西双版纳热带雨林树种多度与丰富度空间分布特征

基于西双版纳20 hm2森林动态监测样地内直径≥1cm的树种资料,分析该样地树种多度(个体数)和丰富度(物种数)及其方差与变异系数在7个取样尺度(5 m×5 m,10 m×10 m,20 m×20 m,25 m×25 m,50 m×50 m,100 m×100 m,200 m×250 m)的变化规律。结果显示:(1)西双版纳热带雨林样地环境异质性较大,多度和丰富度随着尺度的增加均表现非线性增加。(2)多度的方差随尺度增加而线性增加;丰富度的方差与尺度都表现出非线性的关系。丰富度的方差在尺度100 m×100 m上最大。(3)多度、丰富度和多样性指数的方差、变异系数均大于随机分布模型拟合的数值,表明树种在样地内分布不是随机分布。总之,在生物多样性的保护和管理中要特别注意,尽管多度具有可加性,只有当环境异质性不大时用小尺度多度估计大尺度多度才比较可靠;丰富度的非线性变化使得一个尺度上生物多样性"热点",在另一个取样尺度上却可能为"冷点"。     

杉木老龄林群落的种-多度关系研究

以杉木老龄林群落为研究对象,结合对数级数和对数正态分布模型,建立3 600 m2的大样地分析杉木老龄林群落的种-多度关系。结果表明:样方的平均物种数和个体数分别为6.86种和35.75株,各样方的物种数及个体数存在极显著正相关关系,说明杉木老龄林群落中生境空间对物种个体的承载能力,还未限制其物种数量。个体数-种序(p>0.05)和频度-种序(p>0.05)的分布曲线均符合对数级数分布;对数正态分布模型则能够较好拟合个体数-种序(p>0.05)的分布曲线,但频度-种序(p<0.05)的分布曲线则不适合用该模型来解释。随着尺度的增加,物种数和个体数的变异系数、二者间的相关性及物种数的方差逐步下降,个体数的方差却呈上升的趋势。     

闽北中亚热带青冈次生林高度结构分析

在资源调查的基础上研究闽北建阳市青冈次生林群落高度结构。随机选择5块20 m×20 m样地,以样方调查法为基础,引入高度级,统计各高度级个体数、物种数、种名及各物种的个体数。结果表明,青冈次生林群落优势种青冈个体数在第4高度级（8-9 m之间）最大,占总数的38．30％;群落整体失稳率为0,说明群落处于稳定成熟阶段;第2-4高度级物种组成和分享度最高;仪多样性指标在第2高度级最大;群落灌木层内物种数达到30种,其中第2高度级种数最多,达16种,说明种群内大都是低矮灌木。     

海南吊罗山热带低地雨林次生林乔木物种多样性研究

以吊罗山3块不同海拔热带低地雨林次生林为研究对象,分析了物种丰富度、物种组成、树高和径级分布以及不同起测胸径各样地生物多样性。结果表明,各样地群落有强的热带性,但同时具有热带-亚热带性质。样地乔木科属种组成丰富,单种科和单种属有较高的比例,不同海拔样地乔木树种都有较高的丰富度,中等海拔的样地最高。整个热带低地雨林次生林缺乏大乔木,群落整体低矮,胸径较小,目前未达顶级状态,植被处于旺盛的发展阶段。群落整体多样性较高,随起测胸径的增加,Shannon-wiener指数降低,中海拔样地由于有3个优势种,影响了其整体Shannon-wiener指数。Simpson指数随起测胸径增加而递减,但高海拔样地中≥2 cm起测胸径的Simpson指数由于富集种占比较高而较低。均匀度指数随起测胸径增加而增加,优势集中性指数显示出群落优势种的优势并不明显。与其它地区比较,吊罗山的热带低地雨林次生林乔木生物多样性较高。     

海南吊罗山不同海拔高度热带雨林种间联结性对比研究

在对吊罗山2块不同海拔高度的热带雨林样地乔木层树种的RA、RD、RF及IV分析的基础上,通过出现-不出现数据的方差比例、基于2×2联列表的种间联结分析和卡方（χ2）统计量检验,对其种间联结性进行研究,以揭示不同海拔高度热带雨林种间联结性之间的相互关系。结果表明： （1）在不同海拔高度热带雨林中,群落内所有树种间总体呈显著正联结; （2）对2块不同海拔高度热带雨林样地20种优势种190对种对进行 χ2检验, 发现种对间大都呈现无联结; （3）2个不同海拔高度热带雨林种间联结比例及强度变化表明,物种正负联结比例随着海拔高度的增加而增加,而无联结比例则随着海拔高度的增加而降低。     

大岗山植物群落物种多样性与群落结构研究

物种多样性是生物多样性的基本层次，不仅体现生物种类的丰富程度，也表现物种演化的空间范围及对特定环境的生态适应性。群落结构是研究植物历史动态的基础，在认识明确物种间生长竞争关系的同时，反映着群落演替的趋势。本研究以江西省大岗山为研究区，基于62个样地，共计3.72 hm²面积调查结果，对大岗山植物群落的物种多样性和群落结构进行分析。结果表明：群落内共有植物486种，隶属于120科286属，其中单种属占总数的66.43%，杉木在群落中处于优势地位；大岗山处于亚热带地区，具有过渡带性质，种子植物属包括13个分布类型，其中包含9个中国特有属；香农-威纳(Shannon-Wiener)多样性指数、辛普森(Simpson)多样性指数、皮诺(Pielou)均匀度指数在各生长层的分布趋势基本一致，灌木层优势明显，草本层略高于乔木层。群落整体物种多样性指数较高，物种较丰富；按样带划分，2号样带物种最丰富，1号样带略低于其他样带。但1、2号样带群落相似性最高，3、4号样带物种多样性指数相差较小，但群落差异最大。     

