施氮对油菜几种酶活性的影响及其与产量和品质的关系

不同施氮量和薹肥比例对油菜品种湘油13号几种酶活性的影响及其与产量和品质的关系研究表明，增加施氮量和大薹肥比例，可抑制油菜果壳和叶片蔗糖磷酸合成酶（SPS）活性以及籽粒磷脂酸磷酸酯酶（PPase)活性，降低种子含油量，提高油菜籽粒、果壳、叶片的谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）活性和蛋白氮、非蛋白氮及总氮含量，增加种子蛋白质含量。中氮量处理（225kg/hm^2)的籽粒产量最高，与籽粒蔗合成酶（SS）活性和收获指数最高有关。施氮量225kg/hm^2，30％作薹肥施用，能协调高产和较高含油量及蛋白质含量的关系。     

钾肥对花生生育影响及适宜钾用量研究

两年花生钾肥试验结果表明，在氮、磷一定水平上，增施钾肥可促进地上部干物质积累和生殖器官的发育，改善花生的经济性状，提高荚果产量和经济效益。当施钾量为180kg／hm^2时，花生荚果产量最高达4260.5kg／hm^2，利润最大为9482．0元／hm^2，产投比达到9．1：1。当施钾量增加到270kg／hm^2以上，花生产量和效益呈明显下降趋势。     

施氮量对花生养分吸收及产量品质的影响

田间试验研究不同氮用量对花生生长、养分吸收、产量和品质的影响。结果表明：在O～120kg／hm^2范围内,随着施氮量增加,花生荚果数增加,产量提高。120kg／hm^2用量下,花生产量最高3639．88kg／hm^2,比不施氮肥增产18．61％。0～150kg／hm^2范围内,施氮量提高促进氮磷钾吸收和植株生长及粗蛋白...     

豫东地区花生钾肥效果与效益分析

豫东地区中等肥力沙土花生最高产量和最佳产量的施钾量为203kg/hm^2和188kg/hm^2。不同施钾水平花生的经济效益不同，当施钾量为180kg/hm^2时，产值和利润均为最大，分别为10250元／hm^2和9087元／hm^2.     

磷肥与有机肥配施对土壤-花生系统磷素及花生产量的影响

为探求适合河南省花生产区磷与有机肥合理的配施比例,采用田间试验研究不同磷用量（45、90和135 kg/hm2）与有机肥用量（0.75、1.50和2.25 t/hm2）配施对花生产量及磷素吸收、土壤Hedley各磷素形态含量与分配及磷酸酶活性的影响。结果表明,相同磷用量下,与2.25 t/hm2有机肥用量相比,0.75和1.50 t/hm2有机肥用量下,花生产量显著提高8.2%~11.8%,地上部干物质重显著降低17.1%~64.3%;相同有机肥用量下,增施磷肥显著增加花生地上部生物量,但对产量无显著影响。花生不同部位磷含量对磷与有机肥配施的响应表现为,中高量有机肥和磷肥处理分别显著高于低量有机肥和磷肥处理,而中量和高量有机肥、磷肥处理间差异因植株部位不同而异。土壤不同磷组分对磷与有机肥的响应存在差异,其中活性磷组分（H2O-P和NaHCO3-Pi）和中等稳定性磷组分（NaOH-Pi和NaOH-Po）含量随磷肥与有机肥用量增加而增加,土壤稳定性磷组分（HCl-P和Residual-P）随磷肥与有机肥用量变化差异不显著。有机肥和磷肥对土壤磷酸酶的影响不同,增加有机肥能显著提高土壤磷酸酶活性,但增施磷肥抑制土壤磷酸酶活性。综合而言,磷肥与有机肥合理配施能显著提高花生产量、花生各部位磷素含量、土壤活性磷含量及土壤磷酸酶活性,过量施用有机肥和磷肥均可造成花生营养生长过旺,产量下降,还不利于提高花生体内磷含量。本试验条件下在施用45 kg/hm2磷肥基础上配施0.75~1.5 t/hm2的有机饼肥有利于改善土壤-花生系统磷素营养,促进花生产量提高,可在豫南砂姜黑土花生种植区示范应用。     

优质小花生覆膜栽培播期与密度研究

大田试验结果表明，春播覆膜小花生鲁花12号的播期和密度产量效应显著，密度效应大于播期。因此，小花生要高产必须合理密植；当花生4月28日播种，密度为17．28万穴/hm^2时，英果产量最高，达4760．0kg／hm^2；在4月28日以前，花生播期每提前5d，英果产量平均减少203．9kg／hm^2，在4月28日以后，播期每推迟5d，英果产量平均减少260kg/hm^2；播期与密度表现为正向交互效应，在4月10日-5月20日范围内，花生播期每推迟5d，其最适密度应增加5540穴/hm^2。     

