中国粳稻品种春江06的抗白背飞虱机理

与感虫杂交稻汕优63相比较,研究了具有抗性的中国粳稻春江06对白背飞虱的抗性.结果表明,春江06高抗白背飞虱.迁入的白背飞虱拒绝在春江06上着陆,也不能在其上繁殖种群;而白背飞虱更趋向于在汕优63上定居,并繁殖良好.在自由选择的试验条件下,选择春江06的白背飞虱数量显著地低于选择汕优63的.白背飞虱在春江06上平均每天每只雌成虫分泌的蜜露量仅为4.8 mg,而在汕优63上为17.4 mg,表明春江06明显抑制白背飞虱的取食活动.如果让刚羽化的白背飞虱在春江06上连续取食和产卵的话,其产卵能力和卵孵化能力明显降低.白背飞虱在春江06和汕优63上的平均产卵量分别为每只雌成虫42.4个和133.6个,孵化率分别为20.1%和64.5%;在春江06上孵化出的若虫数量只有在汕优63上的10%左右.白背飞虱卵在春江06的水渍状产卵部位有很高的死亡率.在卵孵化之前,水渍状褐变部位迅速形成坏死症状.卵死亡出现在产卵后的1～2 d内.这样的水渍状褐变则极少发生在卵孵化正常的汕优63上.根据以上的发现,可总结出在春江06对白背飞虱的抗性中,抑制取食和杀卵作用是关键的因素.这些作用分别与对迁入白背飞虱的忌避性机理、与居留型白背飞虱产卵能力和卵孵化能力下降的抗生性机理相关.这种品种抗虫性的双抗机理使得粳稻品种春江06具有了稳定和持久的田间抗虫性.     

中国粳稻春江06抗白背飞虱的遗传

分析了高抗白背飞虱、对白背飞虱的抗性表现为拒取食性和杀卵作用的中国粳稻春江06和感虫籼稻品种TN1正反交获得的F1和F2代拒取食性和杀卵作用的遗传方式.所有的F1稻株都具有拒取食和杀卵作用.两种抗性在F2代中以3∶1的抗感比例独立分离. 具有拒取食和杀卵抗性的不同组合的4种表现型以9∶3∶3∶1分离.表型分离说明春江06中的拒取食性和杀卵抗性分别受一个显性基因控制.采用常规的杂交方法可以容易地将春江06中的拒取食抗性导入日本粳稻品种日本晴、北陆-153和越光中.     

中国粳稻春江06抗白背飞虱的系谱分析

对中国粳稻春江06的抗白背飞虱特性进行系谱分析表明,春江06对白背飞虱的拒取食和杀卵抗性均来源于秀水620.秀水620的亲本中,只有秀水04具有较强的拒取食抗性,但没有杀卵抗性.在祥湖24中检测到明显的杀卵反应.亲本秀水04、单209和辐农709具有拒取食抗性,但测21没有.单209和辐农709的共同亲本农虎6号也具有拒取食抗性.然而,农虎6号、农垦58(日本粳稻)和老虎稻(中国粳稻地方品种)不具有拒取食抗性,在田间表现出感虫性.农虎6号、单209、辐农709和秀水04表现出稳定的田间抗性.春江06育种中的两个籼稻品种IR26和IR28高感白背飞虱,既无拒取食抗性,也无杀卵作用.     

中国杂交稻组合汕优63上白背飞虱多发生的成因探讨

以汕优63及其亲本、常规稻春江11为材料,研究了白背飞虱在中国杂交稻品种汕优63上大量发生的主要原因.从杂交稻汕优63和常规粳稻春江11上白背飞虱的发生情况来看,白背飞虱长翅型雌成虫的迁入密度和产卵数没有明显差异,种群的变化也一致.但汕优63的卵孵化率较高,若虫种群密度也明显较高.从汕优63及其亲本对白背飞虱的反应来看,汕优63的恢复系明恢63抑制白背飞虱的繁殖,但不育系珍汕97A和保持系珍汕97B对白背飞虱繁殖有促进作用.珍汕97A和汕优63的稻-飞虱间的干物质转化率基本相同,但汕优63具有较高的干物质生产能力,可能使白背飞虱繁殖密度较高.日平均蜜露分泌量,以珍汕97A和珍汕97B最多,明恢63最少,汕优63居中.珍汕97A的筛管液中大部分是主要氨基酸,浓度高于汕优63和明恢63.汕优63与明恢63的筛管液中氨基酸的总浓度基本相同,但微量氨基酸浓度高于明恢63.总的来看,汕优63的白背飞虱繁殖率较高,主要原因在于不育系珍汕97A的高感虫性和杂种优势的高干物质转化能力产生的耐受性,而不是珍汕97A的白背飞虱感虫性和细胞质不育导致的.     

