发酵桂叶渣挥发性芳香气体成分固相微萃取气相色谱-质谱联用分析研究

采用顶空固相微萃取气质联用的方法分析发酵桂叶渣的挥发性香味成分,固相微萃取的条件为：萃取时间10 min,萃取温度90℃,色谱分离得到106种挥发性成分,66种可被鉴定,其主成分为乙酸乙酯(8.375%)、己酸丁酯(6.337%)、丁酸丁酯(4.866%)、δ荜澄茄烯(4.612%)、 r衣兰油烯(4.405%)、α衣兰油烯(3.416%)、古巴烯(3.313%)等。     

火焰花挥发性成分的SPME-GC/MS分析

用固相微萃取-气相色谱/质谱联用(SPME-GC/MS)法鉴定鲜火焰花和干火焰花中的挥发性成分。从鲜火焰花中共鉴定出挥发性成分24种,其中含量较高有双戊烯、反式柠檬烯-1,2-环氧化物和α-法呢烯,相对含量分别为64.327%、9.876%和5.668%;从干火焰花中鉴定出挥发性成分34种,其中含量较高有双戊烯、(E)-香叶基丙酮和苯乙醇,相对含量分别为49.389%、8.136%和5.600%。双戊烯是火焰花的主要特征性挥发成分和香味成分,在鲜花和干花中的相对含量分别为64.327%和49.389%。     

基于固相微萃取-气质联用的不同花色紫薇的挥发性物质检测

紫薇是我国著名的夏季观赏花木，具多种花色，有丰富的生物活性。探究不同花色紫薇花的挥发性物质在组 成和含量上的差异，对紫薇的进一步开发和利用具有重要意义。本研究以 5 种花色紫薇花的挥发性物质为研究对象， 利用固相微萃取（SPME）技术对进行富集提取，通过 GC-MS 对挥发性物质进行分离鉴定。在前处理条件优化方面， 以质谱鉴定出物质（总物质和高匹配物质）的出峰数和峰面积为指标，筛选得到适用于萃取紫薇花挥发性物质的萃取 温度为 25 ℃，萃取头为 65 μm PDMS/DVB。接着对 5 种不同花色的紫薇花中的高匹配度和高含量成分进行了讨论， 分别从白色、淡粉、粉红、玫红、紫色花色的紫薇中检测出高匹配挥发性物质 23、3、14、18 和 15 个，占各自总香气 成分的 46.38%、47.11%、47.42%、49.18%和 47.32%；而高含量成分分别占到各自总香气成分的 59.33%、79.35%、58.24%、 69.23%和 54.83%。同时，不同花色紫薇花的挥发性成分也存在共性和特异性的成分。以高匹配成分为研究对象，4 种 花色紫薇有 2 个共有成分（β-石竹烯、十四烷），3 种花色共有的挥发性成分有 3 个（苯乙醛、苯甲醛和顺式-罗勒烯）， 而 2 种花色共有挥发性成分有 5 个（D-柠檬烯和 2,4-葵二烯酸甲酯等）。同时，各花色还存在特异性成分，在白色、淡 粉、粉红、玫红、紫色花色中的特异性成分数量分别为 15、2、9、10 和 9 种。通过探究不同花色紫薇花在挥发性成分 上的差异，为紫薇的进一步开发和利用提供参考。     

超临界CO2萃取斜叶黄檀精油工艺优化及精油成分分析

本研究采用超临界CO2萃取斜叶黄檀中的精油,并分析精油的挥发性成分,主要考察萃取压力、萃取温度和萃取时间对精油得率的影响,通过正交试验确定超临界CO2萃取精油的最佳工艺条件,并通过气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）检测斜叶黄檀精油中的主要挥发性成分。结果表明:超临界CO2萃取精油的最佳工艺条件为萃取温度75℃,萃取压力35 MPa,萃取时间4 h,在此条件下精油的得率为4.7573%;从斜叶黄檀精油中共鉴定出13种挥发性组分,主要成分是榄香素和甲基丁香酚,分别占92.33%和3.18%。      

