Shelter effect evaluation of the willow works bank protection method: a case study for Beinan River Reach 2009 Typhoon Morakot event

Beinan River is one of the rivers with perfect ecology and full of culture values in Taiwan. It is also the habitat of many freshwater fish species. Besides, the local agricultural crops are famous for exports due to its natural environment, too. Therefore, for these reasons, the hydraulic associations set a series of ecological constructions for waterfowl and fish species around the agricultural water intake areas. For instance, the river bank protection designs the willow works and the fascine mattress by the 8th River Management Bureau for ecological function and hydraulic protection in flood season. In this study, the concept and the methodology of the fish protection habitat predicted model is revealed. Beside the simulated hydraulic models, the indoor experiments of the willow works were conducted to gain the roughness. The hydraulic methods by one- and two-dimensional are used for simulation in flood season (2009 Typhoon Morakot event) to bring up the habitat protection locations. The experimental results showed that for the Manning’s n of the willow works is between 0.1322 and 0.1333 which corresponding height to the real field is about 144–176 cm. Therefore, it provided the revetment roughness data during the shelter effect evaluation. From the velocity distribution, it proves that the vegetated revetment can reduce the flow velocity. Fulfilling previous two main steps in experiment and model calibration, the shelter effect is made good going on discussion. Most of references indicated that the vegetated revetment provided suitable and excellent habitat condition, but rare of them provided the proof in data. This study presents that the WUA is 34,939.94 m² and PUA is 1.53% at the highest discharge of Typhoon Morakot. The whole protection concepts, simulation methods, and results can be utilized for future plan and design of river engineering.     

GA-based model optimization for preference intensity of Japanese Medaka Fish (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryzias latipes</Emphasis>) to streamflow environments

The preference intensities of Japanese Medaka Fish (Japanese killifish, Oryzias latipes) to the three environmental factors of water depth, current velocity, and cover are discussed in this paper. Mathematical models of preference intensities for Japanese Medaka Fish to the three environmental factors were constructed in laboratory open-channel experiments. A simple genetic algorithm for the optimal functional representation of preference intensity was introduced. The models were then verified by on-the-spot examinations. The results indicated that the maximum preference level of Japanese Medaka Fish was a water depth of 9.4 cm and a current velocity of 2.8 cm/s. The all-cover condition was considerably high compared with other cover conditions. The relative weights of the three environmental factors were 0.32 for depth, 1.0 for velocity, and 0.66 for cover, when the maximum weight was normalized. The weight values suggested that the environmental preferences of Japanese Medaka Fish were not greatly affected by water depth. Judging from the agreement between the predicted and observed distributions in considering the two factors of current velocity and cover, these two factors obviously affected the environmental preferences of Japanese Medaka Fish.     

茶多酚对苯并[a]芘致青鳉鱼后代发育畸形的拮抗作用

为了研究茶多酚对苯并[a]芘致日本青鳉鱼后代畸形的拮抗及其可能机理,本研究采用正在产卵的青鳉鱼为模式生物,采用腹腔注射法研究了茶多酚对苯并[a]芘致其后代发育畸形的影响,并用逆转录-实时荧光定量PCR法检测肝脏组织内的CYP酶（CYP1A1、CYP1B、CYP2A、CYP2C、CYP2D、CYP3A）和GST基因（mGST、GST-a）的mRNA表达情况。结果表明,单独注射苯并[a]芘组日本青鳉鱼后代畸形率达到15.13%,显著高于对照;茶多酚拮抗组后代畸形率有所下降,除茶多酚最低剂量组（20μg/g BaP+2μg/g TP）外,其他组与BaP组间均存在显著差异。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,苯并芘试验组对CYP1A1、CYP1B、CYP2A、CYP2C、CYP2D有轻微诱导,并显著抑制雌鱼mGST和GST-a的表达,同时茶多酚可明显抑制CYP1A1基因和谷胱甘肽-S转移酶基因mGST和GST-a的表达。表明茶多酚的抗畸变机理可能与抑制CYP1A1基因表达以及加速苯并芘代谢有关。     