纯系高粱品种沈1347高产栽培技术的研究

采用二次回归通用旋转组合设计方法，系统地研究了肥密因素对纯系高粱品种沈1347生长发育和产量的影响。通过计算机模拟，得出产量与密度（X1）、施氮量（X2）、施磷量（X3）三因素间的关系方程：Y＝6963．186＋217．227X1＋75．195X2＋82．38X3－29．07X1X2＋18．555X1X3＋129．555X2X3－266．475X1^2－181．05X2^2-140．25X3^2，并提出最高产量时的肥密组合力：密度126075株／hm^2，纯氮111．9kg/hm^2和纯磷67．05kg/hm^2。最佳经济效益的肥密组合为：密度125955株／hm^2，纯氮96．15kg/hm^2，纯磷42．75kg/hm^2。     

氮、磷、钾肥对作物的增产效果与适宜施用量的探讨

根据近几年来南安市甘薯、花生、马铃薯作物主产区田间肥料试验结果,认为施用氮、磷、钾肥能有效地增加马铃薯、花生植株高度和分枝数,提高了马铃薯茎叶重量和花生的总果数、饱果数和饱果率,降低了秕果数,提高单株重量。施肥对作物产量和效益的影响是：甘薯,施肥〉不施肥,钾肥〉氮肥〉磷肥;花生,施肥〉不施肥,钾肥〉氮肥、磷肥;马铃薯,施肥〉不施肥,氮肥〉钾肥〉磷肥。同时,通过建立甘薯、花生、马铃薯在各种土壤类型上的产量和施肥利润与N、P、K三要素施用量的三元二次数学模型,获得作物适宜施肥量。甘薯,空白产量大于21000kg/hm^2,施肥预期最高产量32000kg/hm^2～42000kg/hm^2的中高产土壤的适宜施肥量为154.3～173.6kg/hm^2N,44.4～75.3kg/hm^2P2O5,193.1～245.3kg/hm^2K2O,N：P2O5：K2O=1：0.26～0.43：1.24～1.41;最佳经济施肥量为140.0～162.0kg/hm^2N,40.8～67.0kg/hm^2P2O5,199.9～227.3kg/hm^2K2O,N：P2O5：K2O=1：0.25～0.41：1.23～1.64;花生,适宜施肥量组合为112．7-123．8kg／hm^2N,41．2～64．0kg／hm^2P2O5,186．3-197．6kg／hm^2K2O,N：P2O5：K2O=1：0．37～0．52：1．56～1．69;最佳经济施肥量为74．5～87．7kg／hm^2N,32．0～68．5kg／hm^2P2O5,138．9-163．8kg／hm^2K2O,N：P2O5：K2O=1：0．43～0．85：1．80～2．04;马铃薯,适宜施肥量组合范围为168．2-247．5kg／hm^2N,55．0～88．0kg／hm^2P2O5,255．0～316．7kg／hm^2K2O,N：P2O5：K2O=1：0．22～O．48：1．28～1．53;最佳经济施肥量为168．2～233．2kg／hm^2N,61．4～81．4kg／hm^2P2O5 257．2-286．4kg／hm^2K2O,N：P2O5：K2O=1：0．26～0．48：1．23～1．61。     

长期施肥对黑土活性有机质、pH值和玉米产量的影响

通过国家（公主岭）黑土肥力和肥料效益长期定位监测试验（1990～2012年）,研究长期施肥对黑土活性有机质、pH值和玉米产量的影响。结果表明,与试验初比较,施化肥处理土壤有机质和活性有机质均呈下降趋势,N处理土壤有机质和活性有机质分别下降了22.1%和13.8%;有机无机肥配施处理土壤有机质和活性有机质均呈增加趋势,秸秆还田（S+NPK）处理土壤有机质含量没有显著变化,土壤活性有机质增加了40.5%;M1+NPK和1.5（M1+NPK）处理活性有机质含量分别增加56.8%和62.5%。与试验初比较,施化肥处理土壤pH值呈下降趋势,其中NPK处理土壤pH值下降1.5个单位左右,有机无机配施处理土壤pH值没有下降,其中M2+NPK处理（2007年）土壤pH值比NPK处理高1.3个单位。施化肥处理玉米平均产量（1990～2012）排序为NPK>NP>NK>N>PK、CK;3个等氮量处理M1+NPK、S+NPK和NPK的玉米平均产量差异不显著。表明长期有机无机肥配施不仅能维持和提高土壤有机质的数量和质量,而且能防止土壤酸化,从而显著提高土壤肥力和持续生产力。     

