种、虫态、寄主植物而异。     

混植水稻抗虫和感虫材料抑制白背飞虱发生的初步研究

以与浙辐802成对的、具有Rathu Heenati抗白背飞虱基因的近等基因系"浙抗",以及以2∶1比例混合"浙抗"与浙辐802种子构成的抗-感白背飞虱混合群体"浙混"为材料,采用田间白背飞虱的种群调查和水稻产量及千粒重的测定,结合室内蜜露量、产卵量和卵发育率的测定,研究了混植抗感白背飞虱近等基因系材料对白背飞虱的控制效果.试验结果表明,"浙混"上的成虫及若虫数量均与在抗虫的RHT和"浙抗"上的相近,分别是在感虫的浙辐802和TN1上的1/2和1/4～1/5.白背飞虱在"浙混"和"浙抗"上分泌的蜜露量分别为9.03和6.97 mg/♀*d,显著地低于在浙辐802(17.64 mg/♀*d)和TN1(19.14 mg/♀*d)上的.白背飞虱在"浙混"与"浙抗"、浙辐802与TN1上的产卵量和卵发育率都没有显著性差异.与"浙抗"相比,"浙混"和浙辐802的稻谷产量分别增加了1.17%和减少了19.11%,"浙混"和浙辐802的千粒重分别减少了2.57%和9.84%.因此,混植抗感白背飞虱水稻材料可以有效地抑制白背飞虱的发生,还可以保证水稻产量不受损失.     

两个杂交稻组合及其亲本材料对白背飞虱抗性的研究

采用田间白背飞虱种群调查和水稻产量、室内白背飞虱蜜露量、产卵量及卵发育率测定,在浙江富阳和重庆秀山两地研究了杂交稻组合及其亲本材料对白背飞虱的抗虫性.田间试验结果表明不育系协青早A和珍汕97A表现出对白背飞虱比感虫对照品种TN1更感虫的"超感虫性",稻株上的若虫量分别高达371.1和292.5只/丛.在杂交稻汕优63和协优9308上的若虫数量与TN1上的相当,杂交稻的感虫性主要来源于其不育系亲本.在无杀虫剂防治的情况下,感虫杂交稻组合的千粒重和产量损失率高达22%和78%左右,不育系材料被完全毁灭,表现为虫量越大,千粒重下降幅度越大,产量损失率越高.蜜露量测定表明,恢复系明恢63和9803具有一定的耐虫性.白背飞虱在杂交稻及其亲本上的产卵量和卵发育率没有显著差异.还对杂交稻抗虫性的改良进行了讨论.     

利用PEG6000模拟研究干旱胁迫对褐飞虱取食和产卵的影响

 在实验室条件下,以感虫品种TN1、抗虫品种IR36和抗旱品种旱优3号为材料,采用聚乙二醇6000（PEG6000）模拟干旱处理水稻植株,研究干旱胁迫对褐飞虱取食和产卵的影响。结果表明,在同一水稻品种上,褐飞虱雌成虫在稻株上数量随着PEG6000浓度的上升而显著减少（P<0.001）,而褐飞虱若虫在不同PEG6000浓度处理的水稻植株上数量无显著差异（P=0.093）。褐飞虱雌成虫在48 h内的蜜露分泌量和在稻株上72 h内的产卵量均与PEG6000浓度呈显著负相关。在感虫品种TN1上,褐飞虱若虫在不同浓度PEG6000处理稻株上的分布无显著差异;而在抗旱品种旱优3号和抗虫品种IR36上,随着PEG6000浓度的上升,水稻基部的褐飞虱若虫数量明显增多。在TN1和旱优3号上,褐飞虱雌成虫蜜露分泌量随PEG6000浓度上升而显著减少;而在IR36上,褐飞虱雌成虫在不同浓度PEG6000处理水稻植株上的蜜露分泌量均很少且无显著差异。     

