甘蓝型黄籽油菜主要性状的遗传相关分析

采用混合线性模型分析方法，以7个不同遗传来源的甘蓝型黄籽品系为材料配制完全双列杂交，用ADM模型对甘蓝型黄籽油菜主要性状进行遗传相关分析。结果表明，主序有效角果数与单株有效角果数以显性相关为主。主要体现在杂种一代。单株有效角果数与千粒重、千粒重与单株粒重在遗传上没有紧密的联系。每角粒数、一次有效分枝数、单株有效角果数、角果长度、株高、纤维素含量和黄籽度等是影响单株粒重的主要遗传因子，通过单个性状间接选择不能有效改良单株粒重。     

我国三熟制早熟油菜品种产量构成特点及育种对策

为提高三熟制地区油菜育种效率,本文研究了三熟制地区不同熟性油菜农艺性状对产量的影响。以2016-2020国家冬油菜品种区试中衡阳和宜春地区试验结果为基础数据,利用相关分析及通径分析研究了两个区域的油菜品种产量构成特点。结果发现,中熟组和早熟组株高、有效分枝数、菌核病发病率、病情指数、单株有效角果数、每角粒数、千粒重、密度、全生育期、含油量及产量差异显著。中熟油菜每角粒数、密度、菌核病抗性与产量呈极显著正相关,菌核病发病率、病情指数、生育期与产量极显著负相关,密度对产量的直接影响最大。早熟油菜株高、有效分枝数、单株有效角果数、每角粒数、密度、含油量与产量极显著正相关,菌核病发病率与产量显著负相关;对产量直接影响最大的是有效分枝数。认为育种策略中,两种油菜都应选育抗菌核病和适合高密度种植的品种,中熟油菜应提高单株有效角果数,而早熟油菜要增加有效分枝数。     

云南高产生境下影响油菜DH株系收获指数的相关性状筛选

采用高、低收获指数材料纯合自交系G25和H008杂交,然后小孢子培养获得200份DH株系材料,在丽江和临沧两个云南早熟油菜高产生境下种植,应用相关分析和通径分析,从各生育阶段时间长度、初花期和成熟期干物质重量、不同部位角果数和角粒数、单株产量、千粒重、小区实收产量和籽粒含油量等17个性状中筛选与籽粒产量收获指数(YHI)关系密切的性状,为高收获指数油菜品种选育提供依据。结果表明,临沧育苗移栽高产生境下,营养体健壮,生物产量高、花期长,特别是一次分枝和二次分枝的角果数多,是单株产量和单位面积产量高的主要因素。丽江直播栽培高产生境下,油菜苗期长而花期短,营养体不足,主花序角果多而分枝角果少,一次分枝角果数和角粒数、二次分枝角粒数、单株角果数、单株产量和含油量与收获指数均达到极显著正相关,培育壮苗提高单株经济性状水平,可进一步提高单株产量和单位面积产量,进而提高收获指数。云南高产生境下,单株产量对收获指数有密切相关的正向效应,初花期干物质产量有密切的负向效应,一次分枝和二次分枝的角果数变幅大,通过品种和栽培技术调控,控制初花期干物质产量、保持合理的一次分枝角果数、二次分枝角果数和千粒重,获得较高的单株籽粒产量,是提高云南高产生境下油菜收获指数的有效策略。     

云南油菜高产生境下影响DH株系收获指数的相关性状筛选

本研究采用高、低收获指数纯合自交系G25和H008杂交后进行小孢子培养获得的200份DH株系材料,在丽江和临沧两个云南早熟油菜高产生境下种植,应用相关分析和通径分析,从各生育阶段时间长度、初花期和成熟期干物质重量、不同部位角果数和角粒数、单株产量、千粒重、小区实收产量和籽粒含油量等17个性状中筛选与籽粒产量收获指数（YHI）关系密切的性状,为高收获指数油菜品种选育提供依据。结果表明,临沧育苗移栽高产生境下,营养体健壮,生物产量高、花期长,特别是一次分枝和二次分枝的角果数多,是单株产量和单位面积产量高的主要因素。丽江直播栽培高产生境下,油菜苗期长而花期短,营养体不足,主花序角果多而分枝角果少,一次分枝角果数和角粒数、二次分枝角粒数、单株角果数、单株产量和含油量与收获指数均达到极显著正相关,培育壮苗提高单株经济性状水平,可进一步提高单株产量和单位面积产量,进而提高收获指数。云南高产生境下,单株产量对收获指数有密切相关的正向效应,初花期干物质产量有密切的负向效应,一次分枝和二次分枝的角果数变幅大,通过品种和栽培技术调控,控制初花期干物质产量、保持合理的一次分枝角果数、二次分枝角果数和千粒重,获得较高的单株籽粒产量,是提高云南高产生境下油菜收获指数的有效策略。     

