田间发生与室内内驯化的褐飞虱生物型2的特性比较

比较研究了采自菲律宾国际水稻研究所室内长期用水稻抗性品种Mudgo驯化的褐飞虱生物型2和从广西田间褐飞虱种群中分离获得的田间生物型2的致害性、在不同抗性品种上的生长发育和生殖等特性。结果表明室内和田间生物型2对Mudgo和IR26的致害能力相同，即两者均能成功地致害含Bph1基因的水稻品种，但田间生物型2对ASD7和IR36的致害性明显比室内生物型2强，说明两者在具有抗性bph2的水稻品种上致害性有差异。取食不同抗性品种时，田间生物型2的若虫历期均比取食相同品种的室内生物型2短，两个生物型2在取食ASD7时的若虫历期量长、存活率最低、雌成虫体重最轻、产卵量和蜜露量最少、种数增长指数和营养指数和营养指数量低。取食IR26的田间生物型2的若虫存活指数和种群增长指数均明显高于取食IR26的室内生物型26的指数，同时也显著高于取食Mudgo的生物型2。建议在进行褐飞虱致害性监测和水稻品种抗性评价时以选用IR26为宜。     

褐飞虱越冬种群和田间种群的致害性比较

 比较研究了当年采自田间的褐飞虱种群与上一年虫源在室内越冬繁殖种群对不同抗虫品种的致害性差异。结果表明室内越冬种群和田间种群对水稻苗期的致害性相同,均表现为明显的生物型2特性。高龄若虫对不同抗性品种TN1、IR26和ASD7的选择性无显著差异,但均以ASD7的最低。室内种群在3个品种上的若虫历期均比田间种群短2～3 d,但同一种群在不同品种之间的若虫期存活率和历期的差异不明显。     

褐飞虱越冬种群和田间种群的致害性比较

比较研究了当年采自田间的褐飞虱种群与上一年虫源在室内越冬繁殖种群对不同抗虫品种的致害性差异。结果表明室内越冬种群和田间种群对水稻苗期的致害性相同,均表现为明显的生物型２特性。高龄若虫对不同抗性品种ＴＮ１、ＩＲ２６和ＡＳＤ７的选择性无显著差异,但均以ＡＳＤ７的最低。室内种群在３个品种上的若虫历期均比田间种群短２～３ｄ,但同一种群在不同品种之间的若虫期存活率和历期的差异不明显。     

不同致害性褐飞虱种群刺吸电位图（EPG）的比较

 利用刺吸电位图(EPG)比较分析了两个致害性不同的褐飞虱种群（TN1种群、Mudgo种群）在感虫品种TN1和抗性品种Mudgo（含Bph1抗虫基因）上的取食行为。结果表明,种群类型、水稻品种对I波的影响最明显,A波次之,S波再次之;试虫性别对各参数均无显著影响。TN1种群在TN1上及Mudgo种群在TN1、Mudgo上这3种能致害处理下的S波、A波均短于TN1试虫在Mudgo上（不能致害）,其中A波的差异达显著水平;而能致害的3种处理的I波持续时间则显著长于不能致害处理。若以3 h内I波持续时间75 min为分界线,高于该值为能致害,低于该值为不能致害,对TN1种群、Mudgo种群致害性的判别准确率分别为82.6%和100%。提出该参数可用于进一步开发褐飞虱个体致害性检测新技术。     

