双季超级稻产量和氮磷钾吸收的基因型差异

为了探讨超级早稻和晚稻的产量构成和氮磷钾吸收的基因型差异,2007年在湖南省衡阳市、益阳市和岳阳市进行了不同品种的大田栽培试验。结果表明地点间和品种间的产量差异显著,其中：地点间产量以岳阳点较高,平均产量早稻为7．95t／hm^2。晚稻为7．86t／hm^2;品种间产量早稻以陆两优996和中嘉早32最高,平均产量分别为8．03和7．91t／hm^2,晚稻以钱优1号和天优华占产量较高,产量分别达到7．69和7．55t／hm^2。成熟期植株NPK含量和吸收量的品种间差异显著,但与产量的高低不相关。单位产量（1000kg稻谷）的NPK养分需要量分别为15．0～18．9,3．29～5．17和13．6～16．49kg。     

抗旱节水春小麦品种鉴选指标比较研究

为给抗旱节水春小麦新品种的选育提供参考依据,在节水灌溉和常规充分灌溉条件下,对20个北方春麦区主栽品种的形态及生理指标、产量形成、水分利用效率（WUE）进行了系统测定和分析,并比较了相关抗旱节水性能评价指标。结果表明,节水灌溉条件下,多数品种的产量和WUE都表现一般,通过系统聚类筛选出5个经济产量和WUE都表现较好的小麦品种。以抗旱指数评价,宁春41号、龙麦32号和农鉴7号抗旱性优于对照永良4号,而巴优2号和农鉴1号表现不及永良4号;以产量-水分高效利用指数评价,5个品种的节水性能均优于永良4号。产量-水分高效利用指数与经济产量、WUE均呈显著正相关,而抗旱指数及其修订式与产量、WUE的相关不显著,产量-水分高效利用指数结合抗旱指数是筛选抗旱节水春小麦品种的有效方法。抗旱、节水、高产春小麦品种的共同特征是株高较高、上部节间长且株高构成指数较大;叶型中等,叶片高光效;根系发达,分布合理;贮藏物质高转运等。宁春41号是兼具抗旱、节水、高产潜力的春小麦品种,适宜在内蒙古河套灌区引进推广。     

杂交早稻新组合早优49辐

早优４９辐系浙江省台州市农科所用优质早籼不育系早红突Ａ与温恢４９辐配组而成的早杂新组合，经１９９３～１９９７年的试验、试种示范，表现高产、稳产、熟期适中、中抗稻瘟病，米质明显优于目前推广的汕优４８－２，且制种产量高。１９９８年５月通过浙江省农作物品种...     

8份强筋小麦品种抗旱性评价

为给强筋冬小麦品种的抗旱性评价和抗旱指标筛选提供理论依据,以黄淮麦区种植的8个强筋小麦品种为材料,在水培条件下设置正常供水(对照)和20%聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟干旱胁迫两个处理,测定了萌发期11个抗旱相关指标、幼苗期20个抗旱相关指标,计算各指标的抗旱系数,采用主成分分析法和隶属函数法求得综合抗旱能力评价值(D值),基于D值评价萌发期和幼苗期抗旱性;在旱棚池栽条件下,测定了2种水分处理下(适时一次灌溉、雨养)籽粒产量,基于产量抗旱系数评价全生育期抗旱性。结果表明：(1)干旱处理下,8个小麦品种萌发期发芽势、发芽率等10个抗旱指标显著低于对照,根冠比显著高于对照;幼苗期叶片净光合速率、气孔导度等13个抗旱指标不同程度地低于对照,胞间CO₂浓度、SOD活性等7个抗旱指标显著高于对照。(2)与适时一次灌溉相比,雨养条件下小麦籽粒产量显著降低,降幅18.70%～28.66%,产量抗旱系数为0.713～0.813。(3)8个强筋小麦品种在萌发期和幼苗期抗旱等级不尽相同。藁8901在2个生育时期均表现出抗旱性;科大1026、郑麦7698和丰德存麦5号在幼苗期表现出抗...     