同时蒸馏萃取和固相微萃取分析卤水干豆腐挥发性成分比较

采用同时蒸馏萃取法和固相微萃取法提取卤水干豆腐中的挥发性成分,并利用GC-MS进行分离鉴定.对2种方法所鉴定出的挥发性成分进行比较,确定出最适合卤水干豆腐挥发性成分萃取的方法.结果表明:同时蒸馏萃取法能更有效的提取出干豆腐的挥发性成分(53种),而且有利于高沸点成分的分离.固相微萃取技术尽管分析出的成分数量较少(25种),但它具有快速简便、不使用溶剂和不破坏检测样品等优点,能反映卤水干豆腐的原始信息,可用于挥发性成分的初步鉴定.2种方法共同鉴定出的卤水干豆腐的挥发性成分有己醛、1-己醛、苯乙烯、正庚醛、2-正戊基呋喃、辛醛、安息香醛、1-辛烯-3-醇和壬醛.     

HS-SPME-GC/MS分析海南产糯米香叶的挥发性成分

糯米香是原产自云南的稀有的爵床科草本植物,因其散发出印度香米和班兰叶的香味而闻名。采用顶空固相微萃取技术(HS-SPME)结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术调查海南产糯米香叶的挥发性成分,通过优化HSSPME进样条件得出最佳萃取条件。结果表明:最佳萃取条件为:1 g糯米香叶干粉,Na Cl添加量为2 g,萃取头为DVB/CAR/PDMS,平衡时间为30 min,萃取温度为70℃,萃取时间为30 min。从糯米香叶中分离出79种挥发性成分,其中2-丙酰基-3,4,5,6-四氢吡啶和2-丙酰基-1,4,5,6-四氢吡啶是糯米香叶的主要挥发性成分,分别占总挥发性物质的43.89%和37.06%;其次为哌啶-2-甲酸乙酯(5.88%)、2-乙酰基-3,4,5,6-四氢吡啶(5.27%)和丙酰基吡啶(1.73%);微量成分为1-烯基-3-庚酮、3-辛酮、3-辛醇、乙酰基吡啶和2-乙酰基哌啶。     

超临界CO2萃取/气相色谱-质谱联用分析糯米香茶中的挥发油

采用超临界CO2萃取糯米香茶(Teucrium manghuaense)叶片的挥发性成分,经毛细管气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)分析,鉴定其中的43种挥发性化合物,用气相色谱峰面积归-法测定各组分的相对百分含量.结果表明,其主要成分为角鲨烯(39.4%)、亚麻酸(20.5%)、丁香酚(14.7%)、叶绿醇(7.89%)、棕榈酸(4.8l%)、γ-衣兰油烯(3.36%)和4-(4,5-二甲基苯基)-哌啶(1.29%)等.本研究旨在为进一步开发利用糯米香茶资源提供科学依据.     

基于HS-SPME-GC-O-MS的西番莲果汁香气成分分析方法

因西番莲果汁具有多种水果的浓郁香味,可建立更全面的气相色谱-质谱联用检测条件。利用气相色谱-嗅闻-质谱联用(GC-O-MS)技术确定西番莲果汁中14种香气主要挥发性成分,再结合顶空-固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用(HS-SPME-GC-MS)分析不同萃取条件下西番莲果汁的香气主要挥发性成分,建立萃取方法。通过实验分析,得到条件如下:未添加氯化钠的西番莲果汁,取汁量为0.5 mL,65μm DVB/PDMS萃取头,萃取温度40℃,萃取时间20 min,解吸时间5 min。鉴定得到62种挥发成分,包括酯类、醇类、烯类、酮类化合物,其中酯类化合物为71.58%,是西番莲果汁香气的主要贡献化合物类,此检测方法有效可行。     

顶空固相微萃取气质联用分析比较雪菊与市售菊花的挥发性成分

采用顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)对不同种类菊花的挥发性成分进行分析鉴定,用面积归一法计算其相对含量.结果表明:鉴定出8种菊花的挥发性成分共52个,发现雪菊和市售菊花中挥发性成分较复杂,雪菊中挥发性成分主要以萜烯类、醛酮类、醇类化合物为主,市售菊花中挥发性成分主要以萜烯类、芳烃衍生物为主.雪菊中挥发性成分的种类较市售菊花种类要多,总的相对百分含量也较市售菊花要高,说明菊花品种不同,其化学成分也有一定的差异.HS-SPME结合GC-MS方法能准确反映菊花中的挥发性组分,为雪菊的进一步开发利用提供了理论依据.     

