马铃薯青枯病病原的鉴定

利用湖北省四个地点的马铃薯青枯病样本,对其病原物的菌落形态、碳水化合物利用、显微形态、鞭毛引物序列、演化型以及致病力等方面进行了分析。结果显示,在2,3,5-氯化三苯基四氮唑培养基上检测得到16个病原物菌落符合青枯菌菌落形态特征,包括菌落圆形,隆起,中间红色,乳白色分泌物,并伴有褐色物质;显微观察16个病原物中仅有6个病原物具有短杆状、两端钝圆的特点;而其中能够通过PCR扩增得到鞭毛序列的病原物仅有源自武汉的HZ4-14和HZ5-1,序列比对发现两者序列一致且与GMI1000等已测序青枯菌株同源性达到99%;演化型测定结果显示HZ4-14和HZ5-1均能得到144 bp的目标条带,为演化II型;利用四种不同马铃薯材料试管苗伤根接种鉴定结果显示两个菌株均具有一定致病力。结果表明,引起湖北省武汉市青枯病的病原物为雷尔氏青枯菌Ralstonia solanacearum,生理小种2号,演化II型(美洲组)。     

海南桑树青枯病病原菌鉴定及其分子鉴定

桑树青枯病是由青枯雷尔氏菌引起的细菌性病害,热带、亚热带地区发病严重,严重影响蚕桑产业的可持续发展。雷尔氏菌不同种间致病力和宿主各不相同,其防治策略也相应不同,准确地分离鉴定病原菌是青枯病有效防控的先决条件。本研究采集、分离了海南省琼中县桑青枯病发病桑园（‘桂桑优62’）桑树根部、茎部病原菌,并通过致病性、生理小种、生化变种测定,结合16S rDNA、特异性引物、复合PCR检测体系、序列变种等分子鉴定方法初步确定了病原菌的种类和分类地位。结果表明,引发海南省琼中县桑青枯病的病原菌属于青枯雷尔氏菌（Ralstonia solanacearum）、生理小种5（race 5）、生化变种Ⅴ（biovar Ⅴ）,病原菌遗传进化分析结果显示病原菌属演化型Ⅰ（phylotype Ⅰ）即亚洲分支菌株,序列变种12（sequevar 12）。这些结果将为海南桑青枯病的有效防控奠定基础。     

引起广西桑树“褐枯”的病原菌及致病机制研究

对广西地区的桑树发病初期叶片褐枯情况进行调查，通过收集桑树病株并进行分离。结果表明，得到优势菌株42株，各菌株形态基本一致。对分离到的菌株进行16S rDNA序列鉴定，比对后发现所有菌株序列均与劳尔氏青枯菌Ralstonia solanacearum（RS）相似度达99％，生化型分析结果显示主要为生化Ⅰ型。随机选择10个菌株进行致病力实验，结果表明，各菌株均具有致病性，部分菌株致病率达90％以上。其后利用扫描电镜观察青枯菌侵染桑苗过程，发现侵染后期桑根木质部导管内聚集大量菌体，堵塞整个导管。上述结果表明：广西地区桑树“褐枯”症状病害属于桑树青枯病，病原菌为劳尔氏青枯菌RS，其致病机制是通过在桑根木质部导管内大量定殖，堵塞导管阻止水分运输，最终导致植株枯萎死亡。     

花生青枯菌致病性的研究

从我国六个省的花生青枯病发生地区采集的36个花生青枯菌分离株,通过对六个不同抗病性的鉴别品种进行人工接种表明,所有菌株对鉴别品种均具有不同程度的致病力,菌株致病性分化十分明显。根据致病性的不同反应,可以划分为7个致病型,其中的V型和Ⅱ型出现率最高达36.1%和25%。且分布地区相当广泛,为我国花生青枯菌占优势的致病型。试验证明,我国南方病区菌株的致病力普遍比北方强;同一地区可以有不同致病型菌株混合存在;同一母株在不同的地理环境影响下,致病力会发生变化。通过7个省13处自然病圃的品种抗病性鉴定表现,所获结果与人工接种结果基本相同。只是在自然环境条件影响下,菌系的致病性分化更为复杂,出现的致病型更多。本试验为青枯菌系的研究,深入开展花生抗青枯病鉴定,发掘新抗源,加快抗病育种工作进程以及设计综合防治技术措施提供了依据。     

连续交叉接种对云南高原粳稻白叶枯病菌株变异的影响

 为了探索影响高原粳稻区白叶枯病菌变异的因子,以2个云南高原粳稻区白叶枯菌株2001 2、K 1为供试菌株,在毫糯扬、金南风、滇粳优5号和合系41等不同品种组合上连续接种或连续交叉接种后分离菌株,利用高原粳稻白叶枯病菌的鉴别品种和分子检测手段,对获得的菌株的致病型及基因变异进行分析。结果显示,原始菌株2001 2与其7个获得菌系（23个菌株）的致病型都不同,其中,除获得菌系6 2的3个菌株致病力增强外,其他6个获得菌系的20个菌株致病力均减弱;而原始菌株K 1的抗感反应模式与其获得菌系6 8的7个菌株完全相同。利用IS1112、hrpF引物进行菌株PCR扩增以及UPGMA聚类分析并将相应序列测序,结果显示,供试菌株IS1112、hrpF分子谱型的遗传分簇与菌株致病型之间无一一对应关系;在基因序列上,各菌株的IS1112和hrpF的两个序列片段表现出不同的碱基变化特征。两个原始菌株接种在不同抗性品种组合上获得的菌系的致病性变异具有特殊性和不定向性。     

