漳州香蕉氮钾肥适宜用量及其对品质的影响

针对漳州香蕉氮肥用量普遍超量和钾肥用量超量与不足并存的施肥现状,通过4个田间试验研究氮钾肥适宜施用量及其对果实品质的影响。结果表明,在高产蕉园或中低产蕉园增施适量氮肥、高产蕉园增施适量钾肥等措施都具有显著增产效果,但在中低产蕉园,在施用中量至高量氮肥时增施钾肥才有显著增产作用。氮钾肥适宜施用量和比例,有利于改善果实农艺性状,并提高香蕉果实固形物、可溶糖和维生素C含量。高产蕉园氮钾肥经济施肥量分别为N 691 kg/hm2和K2O 1 154 kg/hm2,氮钾比例为1∶1.67;中低产蕉园则分别为N 631 kg/hm2,K2O 877 kg/hm2,氮钾比例为1∶1.39。高产蕉园的钾肥需求比例明显高于中低产蕉园。     

烟后稻平衡施肥试验研究

通过对永定烟后稻施氮磷钾肥的"3414"试验研究,结果表明,在当地试验条件下,烟后稻最高产量641.6kg/667m2的施肥量为每667m2施用N12.1kg、P2O55.8kg、K2O7.4kg(N∶P2O5∶K2O=1∶0.48∶0.61)。最佳施肥效益1005.0元/667m2的施肥量为每667m2施N9.9kg,P2O57.8kg、K2O7.8kg(N∶P2O5∶K2O=1∶0.78∶0.78)。     

包膜尿素对夏玉米产量及碳氮代谢的影响

以玉米杂交种郑单958为材料,研究基施包膜尿素(120 kg/hm²和90 kg/hm²纯N,下同)和分施普通尿素(1∶1和1∶2 ∶1的比例,总量均为120 kg/hm²)对夏玉米产量、产量构成、干物质生产及碳氮代谢的影响。结果表明,基施包膜尿素120 kg/hm²和分施(1∶2∶1)普通尿素效果基本一致,在子粒产量、穗粒数、生物产量及氮素累积量等方面均显著优于基施包膜尿素90 kg/hm²和分施(1∶1)普通尿素。前二者的子粒干物质和氮素累积主要来源于灌浆期叶片的光合生产和根系的吸收,表明基施包膜尿素120 kg/hm²和分施(1∶2∶1)普通尿素,均有利于增大并延长叶片的光合生产能力和根系的吸收能力。另外,乳熟至灌浆中期,包膜尿素处理的植株营养器官总糖含量处于较合理的水平。     

钾肥施用量对早稻产量及农艺性状的影响

在田间试验条件下,研究了不同施钾量对水稻产量、农艺性状及经济效益的影响。结果表明,施钾能显著提高稻谷、稻草和总生物产量,且随施钾量的增加而增加;施钾有利于提高水稻株高、有效穗数和千粒重;当施钾量为K2O 0~90 kg/hm2时,净收入随施钾量的提高而提高,而施钾量高于90 kg/hm2时,净收入反而降低。通过拟合钾肥用量和产量的肥效方程,得出当施钾量为89.8 kg/hm2时,可获得最高产量。在施猪粪22 500 kg/hm2的条件下,推荐该地区早稻的钾肥适宜施用量范围为K2O 75~105 kg/hm2。     

氮肥运筹对不同筋型小麦产量和品质的影响

为筛选不同筋型小麦高产优质栽培的适宜施氮量和施氮比例(基肥∶分蘖肥∶拔节肥∶孕穗肥),以强筋小麦济麦20、中筋小麦保麦1号和弱筋小麦扬麦15为材料,在高产栽培条件下研究了施氮量及施氮比例对不同筋型小麦产量和品质的影响。结果表明,适当增加施氮量或提高小麦生育中后期施氮比例,均能提高三种筋型小麦产量、蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉降值、面团形成时间和稳定时间。三种筋型小麦采用适宜的氮肥运筹均可协同提高产量和改善品质。本试验条件下,强筋小麦济麦20达到高产优质的最优组合为施氮量225kg·hm-2、施氮比例3∶1∶3∶3;中筋小麦保麦1号为施氮量270kg·hm-2、施氮比例3∶1∶3∶3;弱筋小麦扬麦15为施氮量180kg·hm-2、施氮比例5∶1∶2∶2或施氮量225kg·hm-2、施氮比例7∶1∶2∶0。     