芒果叶片挥发性成分分析

采用顶空固相微萃取技术(HS-SPME)和气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对金煌芒和爱文芒2个品种叶片的挥发性成分进行分析。结果表明:金煌芒叶片中检测出26种成分,其中含量最高的是α-萜品油烯(44.75%);爱文芒检测出23种成分,其中含量最高的是3-蒈烯(44.16%)。2个品种叶片挥发性成分主要是以单萜类为主,分别达到90.86%和73.26%。     

Pesticide diversity in rice growing areas of Northern Vietnam

Pesticide use in developing countries increases rapidly. In many regions, we miss knowledge of how frequently pesticides are applied and which active ingredients are used. We present a new cost-efficient and rapid assessment method of recording pesticides diversity in rice-dominated landscapes and present some evidence of the misuse of active ingredients in our study regions. We investigated 17 rice fields in two regions of Northern Vietnam in 2014 and 2015. At each region, we explore the abundance of pesticides used with three methods including (1) the novel approach of collecting pesticide packages close to our target rice fields, (2) observations of farmers spraying pesticides in the surrounding and (3) interviewing local farmers. By collecting pesticide packages, we found 811 packages containing 74 different active ingredients. On average, 19 active ingredients (ranging from four to 40 active ingredients) were applied with an average content of 275.3 g of active ingredients per site. Insecticide packages (39%) were most abundant followed by those of fungicides (31%), herbicides (16%) and other active ingredients (14%). On all sites, active ingredients banned in the European Union were applied by the farmers. Collecting pesticide packages proved to be an efficient and rapidly implemented method to obtain some baseline information about pesticide application (for Northern Vietnam). We suspect that improved agricultural extension services could contribute to good agricultural practices in pest management. Generally, better information and education for local farmers for appropriate use of pesticides seem a necessity.     

一株香蕉内生细菌挥发油成分及抑菌活性研究

测定一株香蕉内生细菌BEB99发酵液的石油醚和乙酸乙酯粗提物对香蕉枯萎病菌4号生理小种的(FOC4)菌丝生长和孢子萌发的影响,并测定粗提物中的主要成分。研究结果表明：其发酵液的石油醚和乙酸乙酯粗提物对香蕉枯萎病菌的菌丝生长和孢子萌发均具有明显抑制作用,可造成病菌菌丝的畸形,抗菌物质浓度为1.67 mg/mL时,其孢子萌发抑制率分别达到92.99%和82.96%。GC/MS分析从粗提物中鉴定到18个成分,其中主要成分包括油酸(14.98%)、油酸乙酯(11.38%)、亚麻油酸乙酯(14.86%)、亚油酸(13.20%)、棕榈酸(11.36%)和棕榈酸乙酯(11.26%),及一个未知化学成分。     

Marine Ingredients for Sensitive Skin: Market Overview

Marine ingredients are a source of new chemical entities with biological action, which is the reason why they have gained relevance in the cosmetic industry. The facial care category is the most relevant in this industry, and within it, the sensitive skin segment occupies a prominent position. This work analyzed the use of marine ingredients in 88 facial cosmetics for sensitive skin from multinational brands, as well as their composition and the scientific evidence that supports their efficacy. Marine ingredients were used in 27% of the cosmetic products for sensitive skin and included the species Laminaria ochroleuca, Ascophyllum nodosum (brown macroalgae), Asparagopsis armata (red macroalgae), and Chlorella vulgaris (microalgae). Carotenoids, polysaccharides, and lipids are the chemical classes highlighted in these preparations. Two ingredients, namely the Ascophyllum nodosum extract and Asparagopsis armata extracts, present clinical evidence supporting their use for sensitive skin. Overall, marine ingredients used in cosmetics for sensitive skin are proposed to reduce skin inflammation and improve the barrier function. Marine-derived preparations constitute promising active ingredients for sensitive skin cosmetic products. Their in-depth study, focusing on the extracted metabolites, randomized placebo-controlled studies including volunteers with sensitive skin, and the use of extraction methods that are more profitable may provide a great opportunity for the cosmetic industry.     