速生晚粳稻产量形成特点与稻米品质及生育期变化规律研究

为了探讨洪涝灾害后晚稻救灾品种的生态适应性,从东北引进8个不同熟期粳稻品种在湖南开展了播种期试验。结果表明：（1）在湖南能正常成熟的东北粳稻品种,全生育期与原产地相比缩短了15~45 d,产量在1．43~9．61 t/hm2,其中7月上旬播种的品种,平均产量为7．51 t/hm2,生育期较短,成熟期干物质积累量大,均能安全齐穗。（2）3个播期能正常成熟的品种表现因类型而异,晚熟品种整体表现优于特早熟早粳、早熟早粳和中早熟早粳,主要是产量较高,稻米品质较优。从应急性避灾救灾和改善湖南稻米品质状况来看,可以利用东北晚熟粳稻品种作为湖南晚稻品种栽培,但是其播种期不宜太晚,最适宜播期为7月上旬。     

风沙半干旱区玉米抗旱高产栽培技术研究

风沙半干旱区（阜新）年平均降水423mm。各月降水分布不均，70％集中在7－8月份，该区的土壤水分在0－100cm垂直范围的内呈规律性变化，在时空分布上呈季节性变化，旱灾发生频率达到70％以上，针对以上特点，我们提出了玉米高产抗旱栽培6项技术措施；（1）筛选高产品种；（2）选择适宜的;(3) 种植密度；（4）合理的施肥方式及施肥量；（5）合理的耕作技术；（6）地膜覆盖技术，从而充分利用了自然降水，保证了玉米 水高峰与自然降水同步，实现抗旱增产的目的。     

三熟制水稻品种搭配技术初探

为探讨三熟制栽培中品种搭配与产量的关系，１９９３－１９９５年开展了三熟制早晚稻不同熟期品种搭配方式及产栽培技术试验，结果表明，在双峰以迟熟早稻搭配中熟晚稻产量最高，晚稻能安全齐惠，是一种较好的高产搭配模式。     

大豆品种鼓粒期田间抗旱鉴定

大豆鼓粒期缺水是制约大豆产量形成的重要因素之一。在鼓粒期对大豆品种进行抗旱性鉴定,可为大豆抗旱育种和抗旱节水栽培提供依据。选取不同地区育成的代表性品种（品系）46份,在鼓粒期田间干旱与灌水条件下,分析其产量、产量性状、生育期与形态性状、籽粒品质性状等指标,并且对其进行抗旱性鉴定。结果表明,干旱区46份材料平均产量1 759.6 kg/hm²,灌水对照区平均产量2 223.1 kg/hm²,46个品种平均耗水系数1.079 t/kg。干旱对三粒荚影响显著,对单株荚数、单株粒数、生物产量、单株粒重、百粒重影响极显著。干旱区的平均蛋白质含量极显著高于灌水区,比对照区提高幅度4.47 %;平均脂肪含量极显著低于灌水区,比正常灌水区降低幅度4.19 %。干旱条件下品种百粒重下降,生育期提早均属于品种抗旱性的适应反映,与抗旱性无关。适于呼伦贝尔的品种推荐为北豆14、黑河50、黑河43、华疆3、登科1号、蒙豆15、北豆37、黑河36、北豆38等。     

杂交稻新组合“特优多系1号”特征特性及高产栽培技术

特优多系1号是福建省漳州市农科所于1994年早季用龙特甫A（不育系）与多系1号（恢复系）配组而成的高产、抗病、优质籼型三系杂交水稻新组合。1995～1996年在漳州市芗城区石亭镇试种示范10多公顷，表现生育期适中，高产稳产，适应性广，抗病力强，米质优等特点，一般每公顷产量在8．25～9．0t，高者达9．75t以上，比对照种汕优63增产10％左右。试种结果表明，该品种抗性好，增产潜力大，是漳州市早、中、晚兼用型的杂交水稻优良新组合。一、产量特优多系1号在漳州地区作早、中、晚稻种植，每公顷产量在8．25～9．0t。1995年参加福建省晚季…     