基于土壤硝态氮时空分布的玉米氮肥施用分析

研究了不同施氮水平对玉米产量、氮肥效应、氮素平衡以及对环境的影响。结果表明,施氮量为225kg／hm^2（处理N3）时,产量最高达8378．02kg／hm^2,比对照（处理N00）增产29．78％,达极显著水平;土壤剖面硝态氮浓度曲线呈波浪状变化趋势,40em土层附近出现一个累积峰;适量施氮有利于土壤无机氮平衡,过量减产施氮（N;）使氮素损失高达230．53kg／hm^2,氮素利用率降至10．47％;兼顾玉米产量、经济效益和生态效益的最高施氮量为249．06kg／hm^2。     

Potential and cost of carbon sequestration in Indian agriculture: Estimates from long-term field experiments

Carbon sequestration in tropical soils has potential for mitigating global warming and increasing agricultural productivity. We analyzed 26 long-term experiments (LTEs) in different agro-climatic zones (ACZs) of India to assess the potential and cost of C sequestration. Data on initial and final soil organic C (SOC) concentration in the recommended N, P and K (NPK); recommended N, P and K plus farmyard manure (NPK + FYM) and unfertilized (control) treatments were used to calculate carbon sequestration potential (CSP) i.e., capacity to sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) by increasing SOC stock, under different nutrient management scenarios. In most of the LTEs wheat equivalent yields were higher in the NPK + FYM treatment than the NPK treatment. However, partial factor productivity (PFP) was more with the NPK treatment. Average SOC concentration of the control treatment was 0.54%, which increased to 0.65% in the NPK treatment and 0.82% in the NPK + FYM treatment. Compared to the control treatment the NPK + FYM treatment sequestered 0.33 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ whereas the NPK treatment sequestered 0.16 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. The CSP in different nutrient management scenarios ranged from 2.1 to 4.8 Mg C ha⁻¹ during the study period (average 16.9 yr) of the LTEs. In 17 out of 26 LTEs, the NPK + FYM treatment had higher SOC and also higher net return than that of the NPK treatment. In the remaining 9 LTEs SOC sequestration in the NPK + FYM treatment was accomplished with decreased net return suggesting that these are economically not attractive and farmers have to incur into additional cost to achieve C sequestration. The feasibility of SOC sequestration in terms of availability of FYM and other organic sources has been discussed in the paper.     

Effects of nitrogen,phosphorus and vermicompost on groundnut yield in Babile District,eastern Ethiopia

Groundnut is a major cash crop for smallholder farmers in several districts of eastern Ethiopia with low yield. Little or no fertilizer was applied for the crop possibly because no generic or recommended fertilizer and technology were available. Therefore, field experiments were conducted for 2 consecutive cropping seasons in Babile District, to investigate effects of applying mineral N and P fertilizer and vermicompost (VC) on seed yield and oil content of groundnut using an improved variety ‘BaHa-Gudo’. Treatments consisted of nitrogen (0,23 and 46 kg N/ha), phosphorus (0,46 and 92 kg P2O5/ha) and VC (0,2.5 and 5 t VC/ha). Results revealed that yield attributes, seed yield and seed oil content were significantly (p < 0.01) affected by fertilizers. Seed yield after combined application of 46 kg N, 46 kg P2O5 and 2.5 t VC/ha increased by about 113% compared to seed yield without any fertilizers. Enhancement in seed oil content at the aforementioned rate was 7.0%. It could, thus, be concluded that applying the aforementioned fertilizers would enable farmers to increase seed yield and oil content of groundnut for enhancing their income and livelihoods in the study area.     

Influence of Crop Nutrition on Grain Yield, Seed Quality and Water Productivity under Two Rice Cultivation Systems