两个杂交稻组合及其亲本材料对白背飞虱抗性的研究

采用田间白背飞虱种群调查和水稻产量、室内白背飞虱蜜露量、产卵量及卵发育率测定,在浙江富阳和重庆秀山两地研究了杂交稻组合及其亲本材料对白背飞虱的抗虫性.田间试验结果表明不育系协青早A和珍汕97A表现出对白背飞虱比感虫对照品种TN1更感虫的"超感虫性",稻株上的若虫量分别高达371.1和292.5只/丛.在杂交稻汕优63和协优9308上的若虫数量与TN1上的相当,杂交稻的感虫性主要来源于其不育系亲本.在无杀虫剂防治的情况下,感虫杂交稻组合的千粒重和产量损失率高达22%和78%左右,不育系材料被完全毁灭,表现为虫量越大,千粒重下降幅度越大,产量损失率越高.蜜露量测定表明,恢复系明恢63和9803具有一定的耐虫性.白背飞虱在杂交稻及其亲本上的产卵量和卵发育率没有显著差异.还对杂交稻抗虫性的改良进行了讨论.     

抗虫水稻品种上饲养的白背飞虱种群的致害性变化

采用分别带有抗白背飞虱基因Wbph2和Wbph5的水稻品种ARC10239(ARC)和N'Diang(ND)作为选择寄主,获得第15代种群(ARC种群和ND种群),对这两个种群进行致害性检测.设RHT和TN1为抗感虫对照.结果表明这两个种群在其相应的寄主品种上分泌唾液和X波持续时间较短,而取食韧皮部的时间较长.ARC种群和ND种群分别在其相应的寄主品种和TN1上分泌的蜜露量没有显著差异,且明显大于其在RHT上分泌的蜜露量.在寄主品种和TN1上的产卵量明显高于RHT,发育卵率没有显著差异.ND种群在其寄主品种上的若虫存活率为45.0%,介于TN1(71.4%)和RHT(21.0%)之间,并与它们存在显著差异,ARC种群在其寄主品种上的若虫存活率为68.3%,与它在TN1上(77.5%)的若虫存活率之间没有显著差异,且明显高于RHT(22.6%).这两个种群若虫发育历期在其各自的选择寄主与TN1之间没有显著差异,且明显短于其在RHT上的发育历期.因此,这两个种群在取食和产卵方面已基本适应其相应的选择寄主品种,但ND种群的若虫存活率还较低.     

混植水稻抗虫和感虫材料抑制白背飞虱发生的初步研究

以与浙辐802成对的、具有Rathu Heenati抗白背飞虱基因的近等基因系"浙抗",以及以2∶1比例混合"浙抗"与浙辐802种子构成的抗-感白背飞虱混合群体"浙混"为材料,采用田间白背飞虱的种群调查和水稻产量及千粒重的测定,结合室内蜜露量、产卵量和卵发育率的测定,研究了混植抗感白背飞虱近等基因系材料对白背飞虱的控制效果.试验结果表明,"浙混"上的成虫及若虫数量均与在抗虫的RHT和"浙抗"上的相近,分别是在感虫的浙辐802和TN1上的1/2和1/4～1/5.白背飞虱在"浙混"和"浙抗"上分泌的蜜露量分别为9.03和6.97 mg/♀*d,显著地低于在浙辐802(17.64 mg/♀*d)和TN1(19.14 mg/♀*d)上的.白背飞虱在"浙混"与"浙抗"、浙辐802与TN1上的产卵量和卵发育率都没有显著性差异.与"浙抗"相比,"浙混"和浙辐802的稻谷产量分别增加了1.17%和减少了19.11%,"浙混"和浙辐802的千粒重分别减少了2.57%和9.84%.因此,混植抗感白背飞虱水稻材料可以有效地抑制白背飞虱的发生,还可以保证水稻产量不受损失.     