Contribution of Major Ingredients during Baking of Biscuit Dough Systems

Nineteen dough systems were made of a combination of two to nine of the following ingredients: flour, water, fats (coconut and/or palm oils), sugars (sucrose, invert) and chemical leaveners (ammonium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, citric acid and sodium acid pyrophosphate). Their thermal behaviour was studied over a large temperature scale (20 °C to 160 °C). Thermal analysis of baking by three different methods (DSC, DMTA and TGA) at the same heating rate (3 °C/min) provided information about phase transitions, volume and mass changes of doughs during heating. Temperature ranges over which all ingredients reacted were identified. Melting transitions of fats occurred between 10 °C and 50 °C. Sugars increase temperatures of starch transitions. Chemical leaveners decrease rise temperature, whereas fats and sugars have a delaying effect on their action. The texture of biscuits results from interactions between ingredients; complete dough cannot thus be considered as merely a simple addition of all components.     

Influence of Dehydration Process in Castellano Chickpea: Changes in Bioactive Carbohydrates and Functional Properties

Changes in bioactive carbohydrates, functional, and microstructural characteristics that occurred in chickpea under soaking, cooking, and industrial dehydration processing were evaluated. Raw chickpea exhibited important levels of raffinose family of oligosaccharides (RFOs), resistant starch (RS) and total dietary fibre (TDF), being insoluble dietary fibre (IDF) the main fraction (94%). The dehydration process increased RFOs (43%), RS (47%) and soluble dietary fiber (SDF) (59%) levels significantly. In addition, a noticeable increase in both fibre fractions was observed, being higher in soluble fibre in (SDF) (59%). The minimum nitrogen solubility of raw flours was at pH 4, and a high degree of protein insolubilization (80%) was observed in dehydrated flours. The raw and processed flours exhibited low oil-holding capacities (1.10 mg/ml), and did not show any change by thermal processing, whereas water-holding capacities rose to 5.50 mg/ml of sample. Cooking and industrial dehydration process reduced emulsifying activity and foaming capacity of chickpea flour. The microstructural observations were consistent with the chemical results. Thus, the significant occurrence of these bioactive carbohydrate compounds along with the interesting functional properties of the dehydrated flours could be considered useful as functional ingredients for food formulation.     

Evaluation of ingredient effects on extruded starch-based foams using a supersaturated split-plot design

The aim of this study was to use a supersaturated split-plot design to identify the significant effects of ten ingredients, each at two levels, and two levels of screw speed on selected properties of starch-based packaging foams. Supersaturated designs are special types of fractional factorial designs that allow for evaluating many factors with a minimal amount of experimental material. Rice starch foams were prepared with a twin-screw extruder. The ingredients used were α-cellulose (fiber), potato starch, poly(lactic acid), polystyrene, glycerol, sodium chloride, talc, sodium bicarbonate, citric acid and moisture content of the feed. The properties studied were radial expansion ratio, unit density, bulk spring index, bulk compressibility and Young's modulus. The results showed that the ingredients identified to have significant effects on the properties were the high levels of talc, citric acid, moisture content and the low level of fiber. Low screw speed was found to have greater effect on the properties of the foams than did the high screw speed. It was concluded that the supersaturated split-plot design was successful in identifying the significant ingredients and screw speed that should be used to further investigate the extrusion of starch-based packaging foams.     