The system of rice intensification (SRI) is reported to have advantages like lower seed requirement,less pest attack,shorter crop duration,higher water use efficiency and the ability to withstand higher degree of moisture stress than traditional method of rice cultivation.With this background,SRI was compared with traditional transplanting technique at Indian Agricultural Research Institute,New Delhi,India during two wet seasons (2009-2011).In the experiment laid out in a factorial randomized block design,two methods of rice cultivation [conventional transplanting (CT) and SRI] and two rice varieties (Pusa Basmati 1 and Pusa 44) were used under seven crop nutrition treatments,viz.T 1,120 kg/hm2 N,26.2 kg/hm2 P and 33 kg/hm2 K;T 2,20 t/hm2 farmyard manure (FYM);T 3,10 t/hm2 FYM+ 60 kg/hm2 N;T 4,5 t/hm2 FYM+ 90 kg/hm2 N;T 5,5 t/hm2 FYM+ 60 kg/hm2 N+ 1.5 kg/hm2 blue green algae (BGA);T 6,5 t/hm2 FYM+ 60 kg/hm2 N+ 1.0 t/hm2 Azolla,and T 7,N 0 P 0 K 0 (control,no NPK application) to study the effect on seed quality,yield and water use.In SRI,soil was kept at saturated moisture condition throughout vegetative phase and thin layer of water (2-3 cm) was maintained during the reproductive phase of rice,however,in CT,standing water was maintained in crop growing season.Results revealed that CT and SRI gave statistically at par grain yield but straw yield was significantly higher in CT as compared to SRI.Seed quality was superior in SRI as compared to CT.Integrated nutrient management (INM) resulted in higher plant height with longer leaves than chemical fertilizer alone in both the rice varieties.Grain yield attributes such as number of effective tillers per hill,panicle length and panicle weight of rice in both the varieties were significantly higher in INM as compared to chemical fertilizer alone.Grain yields of both the varieties were the highest in INM followed by the recommended doses of chemical fertilizer.The grain yield and its attributes of Pusa 44 were significantly higher than those of Pusa Basmati 1.The seed quality parameters like germination rate and vigor index as well as N uptake and soil organic carbon content were higher in INM than those in chemical fertilizer alone.CT rice used higher amount of water than SRI,with water saving of 37.6% to 34.5% in SRI.Significantly higher water productivity was recorded in SRI as compared to CT rice.     

Mixing groundnut residues and rice straw to improve rice yield and N use efficiency

Groundnut as a pre-rice crop is usually harvested 1–2 months before rice transplanting. During this lag phase much of N in groundnut residues could be lost due to rapid N mineralization. Mixing of abundantly available rice straw with groundnut residues may be a means for reducing N and improve subsequent crop yields. The objectives of this experiment were to investigate the effect of mixing groundnut residues and rice straw in different proportions on (a) growth and yield of succeeding rice, (b) groundnut residue N use efficiency and (c) N lost (¹⁵N balance) from the plant–soil system and fate of residue N in soil fractions. The experiment consisted of six treatments: (i) control (no residues), (ii) NPK (at recommended rate, 38 kg N ha⁻¹), (iii) groundnut residues 5 Mg ha⁻¹ (120 kg N ha⁻¹), (iv) rice straw 5 Mg ha⁻¹ (25 kg N ha⁻¹), (v) 1:0.5 mixed (groundnut residues 5 Mg: rice straw 2.5 Mg ha⁻¹), and (vi) 1:1 mixed (groundnut residues 5 Mg: rice straw 5 Mg ha⁻¹). After rice transplanting, samples of the lowland rice cultivar KDML 105 were periodically collected to determine growth and nutrient uptake. At final harvest, dry weight, nutrient contents and ¹⁵N recovery of labeled groundnut residues were evaluated.     

甘蔗花生间作下不同氮磷钾配施对花生养分吸收及产量效益的影响

为提高华南区甘蔗间作花生的经济效益，研究不同氮磷钾配施对花生养分吸收及产量效益的影响。田间试验设置氮磷钾肥各4个水平梯度，比较氮磷钾不同配比的施肥对花生养分吸收和产量效益的影响。结果表明：氮磷肥施用量增加促进间作花生对氮磷养分的吸收，而钾肥施用过量会抑制花生对钾养分的吸收。开花下针期到荚果膨大期是间作花生干物质积累、吸收养分的关键时期。间作花生干物质累积量随氮磷钾肥施用量的增加而增加，每形成1000 g的干物质，就需要吸收同化17.7 g N、1.7 g P₂O₅和11.3 g K₂O，吸收比列为10.4∶1∶6.6（N∶P₂O₅∶K₂O）。间作花生生产百千克荚果需吸收氮、磷、钾养分量分别在6.83~7.98 kg N、0.65~0.80 kg P₂O₅、4.10~5.32 kg K₂O之间。综上，华南区种植与甘蔗间作的花生，较优氮磷钾施肥配比为80 kg/hm² N，70 kg/hm² P₂O₅，80~90 kg/hm² K₂O，可提高花生产量和经济效益，以及养分吸收利用率。     

