株行距和施肥量对木薯产量及生长的影响

采用裂区试验设计方法,研究株行距和施肥量对华南5号木薯产量和生长的影响.结果表明:在本试验株行距和施肥量条件下,施肥量对木薯产量和生长的影响比株行距大.密植(0.6～0.8 m)有利于提高淀粉产量、鲜薯产量和鲜薯淀粉含量,以0.8m株行距最佳,而疏植(1.2～1.4m)有利于提高单株薯数、单株鲜薯重、单株鲜茎叶重、收获指数和茎径.施肥有利于提高淀粉产量、鲜薯产量、单株鲜薯重、单株鲜茎叶重、茎径、株高和单株薯数,但降低鲜薯淀粉含量和收获指数.丰产栽培技术要兼顾单位面积株数、单株鲜薯重和鲜薯淀粉含量.建议在土壤肥力差和少施肥时,用0.6 m株行距;土壤肥力中等且较高施肥时.采用0.8 m株行距;土壤肥力中上且优越水肥管理,采用1.0 m株行距.     

种植密度与大薯留种对‘宣薯2号’产量的影响

以‘宣薯2号’为试验材料,探索了以大薯留种不同种植密度对其产量和结薯率的影响。结果表明:宣薯2号大薯留种以密度2.70万株/hm2为最佳,平均单产达34 654 kg/hm2,比常规种薯6万株/hm2和大薯留种2.25、3.15和3.75万株/hm2都增产增收,结薯率从适宜的种植密度2.7万株/hm2开始,随密度的增加单株结薯数变少和单株块茎重变轻,大中薯率有变化,但不成规律。‘宣薯2号’在宣威市大薯留种以密度2.7万株/hm2种植既能获得高产,又能获得较好的经济效益。     

Comparative performance of different-sized seed tubers derived from true potato seed

The growth and yield of plants from different-sized seed tubers derived from true potato seed were evaluated on a per stem, per plant, and per unit area basis using either single or multiple-sprout tubers. In single-sprout tubers, haulm dry weight per stem 47 days after planting was greater in the 40–60 g tubers when compared with that in the 5–10 g or the 10–20 g tubers. This resulted in greater tuber weight per stem in the 40–60 g tubers throughout the growing season. The number of tubers per stem was not affected by seed tuber size. In multiple-sprout seed tubers of increasing size, total tuber number and total tuber weight, as well as weight of those tubers larger than 45 mm, increased on a per plant basis but decreased on a per stem basis. At different rates of planting, 1–5 g seed tubers produced smaller tubers than 5–10 g or 10–20 g seed tubers. Increased rate of planting resulted in non-significant yield increases per unit area in plots planted with 1–5 g seed tubers. The yield increases were significant when 5–10 g and 10–20 g seed tubers were planted at higher rates. The number of main stems per unit of seed tuber weight was five times greater in 1–5 g tubers compared with that in 40–60 g tubers. This resulted in low seed weights per hectare when small tubers were planted and in a high ratio of harvested to planted tuber weight.     

Effect of rate and time of fertilization on nitrogen and yield of Russet Burbank potatoes under center pivot irrigation

Applying less N on Russet Burbank potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) at planting time may reduce the potential loss of N from sandy soil by wind erosion and leaching early in the season. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of rate and time of N fertilization on potato production. Potatoes were grown in outdoor pot cultures with N rates of 75,150 and 300 ppm and in field plots with N rates from 112 to 448 kg N/ha applied in single and split applications. The results from pot cultures harvested after one month’s growth showed that yield of tops increased and tuber yield decreased as applied N at planting increased from 75 ppm to 150 or 300 ppm. Field results showed that the yield of potatoes was as high or higher when N applications were split between planting and when plants were 15 to 20 cm tall (early tuberization) as with the same amount of N applied at planting. Generally 112 kg N/ha at planting time was sufficient when additional N was applied after emergence. Split application of N resulted in more second growth on tubers than when all of the N was applied at planting.     

晋西南山区川水地马铃薯不同栽培密度试验

对晋西南山区川水地覆膜种植的马铃薯主栽品种费乌瑞它进行不同栽培密度试验。试验结果的方差分析表明:每公顷密度在53 892～89 820株范围内,其单株商品薯数、单株薯重、单株商品薯重、小区产量、小区商品薯产量存在显著与极显著差异;单株结薯数无显著差异;小区产量以每公顷76 989株最高,小区商品薯产量以每公顷67 365株最高,而在生产实际中,追求更多的是商品薯产量,所以,该区域的马铃薯品种费乌瑞它覆膜种植以每公顷67 365株的密度为宜。     