水稻胚芽鞘长度与抗旱性的关系及QTL定位

对由水稻品种珍汕97B和旱稻品种IRAT109构建的重组自交系195个株系的胚芽鞘长度及抗旱系数的研究表明,水分胁迫下水稻重组自交系群体的胚芽鞘长度与抗旱系数的相关系数为0.2206**。应用由213个SSR标记构建的遗传连锁图对控制胚芽鞘长度和抗旱系数的QTL进行了定位。检测到胚芽鞘长度和抗旱系数的主效QTL各为13个和5个,单个QTL对表型的贡献率为2.28%～22.65%;在第9染色体上两者的QTL出现在相同的分子标记区间（RM160-RM215）。检测到胚芽鞘长度和抗旱系数的互作位点分别为17对和3对,影响胚芽鞘长度的互作位点联合贡献率为5835%;影响抗旱系数的互作位点联合贡献率为11.93%。控制胚芽鞘长度和抗旱系数的QTL分别与其他研究中控制根系性状（深根干质量、根深、根长、根数等）的QTL位于相同的标记区间。     

玉米种质资源抗旱性评价方法鉴评与抗旱资源筛选

采用3种评价方法对34份玉米种质资源的抗旱性进行评价,在鉴评抗旱性评价方法的同时筛选抗旱玉米种质资源。结果表明,综合评价方法要优于单一指标评价,即数学分析法与耐旱性分级法均优于总抗性评价法。玉米株高、穗位高、穗上叶夹角、穗粒数、单株产量可以作为玉米种质资源抗旱性鉴定的评价指标。筛选出抗旱性极强的自交系陇M0302和冀资H634。     

水稻在不同土壤水分状况下脯氨酸的累积与抗旱性的关系

 以6个中熟水、陆稻品种为材料，研究了在不同土壤水分状况下水稻叶片中游离脯氨酸的累积及其与抗旱性的关系。在低土壤水分处理下，抗旱性水稻品种叶片中游离脯氨酸累积开始较早，持续时间长，抗旱性较差的品种则开始较迟，持续时间短；脯氨酸开始累积的叶水势阈值，抗旱性品种为－0.62～－0.66 MPa，抗旱性较差的品种为－0.70～－0.82 MPa；土壤水势为－0.04 MPa时，处理10 d后叶片的相对脯氨酸含量（处理／对照×100%）与品种的抗旱系数呈极显著正相关（r＝－0.9712）；保持土壤水势为－0.04 MPa和－0.06 MPa，处理后30 d和40 d叶片的相对脯氨酸含量与减产率呈极显著的负相关（r＝－0.9342、－0.9581）。建议把在低土壤水分条件下脯氨酸累积较早、持续时间长这一生理特性作为评价水稻品种抗旱性的一个指标。     

Yield response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes to different types of drought under rainfed lowlands: Part 1. Grain yield and yield components

Responses of rice genotypes to drought stress may be different when characteristics of the drought stress environments differ. The performance of 128 genotypes was examined under irrigation and four different types of drought stress, to determine genotypic consistency in yield and factors determining yields under different drought stress conditions. The different drought conditions were mild drought during grain filling, short and severe drought at flowering, prolonged severe drought during the reproductive to grain filling, and prolonged mild drought during vegetative and grain filling.Genotypic grain yield under mild stress conditions was associated with yield under irrigated conditions, indicating the importance of potential yield in environments where the yield reduction was less than 50%. However, yields under irrigated conditions differed over time and locations.Under prolonged or severe drought conditions, flowering time was an important determinant of grain yield. Earlier flowering genotypes escaped the severe stress and had higher grain yields indicating large genotype by environment (G×E) interactions which have implications for plant breeding even for mild stress. It is suggested that variations in flowering time, potential yields and drought patterns need to be considered for development of drought-resistant cultivars using specific physiological traits.     