The importance of habitat resistance for movement decisions in the common lizard, Lacerta vivipara

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Movement behaviour can be influenced by a multitude of biotic and abiotic factors. Here, we investigate the speed of movement in relation to environmental and individual phenotypic properties in subadult common lizards (Lacerta vivipara). We aim to disentangle the importance of substrate, cover, humidity, basking opportunity and individual phenotype on moving tendencies in 12 treatment combinations, at which each lizard was tested. RESULTS: We find that movement behaviour depends on the starting conditions, the physical properties of the dispersal corridor, and on the individuals' phenotype. Specifically, the presence of cover and substrate providing suitable traction in the corridor had positive effects on individual movement decisions. Additionally, we find high phenotypic variation in the propensity to move dependent on the presence of cover. Individual back patterns also strongly affected movement decisions in interaction with the physical properties of the dispersal corridor. CONCLUSIONS: Our results highlight the importance of understanding the habitat resistance for movement patterns, with humid habitats with covering vegetation providing the best conditions to initiate movement in the common lizard. In addition, population effects, differences in back pattern phenotype and individual plasticity were identified as key parameters influencing movement behaviour.     

Inter-individual consistency in habitat selection patterns and spatial range constraints of female little bustards during the non-breeding season

Background

Identifying the factors that affect ranging behavior of animals is a central issue to ecology and an essential tool for designing effective conservation policies. This knowledge provides the information needed to predict the consequences of land-use change on species habitat use, especially in areas subject to major habitat transformations, such as agricultural landscapes. We evaluate inter-individual variation relative to environmental predictors and spatial constraints in limiting ranging behavior of female little bustards (Tetrax tetrax) in the non-breeding season. Our analyses were based on 11 females tracked with GPS during 5 years in northeastern Spain. We conducted deviance partitioning analyses based on different sets of generalized linear mixed models constructed with environmental variables and spatial filters obtained by eigenvector mapping, while controlling for temporal and inter-individual variation.

Results

The occurrence probability of female little bustards in response to environmental variables and spatial filters within the non-breeding range exhibited inter-individual consistency. Pure spatial factors and joint spatial-habitat factors explained most of the variance in the models. Spatial predictors representing aggregation patterns at?~?18 km and 3–5 km respectively had a high importance in female occurrence. However, pure habitat effects were also identified. Terrain slope, alfalfa, corn stubble and irrigated cereal stubble availability were the variables that most contributed to environmental models. Overall, models revealed a non-linear negative effect of slope and positive effects of intermediate values of alfalfa and corn stubble availability. High levels of cereal stubble in irrigated land and roads had also a positive effect on occurrence at the population level.

Conclusions

Our results provide evidence that female little bustard ranging behavior was spatially constrained beyond environmental variables during the non-breeding season. This pattern may result from different not mutually exclusive processes, such as cost–benefit balances of animal movement, configurational heterogeneity of environment or from high site fidelity and conspecific attraction. Measures aimed at keeping alfalfa availability and habitat heterogeneity in open landscapes and flat terrains, in safe places close to breeding grounds, could contribute to protect little bustard populations during the non-breeding season.

     

GIS habitat analysis for lesser prairie-chickens in southeastern New Mexico

Background  

We conducted Geographic Information System (GIS) habitat analyses for lesser prairie-chicken (LPCH, Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) conservation planning. The 876,799 ha study area included most of the occupied habitat for the LPCH in New Mexico. The objectives were to identify and quantify: 1. suitable LPCH habitat in New Mexico, 2. conversion of native habitats, 3. potential for habitat restoration, and 4. unsuitable habitat available for oil and gas activities.     