稻褐飞虱实验种群致害性变异

以蜜露排泄量为稻褐飞虱致害性指标对稻褐飞虱实验种群的致害性变异进行了研究。首先测定了褐飞虱3个实验种群(TN1种群、Mudgo种群和ASD7种群)[分别用水稻品种TN1、Mudgo和ASD7强迫饲养82代,其中TN1种群(T)为弱致害力种群,Mudgo种群(M)和ASD7种群(A)为强致害力种群]分别在感虫和抗虫品种上的蜜露排泄量。结果表明,寄主表现感虫还是抗虫,与褐飞虱致害力之间存在交互作用。将不同致害力的褐飞虱种群接在抗虫品种上,才可能观察到较大的致害性差异,据此比较了杂交F1代与亲本种群个体、自交F2代与杂交F1代种群个体在抗虫品种上的致害性差异,以分析褐飞虱致害性变异规律。杂交F1代（包括T♀×M♂,A♀×T♂两种处理）雌成虫的平均致害力均介于两个亲本之间,其值与强致害力亲本的更为接近;杂交F1代雌成虫致害力的变异程度均显著地大于弱致害亲本,而与强致害性的亲本相比几乎无明显的差异;表明相对于弱致害性,褐飞虱的强致害性可能为一显性性状。与杂交F1代相比,T♀×M♂处理中自交F2代雌成虫的致害力无显著变化,而A♀×T♂处理中自交F2代雌成虫的致害力显著大于杂交F1代;两种处理中,自交F2代的方差或显著小于杂交F1代,或稍大于杂交F1代,表明自交F2代种群个体未增加新的遗传分离。     

室内不接触农药的褐飞虱种群对农药的敏感性和对水稻品种的适应性

在室内研究了经连续多代未接触农药的田间褐飞虱种群在不同抗性水稻品种上的生态适应性。结果表明,田间种群经室内连续多代未接触农药饲养后其对吡虫啉的抗性从F1代的359.94倍降到F14代的6.50倍,其中F4到F8下降快,F10到F14代基本趋于稳定;而其对毒死蜱的抗性下降趋于平缓,从F1代的9.90倍降到F14代的5.94倍。若虫历期和雌成虫体质量均显著受水稻品种和连续饲养代别数及代别×品种的影响,而若虫存活率只受代别数影响。雄虫中短翅型比例受代别和代别×品种的影响,而雌虫中短翅型比例不受代别、品种以及代别×品种的影响。在三种水稻品种上褐飞虱若虫历期均随着代别增加而延长,其中F1和F4的若虫历期较短,其余均较长。在感虫水稻品种TN1上的雌虫若虫历期明显短于在抗虫品种IR26和IR36上的历期,TN1上的雌成虫体质量明显比抗虫品种上的高。这些结果表明褐飞虱种群不接触农药后其对农药的敏感性上升,但对水稻抗性品种IR26和IR36的适应性并未增强。这些结果对于合理使用农药和水稻抗性品种治理褐飞虱具有重要意义。     

褐飞虱IR56种群的致害特征

含Bph3抗褐飞虱基因的水稻品种自20世纪80年代在东南亚推广后,迄今仍对褐飞虱有较好的抗性,受到我国抗褐飞虱育种专家的重视。在IR56水稻(含Bph3基因)上连续40多代胁迫饲养获得褐飞虱IR56寄主种群,从褐飞虱的生长、发育、繁殖以及水稻品种的抗感反应(SSST法测定)两方面对该种群的致害性进行了研究。结果表明:1)在抗性水稻IR56上,褐飞虱IR56种群的羽化率、初羽化成虫体质量、成虫寿命、产卵量、蜜露排泄量、体质量增量等均较褐飞虱TN1种群显著增加,若虫历期则显著缩短;与感虫水稻TN1上的IR56种群或TN1种群相比,除成虫寿命、蜜露排泄量和体质量增量显著下降外,羽化率、产卵量、卵孵化率无显著差异,初羽化成虫体质量、若虫历期尽管差异显著但数值上较接近(其差值不及IR56水稻上IR56种群与TN1种群差值的1/2)。2)水稻品种苗期抗性反应显示IR56水稻对褐飞虱IR56种群的抗性级别为7级,明显弱于对褐飞虱TN1种群的3级,但略强于TN1水稻对褐飞虱IR56种群或TN1种群的9级。显然,与褐飞虱TN1种群相比,褐飞虱IR56种群对抗性水稻IR56有较强的致害能力,与IR56种群或TN1种群对TN1水稻的强致害水平尽管有一定的差距,但多数指标较为接近。含Bph3基因的水稻品种RathuHeenati对IR56种群抗性为1级,推测可能与该水稻品种存在Bph3以外的其他抗虫基因有关。     