氮素运筹对弱筋小麦扬麦9号产量、品质和旗叶衰老特性的影响

为了解弱筋小麦植株衰老特性与籽粒产量及品质形成的关系,选用弱筋小麦扬麦9号,设置不同的氮肥处理,测定和分析了植株生育后期旗叶光合特性和衰老特性及品质指标.结果表明,低氮(180 kg/ha)和高氮(240 kg/ha)在氮肥比例[基肥∶壮蘖肥(5叶期施)∶拔节肥(倒3叶施)∶孕穗肥(倒1.5叶施)]为7∶1∶2∶0时的两处理生产的籽粒品质均符合国标(GB/T 17893-1999).施氮量180 kg/ha、氮肥比例5∶1∶2∶2处理植株生育后期净光合速率、Rubisco含量、SPAD值、POD和SOD酶活性在品质符合国标的处理中最高,旗叶蔗糖含量高,籽粒转化蔗糖能力强,产量最高;施氮量240 kg/ha、氮肥运筹5∶1∶2∶2处理,虽然有效延缓了植株衰老,产量最高,但籽粒品质不符合国标.说明弱筋小麦扬麦9号后期衰老速率快虽有利于降低籽粒蛋白质和湿面筋含量,但不利于产量提高;延缓衰老虽有利于产量提高,但易致品质下降.本试验条件下,弱筋小麦扬麦9号采用施氮量180 kg/ha、氮肥运筹5∶1∶2∶2的栽培方式,后期衰老速率适度,有利于品质改善,产量亦较高.     

不同硫肥水平对水稻产量和品质的影响

以空育131为试验材料,对比研究不同硫肥水平对水稻生长、产量及品质的影响,结果表明:水稻增施硫肥可增加产量,平均增幅6.8%～11.4%,其中施硫肥3 kg/667 m2水稻产量最高。同时施硫肥3 kg/667 m2也可促进水稻株高、平方米有效穗数、穗长、穗粒数、千粒重的提高。而增施硫肥4.5 kg/667 m2时,产量没有继续增加;在1.5～3 kg/667 m2时可提高水稻的糙米率、精米率、整精米率,而在1.5 kg/667 m2时研磨品质较好;各硫肥处理也降低稻米碎米率和垩白米率,提高了水稻的外观品质。水稻适度增施硫肥可加快水稻返青、分蘖、抽穗和成熟,比对照提前1～2 d;增加株高,提高分蘖率;同时也可增加水稻叶面积指数、叶绿素含量,促进干物质的积累。     

密肥组合对稻茬晚播小麦籽粒产量和效益的影响

为筛选适宜南方晚播稻茬中筋小麦高产高效栽培的密肥组合,以中筋小麦品种扬麦20为材料,研究了江苏淮南地区晚播(11月20日之后播种)条件下密度、施氮量、氮肥基追比对稻茬小麦籽粒产量和效益的影响.结果表明,晚播小麦密度与籽粒产量、效益均呈二次曲线关系,密度为315×104株·hm-2时,籽粒产量最高,达6 721.65～7 884.91 kg·hm-2,效益达3 783.6～5 111.55元·hm-2;施氮量为270 kg·hm-2时籽粒产量极显著高于施氯量210 kg· hm-2处理.在本试验条件下,基本苗为315×104株·hm-2、总施氮量270 kg·hm-2、基肥∶壮蘖肥∶拔节肥∶孕穗肥为3∶1∶3∶3时,晚播小麦的籽粒产量和效益最高.     

施用缓释肥对甘蔗干物质积累及氮素利用率的影响

针对我国甘蔗生产上化肥施用量大、肥料利用率低等突出问题,通过田间试验研究2种缓释肥组合施用对甘蔗干物质积累和氮素利用率的影响。以新台糖22号为供试材料,设置4个处理：CK0（不施肥）、CK1（常规施肥,每公顷施N 300 kg、P2O5 225 kg、K2O 225 kg）;T1（等养分缓释肥,每公顷施N 300 kg、P2O5 225 kg、K2O 225 kg）;T2（减20％养分缓释肥,每公顷施N 240 kg、P2O5 180 kg、K2O 180 kg）。结果表明,常规施肥和缓释肥处理在萌芽率、分蘖率、茎径和有效茎数上没有显著差异;而T1株高显著高于CK1;伸长期CK1的干物质净积累比例高于T1及T2;成熟期则相反,T1及T2高于CK1;成熟期T1叶的干物质积累所占比例显著高于CK1;T1处理的蔗茎产量和糖产量最高,分别比CK1高11.0％和10.8％;T1和T2处理的两年氮素利用率均显著高于CK1,其中T2两年平均比CK1提高9％。在减少1次施肥的基础上,施用与常规化肥等养分的缓释肥能显著增加株高、甘蔗产量及糖产量,并提高氮素利用率;施用减20％养分的缓释肥能提高氮素利用率,甘蔗产量和糖产量不低于常规施肥。     