中国水稻品种对白背飞虱的抗性

评价了来自中国的13个粳稻品种、11个籼稻品种、13个杂交稻组合,以及11个热带粳稻品种的杀卵作用和拒食抗性.具有杀卵作用的品种仅见于粳稻品种.测试的13个粳稻品种中,4个表现出明显的杀卵作用.重新评价了来自中国不同省份的42份粳稻和43份籼稻对白背飞虱的抗性.10个粳稻(约占24%)具有杀卵抗性,卵死亡率为53%～100%;95%以上的籼稻品种中,白背飞虱的卵死亡率低于30%;来自浙江的4个粳稻品种明显地抑制白背飞虱的取食.浙江的21个粳稻地方品种对白背飞虱拒取食和杀卵作用表现出独立性和连续变化.三千黄、长红稻和矮秆稻具有杀卵抗性,鸡脚黄和麻雀青具有拒取食抗性.这些发现表明抗白背飞虱基因在中国存在于同一生态区的粳稻地方品种中.     

水稻籼粳交DH群体中影响白背飞虱抗虫性QTL的检测

分析了水稻籼粳交加倍单倍体(DH)群体中影响白背飞虱抗虫性和感虫性的QTL.虽然DH株系的亲本窄叶青8号和京系17没有拒取食抗性,但是白背飞虱在6个DH株系中的取食受到了强烈的抑制,可能属超亲分离.在第3染色体的粳型片段中检测到1个影响蜜露分泌的微效QTL.粳稻亲本京系17具有杀卵抗性.DH株系中的杀卵特性是通过叶鞘上杀卵反应产生的坏死症状表现的.在DH株系分蘖早期和中期,将4个杀卵作用的QTL定位在第1、2、6和8染色体的粳型片段上.出现在分蘖中期的另一个QTL被定位在第9染色体的籼型片段上.在分蘖盛期至孕穗期,杀卵位点减少至2个.整个试验期间对每个DH株系的最高杀卵级别的分析显示,在染色体2、6和9上共有4个QTL.两个主效QTL位于近邻第6染色体的粳型片段.在第1、3和5染色体上检测到3个影响第2代白背飞虱若虫密度的QTL.第3染色体上起主要作用的QTL源自粳稻亲本;第5染色体上的微效QTL源自籼稻亲本.两个白背飞虱为害的QTL位于第8和第10染色体的籼型片段,另一个QTL位于第3染色体的粳型片段.这些QTL被认为与水稻品种对白背飞虱田间抗性表达有关.     

不同食料条件下白背飞虱实验种群繁殖力及存活率模拟模型

 白背飞虱在5个生育期（苗期、分蘖期、拔节期、孕穗期、齐穗期）稻株上所产的卵，期孵化率差异不明显。若虫以取食拔节期稻株存活率最高。成虫产卵次数、日产卵量、总产卵量、各天存活率则以取食分蘖期稻株为最多。根据若、成虫存活率试验结果，建立了白背飞虱在不同水稻生育期上实验种群存活率模拟模型。     

烯效唑对稻飞虱取食和产卵行为的影响

烯效唑对稻飞虱取食和产卵行为的影响刘光杰,赵伟春（中国水稻研究所,杭州３１０００６;浙江农业大学,杭州３１００２９）关键词：烯效唑;白背飞虱;褐飞虱;取食产卵;抗虫性ＩｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅｓｏｆＵｎｉｃｏｎａｚｏｌｅｏｎｔｈｅＦｅｅｄｉｎｇａｎｄＯｖｉｐ...     

Virulence of the Populations of the Whitebacked Planthopper, Sogatella furcifera Reared on Different Resistant Rice Varieties

ARC and ND colony were obtained by rearing the whitebacked planthopper (WBPH), Sogatella furcifera(Horvath), exclusively on ARC10239 (ARC, carrying resistance gene Wbph2) and N‘Diang Marie (ND, carrying resistance gene WbphS) till 15 generations. Taichung Native 1 (TN1) and Rathu Heenati (RHT) served as susceptible and resistant check, respectively. The results of electronic recording revealed that duration of salivation and X-waveform of the two colonies on their corresponding hosts was short while the duration of phloem ingestion was long. The amount of honeydew excreted by ARC and ND colony did not differ on their corresponding host varieties from TN1 and was much higher than that of RHT. The number of eggs laid on their host varieties and TN1 were significantly higher than that on RHT. No distinct change was observed for these two colonies in term of percentage of developed eggs. The nymph survival rate of ND colony on its selection host was 45.0%, significantly different from that on TN1(71.4%0) and RHT(21.0%), while that of ARCcolony was 68. 3%, not significantly different from that on TN1(77.5%), but much higher than that on RHT(22.6%).The nymphal development duration of these two colonies on the corresponding hosts was not different from that on TN1, but significantly shorter than that on RHT. In brief, these two colonies had almost adapted to their corresponding host varieties based on feeding and oviposition, but the nymphal survival rate of ND colony was still low.     