褐飞虱IR56种群的致害特征

含Bph3抗褐飞虱基因的水稻品种自20世纪80年代在东南亚推广后,迄今仍对褐飞虱有较好的抗性,受到我国抗褐飞虱育种专家的重视。在IR56水稻(含Bph3基因)上连续40多代胁迫饲养获得褐飞虱IR56寄主种群,从褐飞虱的生长、发育、繁殖以及水稻品种的抗感反应(SSST法测定)两方面对该种群的致害性进行了研究。结果表明:1)在抗性水稻IR56上,褐飞虱IR56种群的羽化率、初羽化成虫体质量、成虫寿命、产卵量、蜜露排泄量、体质量增量等均较褐飞虱TN1种群显著增加,若虫历期则显著缩短;与感虫水稻TN1上的IR56种群或TN1种群相比,除成虫寿命、蜜露排泄量和体质量增量显著下降外,羽化率、产卵量、卵孵化率无显著差异,初羽化成虫体质量、若虫历期尽管差异显著但数值上较接近(其差值不及IR56水稻上IR56种群与TN1种群差值的1/2)。2)水稻品种苗期抗性反应显示IR56水稻对褐飞虱IR56种群的抗性级别为7级,明显弱于对褐飞虱TN1种群的3级,但略强于TN1水稻对褐飞虱IR56种群或TN1种群的9级。显然,与褐飞虱TN1种群相比,褐飞虱IR56种群对抗性水稻IR56有较强的致害能力,与IR56种群或TN1种群对TN1水稻的强致害水平尽管有一定的差距,但多数指标较为接近。含Bph3基因的水稻品种RathuHeenati对IR56种群抗性为1级,推测可能与该水稻品种存在Bph3以外的其他抗虫基因有关。     

褐飞虱越冬种群和田间种群的致害性比较

 比较研究了当年采自田间的褐飞虱种群与上一年虫源在室内越冬繁殖种群对不同抗虫品种的致害性差异。结果表明室内越冬种群和田间种群对水稻苗期的致害性相同,均表现为明显的生物型2特性。高龄若虫对不同抗性品种TN1、IR26和ASD7的选择性无显著差异,但均以ASD7的最低。室内种群在3个品种上的若虫历期均比田间种群短2～3 d,但同一种群在不同品种之间的若虫期存活率和历期的差异不明显。     

电子记录白背飞虱的取食和产卵行为

摘要： 采用电子记录的方法,并结合蜜露量和产卵量测定,研究了白背飞虱在春江06,Rathu Heenati(RHT)和明恢63上的取食和产卵行为。结果表明：白背飞虱在RHT和春江06上的取食刺探频率显著高于明恢63,且取食韧皮部的时间明显少于明恢63;RHT和春江06对白背飞虱具有很强的拒取食作用,明恢63则较感虫;白背飞虱产卵的次数、每次持续时间、总时间及产卵量都不存在品种间的显著差异,具有杀卵作用的只有春江06。春江06具有杀卵和抑制取食两种抗虫性机制,RHT只具有抑制取食的机制,明恢63是感虫的杂交稻恢复系。     

田间发生与室内驯化的褐飞虱生物型2的特性比较

比较研究了采自菲律宾国际水稻研究所室内长期用水稻抗性品种Mudgo驯化的褐飞虱生物型2和从广西田间褐飞虱种群中分离获得的田间生物型2的致害性、在不同抗性品种上的生长发育和生殖等特性。结果表明室内和田间生物型2对Mudgo和IR26的致害能力相同,即两者均能成功地致害含[WTBX][STBX]Bph1[WTBZ][STBZ]基因的水稻品种,但田间生物型2对ASD7和IR36的致害性明显比室内生物型2强,说明两者在具有抗性[WTBX][STBX]bph2[WTBZ][STBZ]的水稻品种上的致害性有差异。取食不同抗性品种时,田间生物型2的若虫历期均比取食相同品种的室内生物型2短,两个生物型2在取食ASD7时的若虫历期最长、存活率最低、雌成虫体重最轻、产卵量和蜜露量最少、种群增长指数和营养指数最低。取食IR26的田间生物型2的若虫存活指数和种群增长指数均明显高于取食IR26的室内生物型2的指数,同时也显著高于取食Mudgo的生物型2。建议在进行褐飞虱致害性监测和水稻品种抗性评价时以选用IR26为宜。     