氮素用量对油葵氮磷钾养分吸收积累及产量的影响

为研究氮素对油葵植株氮磷钾养分积累和产量的影响,采用田间试验方法,在宁夏中部干旱带同心地区进行了油葵肥料试验。结果表明,在供试土壤条件下,氮磷钾养分积累均呈“S”型曲线,符合Logistic方程。施氮量在6～18kg/667m2之间时,均促进油葵对氮磷钾的吸收。其中,100kg籽粒所需N、P2O5、K2O范围分别是5.68～6.19kg、4.32～4.62kg、14.82～21.20kg,三要素（N:P2O5:K2O）平均比例为1:0.76:2.93。成熟期时,氮磷钾总积累量均是N2P2K2处理最高,分别达到47.99g/株、35.45g/株、152.30g/株。当施氮量为10.53kg/667m2时,产量达最高值221.02kg/667m2,最佳经济效应施氮量为9.54kg/667m2,最佳经济效益产量为220.48kg/667m2。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Citrus Flavonoids in Fruit and Traditional Chinese Medicinal Food Ingredients in China

Flavonoids-enriched tissues of citrus such as peel, immature fruit and flower are consumed as culinary seasonings, tea ingredients in China for centuries. This HPLC quantitative study on the five citrus flavonoids, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, sinensetin and nobiletin on a wide range of Chinese citrus fruits and several Traditional Chinese Medicinal food ingredients in East China, revealed a great diversity in flavonoid composition. Huyou peel (C. paradisi cv. Changshanhuyou) was found to be the best naringin (3.25%) and neohesperidin (2.76%) source; C. aurantium, a major ingredient of several citrus-related TCM, is also a suitable source of naringin and neohesperidin, and a good juice source for flavanone glycosides; the peel of Wenzhoumiju (C. unshiu) is one of the richest local species in hesperidin (up to 6.25%); Zaoju (C. subcompressa) has the highest content of nobiletin (0.59%), a polymethoxylated flavone. LC-ES-MS analysis of Zanthoxylum genus for flavonoids revealed for the first time the presence of significant amounts (0.74%) of hesperidin in the root of Liangmianzhen (Z. nitidum (Roxb.) DC), a relative of Sichuan pepper, which is a spice widely used in China.     

Evolutionary aspects of the trade-off between seed size and number in crops

Whereas the concept that availability of resources drives seed production is sound in principle, it is incomplete as there are many solutions to the allocation of resources that derive from the trade-off between number and size. This paper examines evolutionary aspects of this trade-off in annual grain crops. The analysis is centred on the working hypotheses that, for a given species and environment, allocation of resources to reproduction involves (H1) high plasticity in seed number, which allows for variable resource availability, and (H2) a relatively narrow range of seed size that results from evolutionary and agronomic selection. Comparisons between crops and fish are used to highlight common evolutionary elements in taxa where parents provide little or no care to their offspring, with the consequence that both number and early survival of offspring, hence fitness of parents, are partially related to embryo size and reserves.

The plasticity of seed number in relation to availability of resources is analysed against the established relationship between offspring number and parent growth rate during critical stages. The notion that seed size is under stabilising selection is analysed against three conditions: (1) mean seed size is conservative for a given species and environment, (2) seed size affects fitness, and (3) seed size is heritable. Databases from published papers were compiled to analyse the relative variability of seed size and number, and the heritability of seed size. Evidence for and against the link between seed size and parental fitness is revised using the Smith–Fretwell model as framework (Am. Nat., 108, 499–506).

The proposal of high plasticity of seed number and narrow variability of seed size resulting from stabilising natural selection is generally consistent with evolutionary and genetic considerations. Agronomic selection may have reinforced natural selection leading to relatively narrow seed size in species such as wheat and soybean, where cultivated types retained high plasticity for seed number. In contrast, selection for one or few inflorescences in crops like sunflower and maize may have morphologically reduced seed number plasticity and increased variability of seed size and its responsiveness to resource availability in relation to their wild ancestors.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Effect of a continuous hot water treatment of potato tubers on seed-borne fungal pathogens

Summary The viability of five pathogens was decreased by treatment with hot water when tested in vitro.Polyscytalum pustulans was most sensitive andRhizoctonia solani least sensitive. Potato tubers were exposed to 55°C for 5 min in a commercial continuous hot water treatment plant using naturally contaminated seed tubers and tubers which had been inoculated by dipping in comminuted cultures. The frequency of eyes colonised byP. pustulans, Helminthosporium solani, andR. solani was reduced to virtually zero and the effect persisted on tubers subsequently stored at 4°C and at 15°C for up to 16 wk. Results withColletotrichum coccodes were inconclusive. Treatment suppressedPenicillium spp. which, however, rapidly recolonised the eyes during storage, leading to higher contamination levels in the treated than in the untreated tubers. With tubers inoculated withPhoma foveata, good control was achieved when the incubation period before treatment was 10 d but not when the period was 42 d.