利用固相微萃取-气质联用技术分析中国主栽品种椰子水的挥发性成分

采用顶空-固相微萃取气质联用(HS-SPME-GC/MS)方法分析5种中国椰子品种‘本地高种’、‘文椰2号’、‘文椰3号’、‘文椰4号’、‘小黄椰’的椰子水挥发性成分。在5种椰子水中共鉴定出24种挥发性成分,其中‘本地高种’和‘文椰4号’鉴定出15种、‘文椰2号’和‘文椰3号’鉴定出14种、‘小黄椰’鉴定出13种,主要为醇类、醛类、酸类、酮类、酯类和酚类,其相对含量分别是16.71%~40.64%、1.82%~19.29%、14.14%~56.30%、2.49%~3.46%、2.24%~9.11%和10.76%~20.28%。醇类和酸类分别在‘文椰4号’和‘小黄椰’中相对含量最高,醛类在‘本地高种’中相对含量最高,酯类和酚类在‘文椰2号’相对含量最高。5种椰子水不仅在香气物质构成上差异显著,相同挥发性成分在不同品种中相对含量差异也显著,这些差异的呈现可为今后矮种椰子的育种提供新的方法和手段。     

以橡胶木屑为主要基质栽培的大球盖菇与香菇、平菇的主要营养成分差异

本研究将以橡胶木屑为主栽培的大球盖菇与常见食用菌的营养成分进行比较，以期从营养的角度为推广橡胶-大球盖菇模式提供依据。以常见的香菇和平菇为对照，比较大球盖菇的三大类营养成分、功能性成分、矿质元素和氨基酸的含量与香菇和平菇的养分差异。结果表明，与香菇和平菇相比，大球盖菇中占比最大的粗蛋白、总糖、氨基酸总量分别比香菇和平菇高 35.4%和 30.3%，52.7%和 21.3%，58.3%和 45.6%；占比较小的粗脂肪、粗多糖、总黄酮、粗纤维、矿质元素则总体持平或略低。综上所述，以橡胶木屑栽培为主栽培的大球盖菇的营养总体上较丰富，是推广橡胶-大球盖菇模式的有利依据之一。     

Enzymatic degradation of FODMAPS via application of β-fructofuranosidases and α-galactosidases- A fundamental study

Cereals and pulses often contribute to the intake of Fermentable Oligo-, Di-, Monosaccharides, and Polyols (FODMAPs) due to high amounts of fructans or galactooligosaccharides (GOS). FODMAPs can trigger symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) and therefore, the development of foods and beverages with a lower FODMAP-content are favourable for IBS patients. Enzyme technology is a promising tool to reduce the FODMAP-content in foods and to maintain product quality. This fundamental study investigates the efficiency of invertase, inulinase, and α-galactosidase as potential food additives to reduce the total FODMAP content of food ingredients. Extracts of high FODMAP ingredients, such as wheat and lentil, and standard solutions of various fructans and GOS were incubated with invertase, inulinase and α-galactosidase for 1 h and 2 h. Contents of oligosaccharides before and after treatment and related IBS-triggering reaction products were quantified using ion chromatography. Inulinase showed a high degradation yield (over 90% of degradation) for both GOS and fructans. For invertase only low degradation yields were measured. α-Galactosidase showed the highest efficiency in decomposing GOS (100% of degradation) and led to non-IBS triggering degradation products. This indicates a high potential for a combined inulinase/α-galactosidase treatment for products containing both fructans and GOS.     

Citrus flavonoids in fruit and traditional Chinese medicinal food ingredients in China

Flavonoids-enriched tissues of citrus such as peel, immature fruit and flower are consumed as culinary seasonings, tea ingredients in China for centuries. This HPLC quantitative study on the five citrus flavonoids, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, sinensetin and nobiletin on a wide range of Chinese citrus fruits and several Traditional Chinese Medicinal food ingredients in East China, revealed a great diversity in flavonoid composition. Huyou peel (C. paradisi cv. Changshanhuyou) was found to be the best naringin (3.25%) and neohesperidin (2.76%) source; C. aurantium, a major ingredient of several citrus-related TCM, is also a suitable source of naringin and neohesperidin, and a good juice source for flavanone glycosides; the peel of Wenzhoumiju (C. unshiu) is one of the richest local species in hesperidin (up to 6.25%); Zaoju (C. subcompressa) has the highest content of nobiletin (0.59%), a polymethoxylated flavone. LC-ES-MS analysis of Zanthoxylum genus for flavonoids revealed for the first time the presence of significant amounts (0.74%) of hesperidin in the root of Liangmianzhen (Z. nitidum (Roxb.) DC), a relative of Sichuan pepper, which is a spice widely used in China.