花生青枯菌红安分离物的鉴定

从湖北红安发病花生根部分离到一个细菌分离物2C1,对该分离物进行了TZC显色反应,致病力的测定,16s rRNA、23s rRNA和鞭毛蛋白基因filc的PCR扩增,16s rRNA PCR扩增产物的序列分析。结果显示,分离物2C1在TZC培养基上表现出青枯菌的典型菌落形态,对花生具有强致病性,PCR扩增获得与预期大小的产物片段; 16s rRNA核苷酸序列具有与其它青枯菌分离物99%左右的一致性。上述结果表明：2C1是具有强致病力的花生青枯菌分离物。     

皖鄂地区水稻纹枯病菌致病力分化研究

采用温室苗期接种鉴定法,以抗感反应不同的5个水稻品种为材料,对从安徽省和湖北省采集的水稻纹枯病感病标样上分离的200个菌株进行了致病性鉴定。结果表明,水稻纹枯病菌不同菌株间致病力存在明显差异,在鉴别品种上的病情指数呈正态分布。基于5个鉴别品种的平均病情指数的动态聚类分析,将200个菌株划分为弱、中、强3种致病型,分别占供试菌株的29.5%、60.5%和10.0%,其中中等致病型菌株占优势。各致病型在地区间呈随机分布,表明自然条件下水稻纹枯病菌为混合致病群。Mantel测验表明,菌株致病力差异与菌株地域来源无明显相关。采用Bayes法建立了各致病型的判别函数,判别准确率达95.00%,说明采用聚类判别分析能够对水稻纹枯病菌致病力的分化进行合理的判断。     

湖南常德地区棉花黄萎病菌培养特性及致病力分化研究

从常德4个主产棉县采集棉花黄萎病株,分离获得37个黄萎病菌单孢菌株,对其培养特性和致病性进行了研究。菌株培养性状研究表明,在分离的37个菌系中,菌丝型菌株最多,其次是中间型,最少的是菌核型,3种类型菌株分别占所有菌株的67.6%,24.3%和8.1%。选用陆地棉感病品种冀棉11号作为鉴别寄主对供试菌株做致病力测定,结果表明,37个菌株可归为3个类群:I型、Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型,分别占供试菌株的13.5%,8.1%,78.4%,证实常德植棉区黄萎病菌种群存在明显的致病力分化。     

青枯病菌研究进展

细菌性青枯病是由茄科雷尔氏菌(Ralstonia solanacearum)引起的一种世界范围的细菌性土传病害,广泛分布于热带、亚热带及部分温带地区。青枯病菌寄主广泛,可侵染50多个科的200余种植物,给作物生产带来巨大损失。充分了解青枯病菌是进行青枯病防治的重要前提。本文从青枯病菌的菌群分类、基因组结构、致病机制与致病途径、病菌检测等方面做了系统的阐述,并对基于青枯病菌及寄主植物基因组序列信息,研究和探讨青枯病菌致病机制与青枯病防治进行了展望。     

浙江省水稻纹枯病菌的遗传分化与致病力研究

鉴定了从浙江省各地采集的60株水稻纹枯病菌株的菌丝融合群归属情况。该60个菌株均与AG-1融合群的3个亚群AG-1-ⅠA、AG-1-ⅠB、AG-1-ⅠC的标准菌株融合,当属AG-1融合群。其中,有58株均与标准菌株AG-BⅠ融合,所有菌株与其他标准菌株均无融合现象。通过离体接种对菌株致病力进行鉴定,发现各菌株间致病力差异显著。致病力最强的TTZF-1与其中52个菌株差异极为显著。进一步的转录间隔区(ITS)序列分析显示,系统发育树的结果与融合群鉴定的结果一致,与菌株间致病力差异无相关性。     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.     

Applied Biotechnology to Combat Late Blight in Potato Caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora Infestans</Emphasis>

Potato is an important crop, grown worldwide. It suffers from many pests and diseases among which late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is the worst. The disease is still causing major damage in many potato production areas and control is only possible by applying fungicides frequently. The knowledge on the molecular biology and genetics of the interaction between the plant and the oomycete is developing rapidly. These are relevant fields of study, currently dominated by the discovery of many resistance genes and numerous effector proteins and the analysis of their specific mode of action. These studies may yield essential information needed for the development of durable resistance. The long-term and worldwide effort to breed for resistance so far has had little effect. A novel breeding approach may change this. It is based on cisgenic modification (CM) consisting of marker-free pyramiding of several resistance genes and their spatial and temporal deployment yielding dynamic varieties that contain potato genes only. It is envisioned that this CM approach with potato’s own genes will not only prove societally acceptable but may also result in simplifications in the legislation on use of the CM approach. Various parties in the potato research arena intend to cooperate in this novel approach in a number of developing countries where potato substantially contributes to food security. The use of resources such as land, water and energy improves when the effect of late blight is markedly reduced.     

Resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Potato virus Y</Emphasis> in a Multitrait Potato Breeding Scheme without Direct Selection in Each Generation

In an experimental breeding scheme to improve late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and white potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida) resistance of tetraploid potato over three generations of crossing and selection, 15 clones survived the final selection, and these were derived from 15 great-grandparents. There was no direct selection for resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY), but 14 out of the 15 great-grandparents were resistant to PVY and three had extreme resistance. Thirteen of the 15 descendants had PVY resistance and one extreme resistance. This was within the range expected for a random (unselected) sample from the genotypes of the great-grandparents. Hence, we found no evidence for any positive or negative association between PVY resistance and the attributes selected. The conclusion is that laborious selection is not required in every generation when many parents have PVY resistance, including some with more than one copy of a PVY resistance gene or resistance at more than one locus. However, in the future, determining the major virus resistance genes present in potential parents in each generation using diagnostic molecular markers would prevent susceptible × susceptible crosses being made and maximise the number of resistant × resistant ones.