Virulence of the Populations of the Whitebacked Planthopper, Sogatella furcifera Reared on Different Resistant Rice Varieties

ARC and ND colony were obtained by rearing the whitebacked planthopper (WBPH), Sogatella furcifera gene Wbph5) till 15 generations. Taichung Native 1 (TN1) and Rathu Heenati (RHT) served as susceptible and resistant check, respectively. The results of electronic recording revealed that duration of salivation and X-waveform of the two colonies on their corresponding hosts was short while the duration of phloem ingestion was long. The amount of honeydew excreted by ARC and ND colony did not differ on their corresponding host varieties from TN1 and was much higher than that of RHT. The number of eggs laid on their host varieties and TN1 were significantly higher than that on RHT. No distinct change was observed for these two colonies in term of percentage of developed eggs. The nymph survival rate of ND colony on its selection host was 45.0%, significantly different from that on TN1(71.4%) and RHT(21.0%), while that of ARC colony was 68. 3 %, not significantly different from that on TN1 (77.5 %), but much higher than that on RHT(22.6 %).The nymphal development duration of these two colonies on the corresponding hosts was not different from that on TN1, but significantly shorter than that on RHT. In brief, these two colonies had almost adapted to their corresponding host varieties based on feeding and oviposition, but the nymphal survival rate of ND colony was still low.     

寄主植物对3种稻飞虱解毒酶和保护酶活性的影响

 就不同寄主植物\[水稻品种TN1、IR42、Rathu Heenati（RHT）和武育粳3号以及稻田常见杂草稗草\]对3种稻飞虱\[褐飞虱(Nilaparvata lugens)、白背飞虱(Sogatella furcifera)和灰飞虱(Laodelphax striatellus)\]的存活率及解毒酶和保护酶活性的影响进行了研究。结果表明,3种稻飞虱在5种供试植物上的存活率明显不同,其中,褐飞虱在TN1上存活率最高,IR42、武育粳3号次之,在RHT和稗草上存活率极低或不能存活;白背飞虱和灰飞虱在TN1、武育粳3号和稗草上存活率较高,RHT、IR42上存活率显著降低。3种稻飞虱间,除谷胱甘肽S 转移酶和微粒体多功能氧化酶活性在若虫期无显著差异外,成虫期谷胱甘肽 S 转移酶、微粒体多功能氧化酶以及成虫和若虫期羧酸酯酶、超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶的活性均存在显著差异。不同寄主植物对3种飞虱酶活性的影响程度不同,其中,对灰飞虱的影响最大,对褐飞虱的影响最小,对白背飞虱的影响居中。这与3种飞虱寄主范围表现出一致性。然而,即使在寄主适合度相似的供试植物上,3种飞虱间甚至同种飞虱成虫与若虫之间的变化并不一致,寄主适合度与解毒酶及保护酶间的关系因虫种、虫态、寄主植物而异。     

水稻品种对白背飞虱的抗性及其与稻株营养成分的关系

 研究了6个水稻品种在不同苗龄对白背飞虱的抗性与稻株营养成分的关系。结果表明、抗性品种 ARC10239、Rathu Heenati(RH)和中抗品种 N22、Mudgo 对白背飞虱的取食、存活和产卵有抑制作用:品系9101虽适宜于白背飞虱的取食和存活,但自孕穗期后严重影响其产卵。分蘖期后,品种抗性随苗龄增加而逐渐增强.这种趋势在中抗品种 N22和 Mudgo 上特别明显。稻株营养成分测定显示出稻株内的总氮和游离氨基酸(主要是亮氨酸和丙氨酸)的含量与品种抗性呈显著负相关。     