水分胁迫对节水抗旱稻产量形成和根系形态生理特性的影响

目的 探究节水抗旱稻组合旱优73在不同灌溉条件下产量形成特点及其根系形态生理的变化情况。方法 以节水抗旱稻旱优73和高产水稻H优518为材料,通过根管试验设置三种水分处理(常规灌溉、轻度水分胁迫、重度水分胁迫),调查株高、分蘖、根系形态特征和生理特性以及产量构成因素,分析性状之间的关系,探究不同程度水分胁迫对旱优73和H优518产量形成和根系形态生理的影响及其差异。结果 两年的重复试验结果表明,与常规灌溉相比,在轻度水分胁迫下,旱优73的产量及其构成因素无显著变化,H优518的产量在两年内平均减少了25.6%,每穗粒数、结实率、千粒重也显著降低;在重度水分胁迫下,两品种产量及其构成因素均显著降低,其中,旱优73的产量两年内平均减少了28.8%,H优518产量减少了46.1%。与常     

Effects of Plant Spacing on Grain Yield and Population Quality in Mechanically-transplanted Rice with Good Tasting Quality

【Objective】The mechanical transplanting density plays an important role in grain yield and quality in rice. However, the effects of plant spacing on grain yield and population quality of mechanically transplanted rice with good tasting have not been clearly understood. Clarifying the optimal plant spacing for good tasting rice could lay a theoretical and practical basis for high yielding and good quality in mechanical cultivation.【Method】In this experiment, three rice cultivars with good tasting quality (Nanjing 9108, Nanjing 5055 and Nanjing 46) in Jiangsu Province were used as materials, and the effects of plant spacing (10 cm, 12 cm, 14 cm, 16 cm and 18 cm) on their grain yield and population quality were investigated under mechanical transplanting when the row spacing was fixed at 30 cm.【Result】Productive tillers rate, high efficient leaf area index, grain leaf ratio (grain weight/leaf area), canopy net photosynthetic rate after heading and dry matter accumulation from heading to maturity were the highest under the plant spacing of 12 cm in above three rice cultivars. Grain yields tended to increase at first and then decrease with the increase of the plant spacing, and the relationship of quadric curve was found between grain yield and plant spacing. The optimal plant spacing for grain yield in Nanjing 9108, Nanjing 5055 and Nanjing 46 ranged from 11.6 cm, 11.6－12.3 cm and 10.8－11.4 cm in two years according to the curve equation, respectively. 【Conclusion】When the row spacing was fixed at 30 cm, the plant spacing of 11－12 cm was helpful to improve the population quality and increase grain yield, and it could be used as the optimal plant spacing for the typical rice cultivars with good tasting in Jiangsu Province under mechanical transplanting.     

Yield response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes to drought under rainfed lowland: 3. Plant factors contributing to drought resistance

A series of experiments were conducted in drought-prone northeast Thailand to examine the magnitude of yield responses of diverse genotypes to drought stress environments and to identify traits that may confer drought resistance to rainfed lowland rice. One hundred and twenty eight genotypes were grown under non-stress and four different types of drought stress conditions.Under severe drought conditions, the maintenance of PWP of genotypes played a significant role in determining final grain yield. Because of their smaller plant size (lower total dry matter at anthesis) genotypes that extracted less soil water during the early stages of the drought period, tended to maintain higher PWP and had a higher fertile panicle percentage, filled grain percentage and final grain yield than other genotypes. PWP was correlated with delay in flowering (r=−0.387) indicating that the latter could be used as a measure of water potential under stress. Genotypes with well-developed root systems extracted water too rapidly and experienced severe water stress at flowering. RPR which showed smaller coefficient of variation was more useful than root mass density in identifying genotypes with large root system.Under less severe and prolonged drought conditions, genotypes that could achieve higher plant dry matter at anthesis were desirable. They had less delay in flowering, higher grain yield and higher drought response index, indicating the importance of ability to grow during the prolonged stress period.Other shoot characters (osmotic potential, leaf temperature, leaf rolling, leaf death) had little effect on grain yield under different drought conditions. This was associated with a lack of genetic variation and difficulty in estimating trait values precisely.Under mild stress conditions (yield loss less than 50%), there was no significant relationship between the measured drought characters and grain yield. Under these mild drought conditions, yield is determined more by yield potential and phenotype than by drought resistant mechanisms per se.     

