麦套花生套期与密度优化配置研究

采用二次饱和D-最优设计建立了小麦行距为30cm的麦套花生套期和密度与产量的数学模型.进一步分析表明,花生套期和密度对花生产量作用显著,且密度效应大于套期.套种花生最适播期为麦收前22d,与其相配套的最适密度为15.55×104穴/hm2,最高产量可达到4 679.4kg/hm2.适期过后,套期每推迟5d,花生平均减产187.2kg/hm2.花生产量在3 500kg/hm2以上的优化措施组合为:5月10日～5月29日套种,密度14.66×104～20.72×104穴/hm2.     

旱地地膜小麦高产栽培优化数学模型研究

采用三因子二次饱和D最优设计方案，选取对小麦产量影响较大的播期、播量和施肥量为调控因子，以产量为目标函数，研究了陕西省千阳、淳化、洛川三个不同干旱地区地膜小麦优质高产综合栽培优化数学模型。结果表明，各地的最佳农艺方案分别是：千阳县产量在5250kg／hm^2以上的播期为9月29～10月1日，基本苗为272．8万～330．32万／hm^2，施氮103．1～167．0kg／hm^2，P2O5 82．5～133．6kg／hm^2；淳化县产量在4500kg／hm^2以上的播期为9月31～10月5日，基本苗237．5万～320．5万／hm^2，施氮221．9～285．8kg／hm^2，P205177．5～228．6kg／hm^2；洛川县产量在3750kg／hm^2以上的播期为9月25～9月27日，基本苗286．3万～337．7万／hm^2，施氮111．5～170．5kg／hm^2，P20589．2～136．4kg／hm^2。     

黑龙江省高产红麻品种筛选与配套栽培技术研究

本文以国内最新品种在黑龙江双城进行品比试验和配套栽培试验。结果表明：H305杂种麻干茎16222．5kg/hm^2最高，中红麻11号14550．0kg／hm^2居二，7804为14347．5kg／hm^2第三。H305较7804等其他品种增产显著或极显著。播期表明：共同趋势是随播期提早而增产，7804和H305杂种麻于4月底播种比5月初播种，分别增产19．0％、9．0％。肥料与密度试验以每hm^2施N150kg、K2O150kg，产量较高，比高肥区施N225kg、K2O225kg、P2O575kg，增产干茎1410kg／hm^2。     

精播麦套花生套期、肥料与密度优化配置

大田条件下采用二次饱和D—最优设计建立了精播麦套花生套期、密度和N肥与产量的数学模型。分析表明: (1)套期与密度、密度与肥料间呈负向交互效应。套期晚,花生适宜密度应相应增加;密度增加,N肥用量可适当减少。套期与肥料呈正向交互效应,套期早, N 肥用量也应适当增加。( 2) 麦套花生最高产量可达到5 795. 4kg/hm2 ,相应的措施组合为:麦收前22d套种,每公顷播20. 7万株,施N 89. 3kg。产量在4 500～5 250kg/hm2 范围内的措施组合为:麦收前18～29d套种,每公顷播18. 8～22. 2万株,施N 49. 4～90. 7kg;产量在5 250～5 795kg/hm2范围内的措施组合为:麦收前17～22d套种,每公顷播18. 9～22. 7万株,施N 72. 7～108. 9kg。(3)夏直播花生最高产量可达到4 873. 0kg/hm2 ,相应的措施组合为:每公顷播20. 8万株,施N 85. 4 kg/hm2。     

宽幅麦套种花生套期与密度研究

麦油两熟制一体化高产栽培大田试验结果表明 ,宽幅麦套种花生套期和密度对麦套花生产量作用显著 ,套期效应大于密度穴数 ,高产麦套花生必须适期套种。麦套花生最适套期为麦收前 5 3天 ( 2 8/ 4) ,适期过后 ,套期每推迟 1天 ,花生约减产 14.6kg/hm2 ;适期套种时 ,麦套花生适宜的公顷穴数为 7995 0 ,夏直播花生适宜的公顷穴数为 8715 0。     

小麦花生两熟制高产生育规律及栽培技术研究──Ⅳ麦油复合群体（B）

麦油两熟制大田试验结果表明；在共生期为２５～３０ｄ的麦油两熟制双高产复合群体中，小麦基本苗是复合群体的主体，对麦油两作产量效应显著；花生密度对花生产量作用明显，但对小麦产量影响不大。在小麦９０～２７０万株／ｈｍ２基本苗范围内，每增加１５万苗，花生平均减产１８ｋｇ／ｈｍ２；小麦花生两熟制一体化栽培高产复合群体指标为：小麦基本苗１６５～１９５万／ｈｍ２，花生１３．５～１６．５万穴／ｈｍ２。高效复合群体最优组合为：小麦基本苗１２０万／ｈｍ２，花生播１５万穴／ｈｍ２。     