Virulence of the Populations of the Whitebacked Planthopper, Sogatella furcifera Reared on Different Resistant Rice Varieties

ARC and ND colony were obtained by rearing the whitebacked planthopper (WBPH), Sogatella furcifera gene Wbph5) till 15 generations. Taichung Native 1 (TN1) and Rathu Heenati (RHT) served as susceptible and resistant check, respectively. The results of electronic recording revealed that duration of salivation and X-waveform of the two colonies on their corresponding hosts was short while the duration of phloem ingestion was long. The amount of honeydew excreted by ARC and ND colony did not differ on their corresponding host varieties from TN1 and was much higher than that of RHT. The number of eggs laid on their host varieties and TN1 were significantly higher than that on RHT. No distinct change was observed for these two colonies in term of percentage of developed eggs. The nymph survival rate of ND colony on its selection host was 45.0%, significantly different from that on TN1(71.4%) and RHT(21.0%), while that of ARC colony was 68. 3 %, not significantly different from that on TN1 (77.5 %), but much higher than that on RHT(22.6 %).The nymphal development duration of these two colonies on the corresponding hosts was not different from that on TN1, but significantly shorter than that on RHT. In brief, these two colonies had almost adapted to their corresponding host varieties based on feeding and oviposition, but the nymphal survival rate of ND colony was still low.     

Genetic analysis of resistance to whitebacked planthopper, Sogatella furcifera (Horvath), in some rice varieties

For genetic analysis of resistance to the whitebacked planthopper, Sogatella furcifera (Horvath) (Homoptera: Delphacidae), in 13 rice varieties, seedlings at the one-leaf stage were artificially infested in the greenhouse with second; and third-instar nymphs of this planthopper. Reactions of the seedlings were recorded 7–10 days after infestation when the susceptible check (control variety) TN1 was completely killed. The reactions of the F₁, F₂, and F₃ populations from the crosses of resistant varieties with TN1 revealed that single dominant genes condition resistance in the varieties Sinnanayam, ARC 13349, MGL 1, Sukhwel 20, Bam 3, Hornamawee, Senawee, A1, T1432, W128, and Chuvanna Kumbolum. The resistance in NP130 and CI-5662-2 was conditioned by two independent dominant genes. The allelic relationships of the latter genes for resistance in the test varieties to resistance genes Wbph 1 and Wbph 2 were determined. Reactions of the F₂ and F₃ progenies from the crosses of test varieties with IR13475-7-3-2 which is homozygous for Wbph 1, and with IR30659-2-165, which is homozygous for Wbph 2, showed that the resistance genes in Sukhwel 20, Senawee, T1432, and W128 are allelic to Wbph 1. The resistance genes in Sinnanayam, ARC 13349, MGL 1, Bam 3, A1, and Chuvanna Kumbolum are allelic to Wbph 2. The two independent dominant genes for resistance in NP130 and CI-5662-2 are Wpbh 1 and Wbph 2. However, there is a single dominant gene for resistance in Hornamawee which is independent and non-allelic to Wbph 1 and Wpbh 2.     