温度对水稻抗褐飞虱特性的影响

 为研究温度对水稻抗褐飞虱特性的影响,于2007年和2008年应用苗期集团筛选法（SSST）在杭州地区的自然条件下测定了抗性水稻品种IR26和IR36对田间褐飞虱的抗性,同时比较了不同温度（22℃、25℃、28℃、31℃和34℃）下IR26和IR36对褐飞虱的抗性、可溶性糖和草酸含量的变化。自然条件下,IR26已完全失去对杭州种群褐飞虱的抗性,而IR36仍具中等抗性。在25℃到34℃的范围内随着温度升高,IR26对褐飞虱抗性减弱,但22℃条件下抗性比25℃更弱。IR36在温度升高的条件下对褐飞虱的抗性总体呈降低趋势,在31℃和34℃下也已完全失去对褐飞虱的抗性。在22~25℃条件下,IR26和IR36的持抗期均在25℃下最长,分别为9 d和11 d。3个品种稻株中的可溶性糖含量均随温度升高而增加,而草酸含量则随温度升高先增加后下降,在25℃时为最大值。不同温度下及不同水稻品种之间稻株内可溶性糖和草酸的含量均有显著差异。     

水稻抗虫品种对褐飞虱和白背飞虱种群增长的影响

 利用实验种群生命表和Morris-Watt模式综台评价了5个已推广的水稻品种对褐飞虱 Nilaparvata lugens Stal和白背飞虱Sogatetla furcifera Horvath的抗性及品种对稻飞虱各虫态的抗性作用大小。IR36、汕优6号、协优10号、秀水620和丙664对褐飞虱种群增长有明显的抑制作用；而品种秀水620、丙664和协优10号对白背飞虱呈中抗水平。同时发现，品种对稻飞虱各虫态抗性作用在成虫产卵期最明显，对褐飞虱表现为：成虫产卵期>卵孵化期>高龄(3-5龄)若虫期>低龄(1-2龄)若虫期；对白背飞虱则为：成虫产卵期>低龄若虫期>高龄若虫期>卵孵化期。     

稻褐飞虱致害性变异的研究

 研究了杭州褐飞虱田间种群在抗虫品种ASD7上强迫饲养多代后致害性的变化。结果表明,不同致害性的群体,在ASD7上饲养4代后,均可转变成能为害ASD7的ASD7种群。反之,在无抗性胁迫的感性品种TN1上连续饲养7代,ASD7种群对ASD7的致害性逐渐减弱,最终退化为TN1种群。这表明褐飞虱的致害性是可变异的,水稻品种抗、感虫特性是其转化的诱因。     

不同褐飞虱寄主种群类酵母共生菌形态和数量的比较

 对分别在不同水稻品种TN1（感虫品种）、Mudgo（含Bph1抗虫基因）、ASD7（含bph2抗虫基因）上连续饲养了117代以上的3个褐飞虱寄主种群（分别称为TN1种群、Mudgo种群、ASD7种群）体内类酵母共生菌的形态和数量进行了比较。各褐飞虱种群类酵母共生菌的长和宽差异显著,且ASD7种群＞TN1种群＞Mudgo种群;长宽比无明显差异。种群间类酵母共生菌数量的差异因试虫性别而异,不同种群的褐飞虱雌虫含菌量无明显差异,雄虫则表现出TN1种群＞ASD7种群＞Mudgo种群的趋势,其中TN1种群与后两者差异显著,后两者间无显著差异。各褐飞虱种群转移到不同水稻品种上饲养1代,雌虫含菌量变化大多不明显,但雄虫较明显。感虫品种TN1上雄虫转移到两个抗性品种Mudgo和ASD7上饲养含菌量显著降低,抗虫品种上的雄虫转移到TN1上则含菌量显著增加,抗虫品种间的转移含菌量则没有明显变化。     