马铃薯新品种（系）在大理州早春作的适应性评价

通过对引进的马铃薯新品种（系）进行适应性评价,筛选出适合大理早春作大面积推广种植的马铃薯新品种,为该区马铃薯品种更新换代提供科学依据。以‘合作88’为对照,对比了5个新品种（系）的植株形态特征,抗性表现,鲜薯产量及块茎品质。结果表明：‘同薯20-2’出苗早,出苗率高,茎叶浓绿,植株茂盛,感病相对较轻且产量、商品薯率、干物质含量、淀粉含量均高于其他参试品种。经进一步试验后可在该地区推广种植。     

Production of seed potatoes in Cyprus: the effects of roguing and planting date on the spread of potato leaf roll virus,tuber yield,and infestation by potato tuber moth

Summary Field experiments during 1984–6 tested the effects of planting date on the development of aphid infestations and the spread of potato leaf roll virus (PLRV) in rogued or unrogued plots of potatoes, cv. Spunta. Plantings were made each month from December to April, the customary time for planting being February. Aphid infestation in early-planted plots was severe throughout the growing season; plots planted in February were also severely infested early in the growing season but the populations later gradually declined to undetectable levels. Nevertheless, the incidence of PLRV in the latter plots was as high as in those planted in December-January. Late-planted crops escaped aphid infestation and PLRV infection, either in part (March planting) or completely (April planting). Such crops, however, were uneconomical due to poor yields and heavy losses from potato tuber moth infestation. Roguing significantly reduced the spread of PLRV in all years but its interaction with planting date was insignificant.     

Comparative Analysis of Irish Potato (<Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Solanum tuberosum</Emphasis> L.) Production in the Farming Sectors that Emerged from Zimbabwe’s Radical Land Reform of 2000

Irish potato production in Zimbabwe can be traced back to the early 1900s. Large-scale commercial farmers dominated production until the early 2000s. Potato is the most important horticultural crop and has been declared a strategic national food security crop in 2012. In 2000, the Fast Track Land Reform Programme completely restructured commercial agriculture and potato farming. A product of the agrarian reforms, the A2 and A1 resettlement growers, started growing potato. The A1 resettlement model has individually owned cropping land and shared grazing, while A2 resettlement comprises of self-contained farm units. A survey was conducted to characterise potato growers, mainly to understand the current potato production systems and to assess the impact of the landmark reform programme on potato farming. Four production systems, large-scale commercial, communal area, A2 resettlement and A1 resettlement, were identified, and two main growing agro-ecological zones, the Highveld and Eastern Nyanga Highlands. In 1961–2013, significant positive trends for annual planted area, average yield and total production were observed. In terms of yield, Zimbabwe is fourth in southern Africa with an average yield of 17 t ha^?1 in the 2009–2013 period. Large-scale commercial and A2 resettlement systems were well-mechanised, and growers owned large land holdings ranging from an average of 165–1600 and 31–390 ha across the different areas, respectively, with average potato areas of 11 and 8 ha, respectively. A1 resettlement and communal area growers owned an average of 4 and 3 ha cropping area, respectively, with average potato areas of 0.4 and 1.1 ha, respectively. Input use was significantly different among the production systems. High synthetic fertiliser and biocide use was observed.     

Maximum potential potato yield in the Columbia Basin,USA: Model and measured values

Maximum yields of potato tubers for growing conditions in the Columbia Basin, Washington, USA were estimated using two methods. The first was based on experimental data from a large number of experiments conducted each year from 1959 through 1973 with Russet Burbank potatoes. The highest yielding plots each year were selected, and boundary analysis was used to determine the relationship between growing season length and maximum yield. Maximum yield was found to be related to growing season length by Y = D - 36 where Y is tuber yield in t/ha and D is days since planting. The second method was based on a model which assumes that dry matter production of a crop is proportional to intercepted radiation. This model has been validated for Scottish growing conditions. The solar radiation conversion efficiency for Russet Burbank potatoes under Columbia Basin conditions was found to be 1.35 g/MJ, using boundary analysis. The model gave better agreement between predicted and measured boundary values than did the simpler model based only on growing season length. Agreement was better, particularly at the end of the growing season when days were shorter and cooler than in the summer. Maximum measured yield was 124 t/ha. The simple model predicted maximum yields around 160 t/ha, while the MW model predicted maximum values around 140 t/ha.     