抗白背飞虱水稻品种挥发生性次生物质的提取、组分鉴定与生测

 采用水蒸汽蒸馏－乙醚同时萃取装置对抗白背飞虱品种Rathu Heenati(RHT)，IR64，Nabeshi和感虫对照品种TN1稻株进行挥发性次生物质提取，浓缩所得精油，经“气谱－质谱”（GC-MS）联机机检测出64个有机的化学组分，其中366主要分子结构为：9种醇，9种醛，7种酮，4种酯，3种烷烃，2种酸，烯和杂环人经合物各1种。2-已烯醛，β-紫罗兰酮，叶醇（反式），叶绿醇，3,5,5-三甲-3-环已烯-1-酮和水杨酸甲酯的含量较高。将蒸馏提取物回喷在TN1稻株上，白背飞虱对抗虫和感虫稻株蒸馏提取物的趋性没有显著差异。嗅觉仪测定飞虱的趋性结果表明，单体化合物苯甲醇和己烯醛比对照丙酮更易吸引白背飞虱。在回喷TN1蒸馏提取物、丙酮溶液和未处理的TN1稻株上，白背飞虱分泌的蜜露量明显较Nabeshi和IR64蒸馏提取物处理过的TN1稻株上分泌的高。白背飞虱从掺有蒸馏提取物和挥发物单体的营养液中吸食的量均比从单纯营养液中的少；抗虫品种RHT蒸馏提取物对白背飞虱拒食作用最强，β－紫罗兰酮和己烯醛次之。     

圆纹广翅蜡蝉产卵规律及温度对越冬卵发育的影响

为了阐明圆纹广翅蜡蝉（Pochazia guttifera Walker）产卵对茶树的为害规律及温度对其越冬卵发育的影响,通过五点取样法,系统调查了圆纹广翅蜡蝉产卵对茶树的为害情况,并研究了16、19、22、25、28℃恒温对圆纹广翅蜡蝉越冬卵发育的影响。结果表明,圆纹广翅蜡蝉成虫喜欢在直径为(0.23±0.04)cm的茶树幼嫩枝条上产卵,产卵刻痕在枝条上的为害长度为(1.36±0.59)cm。在茶园周围有较多寄主林木且管理较为粗放的马鞍山茶叶试验场阶梯茶园内,茶树枝条的受害率为13.35%,显著高于其他茶园。此外,越冬卵的发育历期,随着温度的升高逐渐缩短,28℃处理的越冬卵发育历期为(28.75±7.03)d,若虫初孵时间较早,孵化率较高。温度与圆纹广翅蜡蝉越冬卵发育速率关系满足方程y=0.001 9x–0.022,越冬卵的发育起点温度为11.58℃,有效积温为526.32 d·℃。本研究对信阳茶区圆纹广翅蜡蝉越冬种群发生期的预测预报和防控策略的制定具有重要的指导意义。     

四个云南水稻品种对白背飞虱的抗性遗传分析

 分析了鬼衣谷、便谷、大齐谷备和大花谷四个籼型云南地方品种的单显性抗白背飞虱基因与与Wbph3、Wbph5间，以及四个云南地方品种抗性基因间的等位性关系。结果表明，鬼衣谷等四个品种所携带的单显性抗虫基因均与Wbph3和Wbph5间为非等位关系；鬼衣谷、便谷、大齐谷和大花谷各所携带的单显性抗虫基因间互为等位关系。在鬼衣谷等四个云南地方品种中发现了一新的抗白背飞虱抗性基因，暂将这一新的抗性基因定名为Wbph6(t)。     

施氮对白背飞虱在水稻上适应性的影响

 以杂交稻组合汕优63、常规粳稻品种秀水63和常规籼稻品种浙733为材料,采用室内继代饲养的方法,研究了不同类型水稻品种上施用氮肥对白背飞虱生长发育、存活率和繁殖等的影响。结果表明,施用氮肥可以显著提高白背飞虱种群生态适应性。同一水稻品种,在施用氮肥的植株上白背飞虱若虫历期缩短,随着取食代数的增加,在不施氮稻株上的若虫历期明显延长,而在施氮稻株上的若虫历期则明显缩短。白背飞虱若虫存活率随着施氮而显著提高,品种和饲养代数对其存活率也均有着极显著的影响。在施氮水稻植株上的白背飞虱雌成虫体质量和产卵量均显著高于不施氮肥上的。随着饲养代数的增加,同一品种的施氮稻株上雌成虫体质量、产卵量及卵孵化率均增加,而在不施氮稻株上则相反。水稻品种、饲养代数和氮肥水平对白背飞虱雌成虫体质量和产卵量均有着极显著的影响。