陕A群、陕B群选育的玉米自交系抗旱性鉴定

以陕A群、陕B群在多环境、少施肥和少灌溉条件下选育的33份玉米自交系和4份骨干玉米自交系为材料,通过大田控水试验,调查玉米自交系的穗位叶SPAD值、干物质积累量和茎秆强度等生理指标,采用逐步回归分析方法建立最优回归方程,筛选抗旱性的评价指标。结果表明,穗位叶SPAD、茎秆强度和花后干物质积累量可作为玉米自交系抗旱性的第2性状筛选指标。以子粒产量作为第1性状指标,可将37份玉米自交系划分4种类型,高产抗旱型12份,低产不抗旱型13份,低产抗旱型7份和5份高产不抗旱型。以抗旱指数和抗旱隶属度为指标,将37份玉米自交系可分成3种类型,其中,抗旱性较强的玉米自交系2份,抗旱性中等的玉米自交系15份,抗旱性较差的材料20份。综合分析,2013KB-47、2013KB-37、KA225、KB081、L123098-2和KA105共6份玉米自交系具有穗位叶SPAD高、茎秆强度大、花后干物质积累量高和子粒产量高、抗旱指数高和抗旱能力强的特点。     

陕西省不同年代旱地冬小麦光合与产量特征变化及其相互关系研究

为明确陕西省不同年代旱地冬小麦品种光合特征变化规律及其对产量的影响,选择曾在该省推广种植的20世纪40年代至21世纪初8个不同年代旱地冬小麦品种(蚂蚱麦,1940s;碧蚂1号,1950s;丰产3号,1960s;泰山1号,1970s;小偃6号,1980s;陕229,1990s;长武134,2000s;长旱58,2010s)为材料,设置正常供水和干旱胁迫两个水分处理,进行盆栽种植试验,对小麦不同生育期光合特征进行测定,并在收获期考种测产。结果表明,无论是干旱胁迫还是正常供水处理下,现代小麦品种(长武134和长旱158)花前旗叶净光合速率和单株叶面积都表现出显著优势,并与千粒重和产量呈显著正相关;但品种间花后光合特征差异减小,这对于现代小麦产量的提升可能产生了一定的限制作用;不同生育时期和不同水分处理下,旗叶蒸腾速率与种植年代之间相关性并不一致;干旱胁迫条件下,孕穗期和花后3d的旗叶水分利用效率都随品种更替呈明显上升的趋势;现代小麦品种在干旱处理下旗叶净光合速率等光合特征、千粒重等产量因素的优势受到影响,最终导致其产量增幅下降。未来应进一步提升现代小麦的光合优势,尤其是花前叶片净光合速率及叶面积的优势,并进一步提高千粒重,这将会是陕西省小麦节水高产和抗旱稳产的重要手段。     

玉米植株抗旱性状的杂种优势分析

利用耐旱性不同的玉米自交系,研究了玉米植株抗旱性状在正常条件和水分胁迫下杂种优势的变化,分析了玉米植株性状的遗传力。结果表明:株高、穗位高、单株叶片数、茎粗、根干重的杂种优势明显;叶片数、雄穗分枝数和单株叶面积的狭义遗传力分别达到62.94%、62.93%和54.00%。株高和叶干重的遗传受干旱胁迫的影响较小。