Predicting soil moisture condition in arbitrary agricultural lands using the digital soil map and soil physical properties database

To predict soil moisture condition in arbitral agricultural lands by taking spatial distribution of soil type in a watershed into account, we investigated the possible proper methods of determining the soil hydrological parameters using available soil physical properties database of Japanese soils, “SolphyJ”, and the digital soil map. In this study, simulation of soil moisture was conducted at three neighboring locations, including monitoring sites each in Toyama and Fukui cities. The simulated results of soil moisture appeared to be improved when hydraulic parameters were obtained by fitting water retention data of SolphyJ compared to the parameters estimated by neural network with soil texture and dry bulk density data. It is probably because peculiar soil structure in each field could affect the hydraulic properties more than the soil texture. Simulation results also indicated that soil moistures are much different even if they are located in neighbors (<5 km). We concluded that combination of these two databases is useful for estimating soil hydraulic parameters and to predict soil moisture condition in arbitrary agricultural lands.     

基于KFCM-RBF优化算法的肥力评价与玉米产量预测

采用带有基于高斯核函数的模糊聚类算法(KFCM),优化传统模糊聚类算法,提出一个基于模糊聚类的土壤肥力评价模型,以提高肥力聚类的准确性、高效性;融合RBF神经网络,创建一个基于RBF神经网络模型,提出KFCM-RBF优化算法的玉米产量预测模型。将模型运用于吉林省农安县的土壤肥力评价与玉米产量预测仿真试验。结果表明,该模型预测精度高,可用于玉米产量的预测,并为精准施肥提供决策依据。该模型具有结构稳定、训练速度快、适应性强、鲁棒性好、预测精度高的特点。     

A stochastic model for behaviour of fish ascending an agricultural drainage system

Adults of Carassius auratus grandoculis ascend from Lake Biwa, Japan, into riparian paddy fields via agricultural drainage systems for the purpose of spawning. However, land improvement works conducted in the second half of the twentieth century have brought about obstacles for passage of the fish, and several restoration projects to recover the migratory environment are being attempted. A continuous Markov process model is presented to scientifically support such a project, defining an ascending probability that quantitatively assesses the ability of an agricultural drainage system with hydraulic structures for the ascent of the fish. Computational methods are developed to numerically obtain flow fields of the agricultural drainage system and then the ascending probability in the entire spatio-temporal domain. The values of model parameters are deductively inferred, referring to results of field observations. From the computational results of the ascending probability in the agricultural drainage system, effects of hydraulic structures allowing ascent of the fish are clarified.     

Living at the edge: biogeographic patterns of habitat segregation conform to speciation by niche expansion in Anopheles gambiae

Background

Ongoing lineage splitting within the African malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae is compatible with ecological speciation, the evolution of reproductive isolation by divergent natural selection acting on two populations exploiting alternative resources. Divergence between two molecular forms (M and S) identified by fixed differences in rDNA, and characterized by marked, although incomplete, reproductive isolation is occurring in West and Central Africa. To elucidate the role that ecology and geography play in speciation, we carried out a countrywide analysis of An. gambiae M and S habitat requirements, and that of their chromosomal variants, across Burkina Faso.

Results

Maps of relative abundance by geostatistical interpolators produced a distinct pattern of distribution: the M-form dominated in the northernmost arid zones, the S-form in the more humid southern regions. Maps of habitat suitability, quantified by Ecological Niche Factor Analysis based on 15 eco-geographical variables revealed less contrast among forms. M was peculiar as it occurred proportionally more in habitat of marginal quality. Measures of ecological niche breadth and overlap confirmed the mismatch between the fundamental and realized patterns of habitat occupation: forms segregated more than expected from the extent of divergence of their environmental envelope – a signature of niche expansion. Classification of chromosomal arm 2R karyotypes by multilocus genetic clustering identified two clusters loosely corresponding to molecular forms, with 'mismatches' representing admixed individuals due to shared ancestral polymorphism and/or residual hybridization. In multivariate ordination space, these karyotypes plotted in habitat of more marginal quality compared to non-admixed, 'typical', karyotypes. The distribution of 'typical' karyotypes along the main eco-climatic gradient followed a consistent pattern within and between forms, indicating an adaptive role of inversions at this geographical scale.