Susceptibility to Insecticides and Ecological Fitness in Resistant Rice Varieties of Field Nilaparvata lugens Stl Population Free from Insecticides in Laboratory

A population of rice brown planthopper(BPH) Nilaparvata lugens collected from a paddy field in Hangzhou was successively reared on susceptible rice Taichung Native 1(TN1) in a laboratory free from insecticides for more than 14 generations. The changes in susceptibility to insecticides and ecological fitness on different resistant rice varieties were monitored in each generation. The resistance ratio to imidacloprid sharply declined with the succession of rearing generations without insecticides from 359.94-fold at F1 to 6.50-fold at F14 compared with the susceptible strain, and the resistance ratio to chlorpyrifos was from 9.90-fold at F1 to 5.94-fold at F14. Nymphal duration and weights of newly hatched female adults were significantly affected by rice variety, generation and their interactions, but nymphal survival was significantly affected by the generation only. The ratio of brachypterous adults in males was affected by the generation and generation × variety interaction, whereas no difference was found in females. Nymphal duration extended with increasing generations, and the female nymphal duration was shorter in the susceptible variety TN1 than those in the resistant varieties IR26 and IR36. In addition, the female adult weight in TN1 was higher than those in IR26 and IR36. These results indicated that the resistance of field BPH population to insecticides was reversed after several generations of no-exposure to insecticides, and the ecological fitness in TN1 was higher than those in IR26 and IR36. These findings suggested the rational and reduced use of insecticides in combination with the manipulation of resistant rice varieties would be effective for BPH management.     

Bacterial Community in Different Populations of Rice Brown Planthopper Nilaparvata lugens(Stl)

The structures of bacterial communities in the brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) from different geographic and resistant virulent populations were analyzed by using denatured gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Results showed that the bacterial communities in BPH nymph from the first to the fifth instars varied with nymphal growth and development. The bacterial communities in the first-instar BPH nymph were similar to those in adults. Nine geographic BPH populations were divided into three groups based on the cluster analysis of DGGE fingerprint. The first group was from the Philippines; the second group was from Thailand and Hainan, Yunnan and Zhejiang provinces of China; and the third group was from Vietnam and Guangxi, Hunan and Jiangxi provinces of China. BPH populations adapted to different resistant rice varieties. The BPH populations from Mudgo (with resistant gene Bph1) and ASD7 (with resistant gene bph2) differed with those of the susceptible rice variety TN1.     

High Temperature Modifies Resistance Performances of Rice Varieties to Brown Planthopper,Nilaparvata lugens(Stl)

To investigate the effect of temperature on the resistance characteristics of rice varieties with different resistance genes to brown planthopper(BPH),Nilaparvata lugens(Stl),the resistances of IR26(Bph1)and IR36(bph2)to BPH population in Hangzhou,China were monitored in greenhouse during September in 2007 and 2008 by using the standard seedling screening techniques(SSST)developed by the International Rice Research Institute(IRRI).Furthermore,the changes in resistance of IR26 and IR36 to BPH,soluble sugar and oxalic acid contents in 25-day-old rice plants of susceptible variety TN1 and resistant varieties IR26 and IR36 were detected at five temperatures(22℃,25℃,28℃,31℃ and 34℃).IR26 completely lost resistance both in greenhouse and at the five tested temperatures.IR36 still had moderate resistance at natural temperature,but its resistance decreased gradually when the temperature increased from 25℃ to 34℃,and fully lost its resistance at 31℃ and 34℃.The highest durable resistance of IR26 and IR36 were recorded at 25℃.The soluble sugar content in plants of the three tested rice varieties increased with temperature increase,and the oxalic acid content increased with the temperature increase at first,maximized at 25℃,and then declined.Two-way ANOVA indicated significant effects of temperature and rice variety on contents of soluble sugar and oxalic acid in rice plants.