2001-2010年国家审定冬油菜品种的产量与主要性状分析

对2001—2010年间全国审定的205份冬油菜品种按十五和十一五两个时期,进行产量性状、品质性状与农艺性状统计和对比分析,并对14个性状与产量之间的关系进行相关分析和通径分析。调查品种的各个性状发现：种子产量由十五期间平均2 388.78kg/hm2增加到十一五期间2 670.13kg/hm2,增幅达11.12%,单株角果数、每角粒数和千粒重3个产量因子的增幅分别为4.03%、0.36%和7.10%,表明单株角果数和千粒重的增加是油菜产量提高的主要原因。相关性分析发现,十五期间油菜产量与每角粒数、分枝数、增产点率和生育期呈显著或极显著正相关,另外,十一五期间油菜产量还与单株角果数（r=0.38）达到极显著正相关。通径分析发现,十五期间对产量的直接作用较强的性状分别为：菌核病病株率、菌核病指数、病毒病指数、病毒病病株率、每角粒数和单株角果数。十一五期间对产量的直接作用较高的性状分别为：每角粒数、菌核病病株率、株高、生育期、单株角果数和千粒重。     

甘蓝型油菜产量性状的遗传分析

探索甘蓝型油菜亲本及杂种在不同生态区的遗传效应,为品种选育提供理论基础。本研究利用加性—显性及其与环境互作的遗传模型,分析在不同生态区域亲本和杂交组合的产量性状遗传规律,估算亲本产量性状的加性遗传效应值、亲本在杂交组合中的显性遗传效应方差值、各项方差分量的比率及对F1和F2基因型与环境效应值的预测。结果表明,产量性状受到加性和显性遗传效应的影响;在遗传效应与环境互作中,单株产量、角果数和千粒重的各遗传效应都与环境互作达到了显著性,而角粒数的遗传稳定与环境互作没有显著性。不同环境下甘蓝型油菜产量性状在F1和F2世代差异较大,总体表现为大荔试验点基因型与环境的效应值高于张掖试验点基因型与环境的效应值,但千粒重却与之相反,环境条件对千粒重的后代表型影响较大。     

不同施氮水平对两系杂交油菜两优586产量及经济性状的影响

不同施氮试验结果表明，施纯氮225kg/hm^2是两系杂交油菜两优586的最佳施氮肥水平，产量达到2396.55kg/hm^2。产量构成因素以单株有效角果数对产量影响较大，每角粒数对产量影响较小。随施氮量的增加，单株一次有效分枝数增加，每角粒数变化较小，千粒重 单株有效角果呈先增后减的趋势。     

甘蓝型油菜杂种优势及产量性状的遗传改良

对不同来源的3个甘蓝型油菜自交不亲和系与22个父本品种的遗传距离及它们以NCII法配制的66个杂交组合的产量、物候期性状进行了分析.结果表明,尽管3个自交不亲和系与父本品种间的遗传差异较小,但它们与国外品种间的杂种F1产量性状平均优势均较强.杂种生育期及初花至成熟期日数均介于双亲之间,但前者偏向晚熟亲本,而后者却偏向早熟亲本.与其它产量构成因子相比,一次分枝及其角果数不仅对单株产量贡献率最大,且对单株产量杂种优势贡献率亦最高.在油菜产量性状的遗传改良中,特别是在杂种优势利用中,首选目标性状应为一次分枝及其角果数.在保证一次分枝及其角果数前提下,提高角粒数、千粒重亦是一条有效途径.     