Conclusion

Ecological segregation between M and S is consistent with niche expansion into marginal habitats by chromosomal inversion variants during early lineage divergence; presumably, this process is promoted by inter-karyotype competition in the higher-quality core habitat. We propose that the appearance of favourable allelic combinations in other regions of suppressed recombination (e.g. pericentromeric portions defining speciation islands in An. gambiae) fosters development of reproductive isolation to protect linkage between separate chromosomal regions.     

基于模糊综合评价法的现代农业园区规划项目评价研究

归纳广东现代农业园区规划的主要内容,提取共性评价因子构建9个一级指标、39个二级指标的评价体系,利用德尔菲法确定各个评价指标的权重,借助模糊综合评价法评价现代农业园区规划编制的优劣程度,为相关农业园区规划编制质量提供一个定性与定量相结合的评价指标与方法。     

日本水稻机械化的现状及展望

概括了日本稻作生产、大米加工.消费的现状以及日本政府的农业政策。介绍了日本稻作技术的要点、稻作机械化的现状与特征。从超省力.减轻劳力、低成本化、稻米高附加价值化、节能.减轻环境负荷等视点展望了下一代的稻作机械化技术。     

Optimization model for cropping-plan placement in paddy fields considering agricultural profit and nitrogen load management in Japan

An optimization model for cropping-plan placement on field plots is presented for supporting decision-making on agricultural management by a farming organization. The mixed 0?C1 programming technique is employed to select the next planting crop at each field plot in a holistic manner. Reduction of total nitrogen discharged from field plots to the downstream end of the drainage canals is expressed as an objective function of the model to balance an achievement of economic goal and environmental conservation. Some Japanese governmental policies on regulating rice cropping areas and on promoting production of particular upland field crops can be formulated in the model. A computational example of cropping-plan placement on field plots managed under integrated policies is given by operating the optimization model with various weights associated with the objectives. The procured trade-off curve and corresponding patterns of cropping-plan could be useful in the decision-making by the farming organization.     

Quantifying suitable late summer brood habitats for willow ptarmigan in Norway

Background

Habitat models provide information about which habitat management should target to avoid species extinctions or range contractions. The willow ptarmigan inhabits alpine- and arctic tundra habitats in the northern hemisphere and is listed as near threatened (NT) in the Norwegian red list due to declining population size. Habitat alteration is one of several factors affecting willow ptarmigan populations, but there is a lack of studies quantifying and describing habitat selection in willow ptarmigan. We used data from an extensive line transect survey program from 2014 to 2017 to develop resource selection functions (RSF) for willow ptarmigan in Norway. The selection coefficients for the RSF were estimated using a mixed-effects logistic regression model fitted with random intercepts for each area. We predicted relative probability of selection across Norway and quantile-binned the predictions in 10 RSF bins ranging from low-(1) to high-(10) relative probability of selection.

Results

Random cross-validation suggest that our models were highly predictive, but validation based spatial blocking revealed that the predictability was better in southern parts of Norway compared to the northernmost region. Willow ptarmigan selected for herb-rich meadows and avoided lichen rich heathlands. There was generally stronger selection for vegetation types with dense field layer and for rich bogs and avoidance of vegetation types with sparse field layer cover and for lowland forest. Further, willow ptarmigan selected for areas around the timberline and for intermediate slopes. Mapping of the RSF showed that 60% of Norway is in the lowest ranked RSF bin and only 2% in the highest ranked RSF bin.

Conclusions

Willow ptarmigan selected for vegetation types with dense field layer and bogs at intermediate slopes around the timberline. Selection coincides with previous habitat selection studies on willow ptarmigan. This is the first attempt to assess and quantify habitat selection for willow ptarmigan at a large scale using data from line transect distance sampling surveys. Spatial variation in predictability suggests that habitat selection in late summer might vary from north to south. The resource selection map can be a useful tool when planning harvest quotas and habitat interventions in alpine areas.