密度和钾肥对马铃薯品种东农306产量的影响

以特用型马铃薯品种"东农306"为材料,在2003～2004年进行了种植密度与钾肥用量对产量的影响试验。结果表明,该品种在不同种植密度与钾肥用量下单株产量差异显著,在本试验中以行距70 cm和株距30 cm的密度、硫酸钾用量150 kg·hm~(-2)最适合该品种的个体生长,能获得较高的单株产量和商品薯产量;行距70 cm和株距20 cm的密度、硫酸钾用量75 kg·hm~(-2)最适合该品种的群体生长,能获得较高的群体产量和商品薯产量。     

种植密度和施氮水平对华南8号木薯产量形成的影响

在不同种植密度和施氮水平条件下探讨华南8号木薯干物质积累、分配的规律及其对产量形成的影响。结果表明,低密度低施氮水平处理的产量显著高于高密度高施氮水平处理;低密度低施氮水平处理的单条薯重显著高于高密度高施氮水平处理,并且交互作用显著;低密度和低施氮水平处理虽然前期干物质生产速率较低,但后期干物质生产速率及其向块根的分配比例明显高于高密度和高施氮水平。     

Comparison of growth and yield parameters of Russet Burbank for a two-year period

The effect of three planting dates on stem, stolon, tuber number and size were compared throughout the 1979 and 1980 growing seasons. A relatively warm April and early May and a relatively cool late May and June in 1980 resulted in significantly higher stem and stolon numbers and a tuber population over double that of 1979. The highest average commercial yields ever recorded in the Columbia Basin were obtained with yields in some fields of 100 tons per ha on 48 hectare irrigation circles. On experimental plots tuber numbers increased from the latter part of May with successive sampling dates until late June and early July when a peak in number was reached after which a significant decline in number occurred. The decrease in tuber number was attributed to the phenomenon of reabsorption which was much greater with later planted potatoes. It occurred only in tubers of approximately 10 g size or smaller. Average tuber size in 1980 was one-half that of 1979 although total yield was 25 tons per ha higher because of significantly larger tuber numbers.     

Effects of early planting and cultivars on the yield and agronomic traits of soybeans grown in southwestern Japan

Early planting contributed to increased soybean yields in the U.S. Because a double-cropping system dominates in southwestern Japan, early planting is not performed; it is thus unclear how much the yield potential could be increased by early planting. To address this question, we planted seven U.S. and five Japanese cultivars on around 20 May (early planting), measured the agronomic traits, including yield, yield components, and oil and protein contents, and compared these traits with those of the same cultivars planted on around 20 July (normal planting). In the early planting, the yields of the U.S. cultivars were 322–453 g m^?2, whereas the highest yield among the Japanese cultivars was only 315 g m^?2, which is significantly lower than those of the top five U.S. cultivars, indicating the adaptability of U.S. cultivars to early planting. The increases in yield obtained with early planting were 99–199 g m^?2 and ?26–144 g m^?2 for the U.S. and Japanese cultivars, respectively. The yield obtained by early planting was positively correlated with the pods m^?2, seeds pod^?1, and oil contents, but negatively correlated with the sterile pod rate, 100 seed weight and protein content. In the early planting, the U.S. cultivars had greater pods m^?2, seeds pod^?1 and oil content and less sterile pod rate, 100-seed weight, and protein content than the Japanese cultivars. These results suggest that early planting can increase the yield in southwestern Japan, if cultivars with agronomic traits observed in the U.S. cultivars of this study are grown.     

The effect of nematicides onPratylenchus penetrans and potato yields

Aldicarb applied as Temik 10% or 15% granular at 1.68, 2.24 or 3.36 kg/ha active ingredient (a.i.) in the row at planting reduced the size of populations ofPratylenchus penetrons in experimental plots and commercial fields. Both aldicarb and the soil fumigant, Telone-II, were associated with yield increases of about 40% in Superior and Sebago potatoes in experimental plots in 1978, but there were no significant increases in yield in 1979 and 1980. A comparison was made between areas treated with aldicarb 10% granular at 2.24 kg/ha a.i. or disulfoton 15% granular at 3.36 kg/ha a.i. in 24 commercial fields. Average yields from the combined results of Kennebec, Superior, Sebago, and Russet Burbank cultivars were about 13% higher in the aldicarb treatments. Yields in six fields where aldicarb was applied at 3.36 kg/ha a.i. were not different from yields in adjacent fields treated with the lower rate of aldicarb. Superior potatoes inoculated withP. penetrons, or uninoculated, were grown in pots in the greenhouse in fine sandy loam at moisture levels of 35–55% or 70–100% field capacity. The lower soil moisture level and the nematode treatment reduced tuber weights. The nematode-soil moisture interaction was significant in one of the two experiments.     

宁夏高产玉米群体产量构成及生长特性研究

对2008～2012年宁夏玉米高产潜力研究示范中产量突破15 000 kg/hm²的54个品次高产田群体产量构成及特征进行分析。结果表明,宁夏玉米高产田群体平均产量为16 927.01 kg/hm²,平均收获穗数为9.78万穗/hm²,穗粒数为524.38粒,千粒重为357.01 g。高产田61%品次收获穗数9.25万～10.75万穗/hm²,平均收获密度9.97万株/hm²,属高密度种植。高产田在宁夏引、扬黄灌区均有分布,主要集中在引黄灌区周边及中部干旱带扬黄新灌区,高产田46.48%选用紧凑耐密型品种,属中晚熟品种。高产田各品种花前干物质生产平均占整个生育时期总物质生产的41.7%;群体叶面积指数均为单峰曲线变化,吐丝期达峰值。高密度种植条件下,“增穗、稳粒数、增加粒重”、增加花后物质生产与高效分配、培育高质量抗倒群体是高产突破的技术途径。     