长期施肥对氮素利用以及土壤剖面氮素分布、积累的影响

依托28年长期定位试验，采集不同施肥处理土壤剖面样品，测定土壤硝态氮含量，结合产量计算氮素利用效率。结果表明，长期施肥显著增加玉米子粒产量、地上部总吸氮量及氮收获指数。化肥+有机肥(NPKM)处理产量最高，较单施化肥(NPK)处理提高8.7%。各处理硝态氮含量随着土层的加深均呈先降低后升高的趋势，硝态氮主要积累在0～100 cm土体，NPK、NPKM处理硝态氮积累量占比高于55%。因此，有机肥替代部分化肥可显著提高子粒产量，增加氮素利用效率，减少氮素淋溶。     

磷肥用量对油菜产量、养分吸收及经济效益的影响

利用大田试验研究了磷肥用量对油菜生长、产量、养分含量、养分积累及经济收益的影响.结果表明,在4个施磷水平下,蕲春和黄冈两个试验点磷肥(P2O5)用量分别为135kg/hm2和90kg/hm2时效果最好,分别提高产量148.5%和81.5%,增加纯利润2 532元/hm2和1 038元/hm2.施磷能大幅度的增加油菜分枝数、每株角果数、每角籽粒数及在一定程度上提高籽粒千粒重.施磷能不同程度地提高油菜各部位N、P、K养分含量,显著地提高油菜地上部对N、P和K的积累量.根据肥料效应方程和油菜籽及磷肥价格确定,蕲春和黄冈试验点最高产量水平时的磷肥用量分别为145.3kg/hm2和119.2kg/hm2,而最佳施磷量则分别为141.4kg/hm2和113.5kg/hm2.     

氮磷钾配施对砂姜黑土花生产量的影响

在砂姜黑土上，施肥可显著促进花生生长发育，提高荚果和籽仁产量；氮磷钾酸施效果优于氮钾配施，氮钾配施又优于氮磷配施。氮磷钾配施较氮钾配施荚果增产15.7%、24.8%，籽仁增产13.6%、26.5%；较不施肥荚果增产39.7%，籽仁增产43.2%。实行氮磷钾平衡施肥是提高砂姜黑土花生产量的有效措施。     

Effects of various organic amendments on organic carbon pools and water stable aggregates under a scented rice–potato–onion cropping system

Pools of organic carbon are quantified from the soil samples under scented rice crop from different soil layers (0–10, 10–20, and 20–30 cm) under 9 years’ long-term trials with five treatments in scented rice–potato–onion cropping system. These treatments were 100 % NPK (NPK), 50 % recommended NPK through mineral fertilizers + 50 % N as FYM (NPK + FYM), FYM + vermicompost (VC) + neem cake (NC) each equivalent to one-third of recommended N (FYM + VC + NC), 50 % N as FYM + biofertilizer for N + bone meal to substitute phosphorus requirement of crops + phosphate solubilizing bacteria (FYM + BFN + BM + PSB), FYM + vermicompost + neem cake each equivalent to 1/3rd of recommended N + PSB (FYM + VC + NC + PSB). SMBC (479 mg kg^?1), HWEOC (373 mg kg^?1), CWSCHO (235 mg kg^?1), HWSCHO (839 mg kg^?1), and ASCHO (180 mg kg^?1) were found to be the highest in the soil treated with FYM + VC + NC + PSB and the lowest with NPK. The quantity of hot water-extractable carbohydrate content is highest amongst cold water, dilute acid and hot water extractable carbohydrate that decreases with the soil depth irrespective of treatments, except CWEOC. Soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC) shows significant correlation with CWEOC (r = 0.60**), HWEOC (r = 0.94**), CWSCHO (r = 0.75**), HWSCHO (r = 0.83**), and ASCHO (r = 0.83**) that primed for better aggregate stability irrespective of soil layers up to 30 cm depth. This indicates that labile carbon pools, most specifically water-soluble carbon, carbohydrate, microbial biomass, could be a suitable indicator for evaluation of soil quality, particularly in relation to soil aggregation.     

长期施肥和气候因素对东北黑土区玉米产量的影响

本试验以公主岭国家黑土监测基地为平台,研究玉米连作条件下施肥及气候因素对产量的可持续性影响。试验共设有机肥和化肥N、P、K的不同组合共24个试验处理。结果表明,与不施有机肥相比,施用常量有机肥和高量有机肥(FYM1、FYM2)均可以显著提高玉米产量,产量分别达到7668kg/hm²和7925kg/hm²,FYM(无有机肥)处理为5718kg/hm²。有机肥配施化肥比单施化肥也有明显的增产作用,施用N肥165kg/hm²可以显著增加玉米产量,单施磷素、钾素及磷钾配施增产作用不明显,表明土壤中的磷钾营养水平没有限制作物产量。降雨量与产量的相关分析结果表明,磷、钾处理的产量与8月份的降雨量显著相关。