     

Scale-dependent effects of habitat area on species interaction networks: invasive species alter relationships

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: The positive relationship between habitat area and species number is considered a fundamental rule in ecology. This relationship predicts that the link number of species interactions increases with habitat area, and structure is related to habitat area. Biological invasions can affect species interactions and area relationships. However, how these relationships change at different spatial scales has remained unexplored. We analysed understory plant-pollinator networks in seven temperate forest sites at 20 spatial scales (radius 120-2020 m) to clarify scale-associated relationships between forest area and plant-pollinator networks. RESULTS: The pooled data described interactions between 18 plant (including an exotic) and 89 pollinator (including an exotic) species. The total number of species and the number of interaction links between plant and pollinator species were negatively correlated with forest area, with the highest correlation coefficient at radii of 1520 and 1620 m, respectively. These results are not concordant with the pattern predicted by species-area relationships. However, when associations with exotic species were excluded, the total number of species and the number of interaction links were positively correlated with forest area (the highest correlation coefficient at a radius of 820 m). The network structure, i.e., connectance and nestedness, was also related to forest area (the highest correlation coefficients at radii of 720-820 m), when associations with exotics were excluded. In the study area, the exotic plant species Alliaria petiolata, which has invaded relatively small forest patches surrounded by agricultural fields, may have supported more native pollinator species than initially expected. Therefore, this invasive plant may have altered the original relationships between forest area and plant-pollinator networks. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate scale-dependent effects of forest area on the size and structure of plant-pollinator networks. We also suggest that a single exotic plant species can impact plant-pollinator networks, even in temperate continental habitats.     

“稻—鳖—鱼”复合种养模式关键技术

"稻—鳖—鱼"复合种养模式具备良好的经济、社会、生态效益,是一种环境友好型的农业模式,能提高农民收入,有效降低农业面源污染,为人们提供绿色安全的食品.从稻田基础建设、"稻—鳖—鱼"复合种养技术、水稻种植技术等方面介绍"稻—鳖—鱼"复合种养技术要点,以供"稻—鳖—鱼"复合种养模式的推广.     

Interval number fuzzy linear programming for climate change impact assessments of reservoir active storage

The major uncertainty in the climate change impact study inherits from applying the predictions of General Circulation Models (GCMs). Different results might be obtained by using various GCMs’ predictions, which causes difficulties on the decision making of water resources management. This study proposed an integrated hydrological simulations and optimization framework, consisting of a fuzzy linear programming model with interval numbers, a streamflow simulation model, and agricultural water demand projections, to evaluate the impacts of climate change on reservoir active storage. The reservoir inflows are simulated by the WatBal model, while agricultural water demands are predicted based on the projected change of potential evapotranspiration. Inflows and water demands are used to formulate an interval number fuzzy linear programming model. Fuzzy relationships are used to describe tolerable deficits of water resources, and the interval number is employed to indicate ranges of possible inflows and water demands. This systematic framework is applied to study the Tsengwen reservoir watershed to provide an optimal interval of active storage. The results further indicate the higher tolerable deficit, the smaller difference between superior and inferior active storage.     

中国农业转基因生物环境安全检测标准体系现状与展望

农业转基因生物环境安全检测标准是农业转基因生物安全管理必不可少的技术保障。截至2021年1月,农业部/农业农村部共发布了农业转基因生物环境安全检测标准47项。本文对我国农业转基因生物环境安全检测标准体系现状进行初步总结,对国内外农业转基因生物环境安全检测标准的发展现状进行比较,探讨了今后一段时间内农业转基因生物环境安全检测标准的发展方向,以期为我国农业转基因生物环境安全检测标准的进一步完善提供借鉴,使其更好地为农业转基因生物安全管理工作提供技术支撑。