伞房决明与茶树冠层害虫及天敌调查与动态分析

对伞房决明冠层和茶冠层的节肢动物群落进行系统调查,在伞房决明冠层共采集到节肢动物10182个个体.其中:中性昆虫个体数最多6590只,占群落物种个体数的64.72％,极显著高于茶冠层;植食性害虫共采集到2285只,占群落物种个体总数的22.44％;天敌1307头,占群落物种个体总数的12.84％.与茶冠层相比,极显著提...     

茶园绿肥多花木兰冠层节肢动物群落结构分析

本文对茶园绿肥多花木兰冠层节肢动物群落结构进行初步调查,结果共采集到节肢动物5018头,其中以不危害植物的中性昆虫的数量最多（2968头）,占群落物种个体总数的59.15%;其次是肉食性天敌的数量（1106头）,占群落总个体数的22.04%;植食性害虫的数量（929头）第三,占群落总个体数的18.51%。群落多样性指数以6～7月较高,12月份较低,植食性害虫和肉食性天敌的个体数呈极显著的正相关。初步结果显示多花木兰适于在茶园边坡、路旁种植。     

云南剑湖自然保护区湿地维管植物多样性特征及其成因

基于2003年和2019年多次调查数据，对云南剑湖省级自然保护区湿地维管植物的多样性进行研究，湿地植物依据国家林业局颁布的标准和相关文献的划分确定。结果表明：剑湖湿地区域分布湿地维管植物34科83属129种，可划分为12个分布区类型和12个变型，温带种比例最高，计97种，占保护区湿地维管植物总数的75.19%；中国特有种13种，占保护区湿地维管植物总数的10.08%，其中云南特有种4种，占保护区湿地维管植物总数的3.10%。按生活型分类统计得到湿生植物92种、沉水植物19种、挺水植物9种、漂浮植物5种、浮叶植物4种。湿地植被分布有湿生植物型、挺水植物型、漂浮植物型、浮叶植物型和沉水植物型5个植被亚型及水蓼–水芹–薹草群系和水蓼–两栖蓼–平卧蓼群系等17个群系。根据野外调查中掌握的物种习性、形态特征、生境及来源，确定剑湖湿地有次生维管植物4类63种，区系次生度48.84%。剑湖与滇西北区域内的拉市海共有湿地维管植物39种，二者物种相似度为22.29%，与滇中区域内的程海共有湿地维管植物18种，二者物种相似度为10.00%，与拉市海物种相似度更高。研究表明，剑湖湿地维管植物表现出物种丰富度...     

R语言在橡胶林动态监测地形图绘制方面的应用

为开展橡胶林生物多样性动态监测,2012年由中国热带农业科学院橡胶研究所在海南儋州试验场四队橡胶林中建立了1 hm2动态监测样地。基于海南儋州1 hm2橡胶林动态监测样地的高程数据,介绍了R软件等高线图、三维立体图等方面的应用,希望对R软件的初学者有所帮助。     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.     

Applied Biotechnology to Combat Late Blight in Potato Caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora Infestans</Emphasis>

Potato is an important crop, grown worldwide. It suffers from many pests and diseases among which late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is the worst. The disease is still causing major damage in many potato production areas and control is only possible by applying fungicides frequently. The knowledge on the molecular biology and genetics of the interaction between the plant and the oomycete is developing rapidly. These are relevant fields of study, currently dominated by the discovery of many resistance genes and numerous effector proteins and the analysis of their specific mode of action. These studies may yield essential information needed for the development of durable resistance. The long-term and worldwide effort to breed for resistance so far has had little effect. A novel breeding approach may change this. It is based on cisgenic modification (CM) consisting of marker-free pyramiding of several resistance genes and their spatial and temporal deployment yielding dynamic varieties that contain potato genes only. It is envisioned that this CM approach with potato’s own genes will not only prove societally acceptable but may also result in simplifications in the legislation on use of the CM approach. Various parties in the potato research arena intend to cooperate in this novel approach in a number of developing countries where potato substantially contributes to food security. The use of resources such as land, water and energy improves when the effect of late blight is markedly reduced.     

Resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Potato virus Y</Emphasis> in a Multitrait Potato Breeding Scheme without Direct Selection in Each Generation

In an experimental breeding scheme to improve late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and white potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida) resistance of tetraploid potato over three generations of crossing and selection, 15 clones survived the final selection, and these were derived from 15 great-grandparents. There was no direct selection for resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY), but 14 out of the 15 great-grandparents were resistant to PVY and three had extreme resistance. Thirteen of the 15 descendants had PVY resistance and one extreme resistance. This was within the range expected for a random (unselected) sample from the genotypes of the great-grandparents. Hence, we found no evidence for any positive or negative association between PVY resistance and the attributes selected. The conclusion is that laborious selection is not required in every generation when many parents have PVY resistance, including some with more than one copy of a PVY resistance gene or resistance at more than one locus. However, in the future, determining the major virus resistance genes present in potential parents in each generation using diagnostic molecular markers would prevent susceptible × susceptible crosses being made and maximise the number of resistant × resistant ones.