密植条件下国审冬油菜品种主要性状特点与差异

为研究增大种植密度后油菜品种的群体优势和单位面积产量,以2013年品种区域试验中密植条件下(3.45×105~4.05×105株/hm2)国家审定的22个冬油菜品种为材料,研究农艺性状、产量性状、品质性状及抗病性状,分析不同区域审定品种各性状的差异,比较密植条件与稀植条件下油菜品种在单株产量、单位面积产量及产量构成因子间的变化特征。结果表明:参试品种的平均单位面积产量为2 861.25kg/hm2,平均含油量为44.88%;3个产量构成因子中,单株角果数、每角粒数和千粒重平均分别为280.52个、21.13个和3.85g,其中,以单株角果数的变异系数最高,为0.21,表明其在不同品种间差异大,是最不稳定的产量因子。单株产量与单株有效角果数和分枝数的相关系数分别为0.79和0.68,达到极显著水平,与每角粒数和千粒重无显著相关关系;单位面积产量则与3个产量构成因子均无显著相关关系。主成分分析结果表明,4个综合指标的累计贡献率81.83%,可以用其对单位面积产量进行概括分析。与2001-2010年间稀植条件下审定的冬油菜品种相比,2013年密植条件下审定的冬油菜品种单位面积产量提高了10.61%,然而3个产量构成因子中,单株角果数降幅为29.08%,每角粒数和千粒重则无显著变化,这种变化可能主要归因于油菜种植密度的大幅增加。     

施氮对宁杂1号油菜各枝序角果性状的调控

通过不同施N量处理,研究了N素营养对油菜各枝序角果质量的影响,结果表明：(1)油菜各枝序的角果数以主序和中上部分枝较多,并随施N量的增加而明显增加,过多地施用N肥会造成结角层角果过多而严重影响其它产量因素。(2)每角粒数以主序和中上部分枝较多,下部分枝较少。各枝序的千粒重和单位角果皮面积生产力(PPA)以主序最高,上部分枝较高,下部分枝较低。(3)适量施N可使上部8个分枝的每角粒数、千粒重和PPA都维持较高的水平。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

---

Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

---

Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Citrus Flavonoids in Fruit and Traditional Chinese Medicinal Food Ingredients in China

Flavonoids-enriched tissues of citrus such as peel, immature fruit and flower are consumed as culinary seasonings, tea ingredients in China for centuries. This HPLC quantitative study on the five citrus flavonoids, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, sinensetin and nobiletin on a wide range of Chinese citrus fruits and several Traditional Chinese Medicinal food ingredients in East China, revealed a great diversity in flavonoid composition. Huyou peel (C. paradisi cv. Changshanhuyou) was found to be the best naringin (3.25%) and neohesperidin (2.76%) source; C. aurantium, a major ingredient of several citrus-related TCM, is also a suitable source of naringin and neohesperidin, and a good juice source for flavanone glycosides; the peel of Wenzhoumiju (C. unshiu) is one of the richest local species in hesperidin (up to 6.25%); Zaoju (C. subcompressa) has the highest content of nobiletin (0.59%), a polymethoxylated flavone. LC-ES-MS analysis of Zanthoxylum genus for flavonoids revealed for the first time the presence of significant amounts (0.74%) of hesperidin in the root of Liangmianzhen (Z. nitidum (Roxb.) DC), a relative of Sichuan pepper, which is a spice widely used in China.     

Evolutionary aspects of the trade-off between seed size and number in crops

Whereas the concept that availability of resources drives seed production is sound in principle, it is incomplete as there are many solutions to the allocation of resources that derive from the trade-off between number and size. This paper examines evolutionary aspects of this trade-off in annual grain crops. The analysis is centred on the working hypotheses that, for a given species and environment, allocation of resources to reproduction involves (H1) high plasticity in seed number, which allows for variable resource availability, and (H2) a relatively narrow range of seed size that results from evolutionary and agronomic selection. Comparisons between crops and fish are used to highlight common evolutionary elements in taxa where parents provide little or no care to their offspring, with the consequence that both number and early survival of offspring, hence fitness of parents, are partially related to embryo size and reserves.

The plasticity of seed number in relation to availability of resources is analysed against the established relationship between offspring number and parent growth rate during critical stages. The notion that seed size is under stabilising selection is analysed against three conditions: (1) mean seed size is conservative for a given species and environment, (2) seed size affects fitness, and (3) seed size is heritable. Databases from published papers were compiled to analyse the relative variability of seed size and number, and the heritability of seed size. Evidence for and against the link between seed size and parental fitness is revised using the Smith–Fretwell model as framework (Am. Nat., 108, 499–506).

The proposal of high plasticity of seed number and narrow variability of seed size resulting from stabilising natural selection is generally consistent with evolutionary and genetic considerations. Agronomic selection may have reinforced natural selection leading to relatively narrow seed size in species such as wheat and soybean, where cultivated types retained high plasticity for seed number. In contrast, selection for one or few inflorescences in crops like sunflower and maize may have morphologically reduced seed number plasticity and increased variability of seed size and its responsiveness to resource availability in relation to their wild ancestors.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.