抗白背飞虱水稻品种挥发生性次生物质的提取、组分鉴定与生测

 采用水蒸汽蒸馏－乙醚同时萃取装置对抗白背飞虱品种Rathu Heenati(RHT)，IR64，Nabeshi和感虫对照品种TN1稻株进行挥发性次生物质提取，浓缩所得精油，经“气谱－质谱”（GC-MS）联机机检测出64个有机的化学组分，其中366主要分子结构为：9种醇，9种醛，7种酮，4种酯，3种烷烃，2种酸，烯和杂环人经合物各1种。2-已烯醛，β-紫罗兰酮，叶醇（反式），叶绿醇，3,5,5-三甲-3-环已烯-1-酮和水杨酸甲酯的含量较高。将蒸馏提取物回喷在TN1稻株上，白背飞虱对抗虫和感虫稻株蒸馏提取物的趋性没有显著差异。嗅觉仪测定飞虱的趋性结果表明，单体化合物苯甲醇和己烯醛比对照丙酮更易吸引白背飞虱。在回喷TN1蒸馏提取物、丙酮溶液和未处理的TN1稻株上，白背飞虱分泌的蜜露量明显较Nabeshi和IR64蒸馏提取物处理过的TN1稻株上分泌的高。白背飞虱从掺有蒸馏提取物和挥发物单体的营养液中吸食的量均比从单纯营养液中的少；抗虫品种RHT蒸馏提取物对白背飞虱拒食作用最强，β－紫罗兰酮和己烯醛次之。     

Evaluation of Rice Germplasm for Resistance to the Small Brown Planthopper(Laodelphax striatellus)and Analysis of Resistance Mechanism

One hundred and thirty-eight rice accessions were screened for resistance to the small brown planthopper(SBPH)resistance to SBPH were detected,accounting for 18.1%of the total accessions,which included 2 highly resistant,9 resistant and 14 moderately resistant varieties.Compared with indica rice,japonica rice was more susceptible to SBPH.Antixenosis test,antibiosis test and correlation analysis were performed to elucidate the resistance mechanism.The resistant check Rathu Heenati(RHT),highly resistant varieties Mudgo and Kasalath,and resistant variety IR36 expressed strong antixenosis and antibiosis against SBPH,indicating the close relationship between resistance level and these two resistance mechanisms in the four rice varieties.Antibiosis was the dominant resistance pattern in the resistant varieties Daorenqiao and Yangmaogu due to their high antibiosis but low antixenosis.Dular,ASD7 and Milyang 23 had relatively strong antixenosis and antibiosis,indicating the two resistance mechanisms were significant in these three varieties.The resistant DV85 expressed relatively high level of antixenosis but low antibiosis,whereas Zhaiyeqing 8 and Guiyigu conferred only moderate antibiosis and antixenosis to SBPH,suggesting tolerance in these three varieties.Antibiosis and antixenosis governed the resistance to SBPH in the moderately resistant accession 9311.Antixenosis was the main resistance type in V20A.Tolerance was considered to be an important resistance mechanism in Minghui 63 and Yangjing 9538 due to their poor antibiosis and antixenosis resistance.The above accessions with strong antibiosis or antixenosis were the ideal materials for the resistance breeding.     

Evaluation of Rice Germplasm for Resistance to the Small Brown Planthopper （Laodelphax striatellus） and Analysis of Resistance Mechanism

One hundred and thirty-eight rice accessions were screened for resistance to the small brown planthopper (SBPH) (Laodelphax striatellus Fallén) by the modified seedbox screening test. Twenty-five rice accessions with different levels of resistance to SBPH were detected, accounting for 18.1% of the total accessions, which included 2 highly resistant, 9 resistant and 14 moderately resistant varieties. Compared with indica rice, japonica rice was more susceptible to SBPH. Antixenosis test, antibiosis test and correlation analysis were performed to elucidate the resistance mechanism. The resistant check Rathu Heenati (RHT), highly resistant varieties Mudgo and Kasalath, and resistant variety IR36 expressed strong antixenosis and antibiosis against SBPH, indicating the close relationship between resistance level and these two resistance mechanisms in the four rice varieties. Antibiosis was the dominant resistance pattern in the resistant varieties Daorenqiao and Yangmaogu due to their high antibiosis but low antixenosis. Dular, ASD7 and Milyang 23 had relatively strong antixenosis and antibiosis, indicating the two resistance mechanisms were significant in these three varieties. The resistant DV85 expressed relatively high level of antixenosis but low antibiosis, whereas Zhaiyeqing 8 and Guiyigu conferred only moderate antibiosis and antixenosis to SBPH, suggesting tolerance in these three varieties. Antibiosis and antixenosis governed the resistance to SBPH in the moderately resistant accession 9311. Antixenosis was the main resistance type in V20A. Tolerance was considered to be an important resistance mechanism in Minghui 63 and Yangjing 9538 due to their poor antibiosis and antixenosis resistance. The above accessions with strong antibiosis or antixenosis were the ideal materials for the resistance breeding.