栽培因子对棉株蕾花铃形成时空分布影响的研究

本研究采用二次回归组合设计的最优混合设计(311设计)，在湖南特殊的环境条件与栽培技术体系下探讨了栽培因子对棉株不同座果点蕾花铃的影响．即伏前桃在总铃数中所占的比例随播期推迟而减少，随密度增大而略有增加，施氮量过多或过少均减少伏前桃的比例：秋桃的比例随播期推迟而增加，随密度增大反而降低，随施氮量的增加而增加，伏桃在总铃敷中的比例最高，各个处理平均达到62％左右。根据三桃的总数与比例得出处理3为较好的栽培模式，即播期为4月9日，密度为19755株／hm^2，施氮量为337．5kg／hm^22。     

夏直播花生规范化栽培密度与氮肥优化配置研究

采用二次饱和D—最优设计建立了密度和N肥用量与夏直播花生产量的数学模型。进一步分析表明，密度与N肥用量呈负交互效应，肥料用量增加，花生密度可适当减少。密度与N肥用量的最优组合为每公顷播15．36万穴，施纯N99．6kg，最高产量可达到5527．0kg。公顷产量在4500~5527kg范围内的措施组合为：每公顷播15．O～18．7万穴，施纯N65．1～124．4kg。     

优质杂交水稻金优284高产栽培技术初探

2006年在湖南宁远对金优284进行了播种期、密度、氮肥与钾肥施用量试验,结果表明：金优284适应性强,在6月24-28日播种,秧龄控制在28d以内,秧田播种量150kg／hm^2,种植密度为30万～37．5万蔸／hm^2,每蔸插2粒谷秧苗,本田施一定数量的有机肥及300kg／hm^2磷肥作基肥,施纯氮150～187．5kg／hm^2,氯化钾75kg／hm^2,辅以浅湿相间的水浆管理,及时防治病虫害,可获得较高产量。     

赣豆6号高产栽培技术研究

研究了不同播期、密度和氮肥追施量对赣豆6号产量及农艺性状的影响。结果表明,密度、播期、密度和氮肥互作效应对赣豆6号产量影响极显著,在施入等量的钙镁磷肥（375kg／hm^2）和钾肥（100kg／hm^2）前提下,赣豆6号在7月20日播种,密度为22．5万株／hm^2,追施氮肥量为250kg／hm^2的情况下产量最高,经济效益最好。     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.     

Applied Biotechnology to Combat Late Blight in Potato Caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora Infestans</Emphasis>

Potato is an important crop, grown worldwide. It suffers from many pests and diseases among which late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is the worst. The disease is still causing major damage in many potato production areas and control is only possible by applying fungicides frequently. The knowledge on the molecular biology and genetics of the interaction between the plant and the oomycete is developing rapidly. These are relevant fields of study, currently dominated by the discovery of many resistance genes and numerous effector proteins and the analysis of their specific mode of action. These studies may yield essential information needed for the development of durable resistance. The long-term and worldwide effort to breed for resistance so far has had little effect. A novel breeding approach may change this. It is based on cisgenic modification (CM) consisting of marker-free pyramiding of several resistance genes and their spatial and temporal deployment yielding dynamic varieties that contain potato genes only. It is envisioned that this CM approach with potato’s own genes will not only prove societally acceptable but may also result in simplifications in the legislation on use of the CM approach. Various parties in the potato research arena intend to cooperate in this novel approach in a number of developing countries where potato substantially contributes to food security. The use of resources such as land, water and energy improves when the effect of late blight is markedly reduced.     

Resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Potato virus Y</Emphasis> in a Multitrait Potato Breeding Scheme without Direct Selection in Each Generation

In an experimental breeding scheme to improve late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and white potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida) resistance of tetraploid potato over three generations of crossing and selection, 15 clones survived the final selection, and these were derived from 15 great-grandparents. There was no direct selection for resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY), but 14 out of the 15 great-grandparents were resistant to PVY and three had extreme resistance. Thirteen of the 15 descendants had PVY resistance and one extreme resistance. This was within the range expected for a random (unselected) sample from the genotypes of the great-grandparents. Hence, we found no evidence for any positive or negative association between PVY resistance and the attributes selected. The conclusion is that laborious selection is not required in every generation when many parents have PVY resistance, including some with more than one copy of a PVY resistance gene or resistance at more than one locus. However, in the future, determining the major virus resistance genes present in potential parents in each generation using diagnostic molecular markers would prevent susceptible × susceptible crosses being made and maximise the number of resistant × resistant ones.