Potato growth in the subtropics of Florida

Dry weight of tops of LaRouge potatoes varied considerably among years. In turn this affected tuber growth and total plant dry matter accumulation. Maximum plant top dry matter accumulation occurred between 54 and 69 days after planting (DAP) with a maximum of 2.5 dry mt/ha. In all years tuber initiation was first observed 47–48 DAP. By 100 DAP, additional tuber growth was minimal. Among years, the highest tuber dry matter recorded was at 7.9 mt/ha. Of the variables that were evaluated for their effect on final yield and tuber growth rate (kg/ha/day), plant age in terms of DAP explained over 87% of yield variability. For most of the yield variables, the quadratic and cubic terms for DAP were significant in explaining variability. An additional 1 to 5% was explained by temperature variation. Between 95 and 99% of the variability in harvest index, the ratio of dry tuber to whole plant dry weight, was explained by DAP.     

脱毒小薯原原种粒级、密度、品种熟性对一级原种繁殖的影响

采用马铃薯脱毒小薯不同粒级、不同密度、不同品种熟性三因子三水平正交试验，研究了原原种对一级原种的产量、单株平均结薯数及＜２５ｇ小薯所占比率的影响。结果表明：当早熟、结薯少、薯块均匀的品种原原种播种密度在１．２万株／亩以上，晚熟和中晚熟、结薯较多薯块不均匀的品种在１．０～１．２万株／亩之间，且播种粒级大于０．５ｇ／粒时，一级原种繁殖方可收到既高产又具较高的繁殖系数和较低用种量的效果。     

春花生超高产栽培技术模式研究与应用

采取正交旋转回归设计,以播种期、种植密度、施肥量为试验因子,以9000kg/hm2为产量目标函数,进行春花生超高产栽培模式集成研究。结果表明,在鲁西南平原地区,超高产春花生以种植密度和N、P、K施肥量为主要限制因素,播种期为次要限制因素。明确了春花生单产达到9000kg/hm2以上的最佳种植密度、播种期和合理的N、P2O5、K2O施用量为主要指标的栽培技术模式,增产效果显著。     

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Application Time on Dry Matter Accumulation and Yield of Chinese Potato Variety KX 13

Application time of nitrogen (N) fertilizer can significantly influence the yield and quality of potato tubers. The objective of this experiment was to assess the effects of N application time on dry matter accumulation in foliage and tubers, as well as on marketable tuber ratio, dry matter concentration, and specific gravity of the Chinese cultivar KX 13. The four treatments were as follows: all the 150 kg?N?ha^?1 applied at planting (T1); 100 kg N ha^?1 applied at planting and 50 kg N ha^?1 applied 1 week before tuber initiation (20 days after emergence, DAE) (T2); 100 kg N ha^?1 applied at planting and 50 kg N ha^?1 applied 1 week before tuber bulking stage (35 DAE) (T3); and 100 kg?N?ha^?1 applied at emergence and 50 kg N ha^?1 applied 1 week before tuber bulking stage (35 DAE) (T4). For all treatments, 90 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 ((NH₄)₂HPO₄) and 150 kg K₂O ha^?1 (K₂SO₄) were applied at planting. Thirty tons per hectare of marketable tuber yield was achieved with T3, while 23 t ha^?1 marketable yield was achieved by applying all 150 kg N ha^?1 at planting (T1). Relative to treatment T1, T3 also significantly increased harvest index (HI) from 0.76 to 0.86 and marketable tuber ratio from 64.8% to 79.2%. Applying N at planting in conjunction with dressing at 20 DAE (T2) gave a high marketable tuber ratio (74%) and HI (0.86), but the lower total tuber yield led to a lower marketable tuber yield. Without N application at planting (T4), N dressing did not increase the yield and HI. Treatments with N dressing had no significant effect on specific gravity or dry matter concentration of tubers.     

马铃薯不同种植方式对产量性状的影响

本文通过垄作、平作、堆作三种不同种植方式对马铃薯产量、商品薯率、植株性状表现等作了分析讨论。结果表明,不同种植方式对马铃薯产量影响较大。垄作种植产量最高,为2251 kg/667 m2,比堆作种植增产65.76%,增产达极显著水平,比平作种植增产21.82%,增产达显著水平;平作种植产量为1 848 kg/667 m2,位居第二,比堆作种植增产36.08%,增产达极显著水平。大中薯率垄作种植第一,为89.03%,比堆作种植高20.37个百分点;平作种植位居第二,为86.62%,比堆作种植高17.96个百分点。