豇豆不同类型间种子耐贮性差异

本文研究了不同类型豇豆种子经高温高湿（４０℃,１００％ＲＨ）老化处理后的发芽势,发芽率,发芽指数,活力指数和电导率的变化情况,结果表明,短荚豇豆亚种发芽各项指标下降率平均数以及相对电导率上升率平均数均比长荚豇豆亚种的低,因此,短荚豇豆亚种耐贮性比长荚豇豆亚种好。     

甲醇老化处理对玉米种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响

分析不同时间的50%甲醇老化处理对玉米种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响,明确甲醇老化处理的最佳时间。结果表明,与蒸馏水浸泡40 min(CK)相比,50%甲醇老化处理10~30 min时种子发芽指标(活力指数除外)均无显著变化;40 min时种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数分别降低5.67%、8.67%、11.08%和41.22%;50 min时分别降低6.00%、10.00%、18.05%和47.70%;60 min时分别降低21.33%、28.00%、35.62%和61.80%;70 min时种子发芽指标降至较低水平。甲醇老化处理10 min时,玉米幼苗苗高、根长、根苗比、苗重和根重均显著降低,且降低幅度高于发芽指标。与CK相比,甲醇老化处理10~30 min时对种子脱氢酶活性和相对电导率无显著影响,40~70 min时脱氢酶活性显著降低,相对电导率显著增加。因此,50%甲醇老化处理应选择40~60 min为宜。     

糯玉米种子老化过程中种子活力和生理特性的变化

以京科糯2000和莱农糯6号玉米品种为试验材料,采用老化箱人工老化法,研究人工老化对糯玉米种子发芽指标和生理特性的影响。结果表明,随老化时间的延长,两个糯玉米品种种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数和脱氢酶活性逐渐降低,丙二醛(MDA)含量和相对电导率逐渐升高。老化14 d时,京科糯2000和莱农糯6号种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数分别比对照降低48.31%和42.86%、41.05%和31.31%、52.86%和42.64%、68.84%和56.43%,脱氢酶活性分别降低70.18%和45.48%,MDA含量分别增加54.04%和49.41%。相关分析表明,两个糯玉米品种的种子活力与MDA含量和脱氢酶活性之间均达极显著相关,MDA含量和脱氢酶活性可以表征糯玉米种子的老化程度。种子耐老化能力存在品种间差异,莱农糯6号耐老化能力高于京科糯2000。     

新疆春小麦品种种子耐老化评价

为筛选出耐老化春小麦品种,采用高温高湿(41℃,95%RH)人工老化法对33份新疆春小麦品种进行种子老化处理,分析了老化对春小麦种子发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数及活力指数的影响,以耐老化系数为基础,运用加权隶属函数和聚类分析法对参试品种的种子耐老化性进行了综合评价及分类。结果表明,品种间种子耐老化能力差异显著。与对照相比,种子发芽势和发芽率分别下降41.16和30.96个百分点,发芽指数和活力指数分别降低50.29%和64.77%,差异均达极显著水平。通过加权隶属函数和聚类分析,将33份材料划分为4种耐老化类型,其中新春6号、新春30号、新春40号、新春41号、新春43号、新春47号等6份品种种子耐老化能力突出,可以作为小麦耐老化育种的亲本。     

抗低温处理对玉米种子萌发特性的影响

用SA、SG、SN、NG4种处理荆处理玉米种子．在不同程度低温条件下培养．研究抗低温处理后的玉米种子萌发的变化和差异。结果表明,各处理的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数等指标在低温条件下较对照（蒸馏水浸种）都有不同程度的提高。在10～16℃条件下。SG和NG处理可以大幅度提高玉米种子的萌发指标．其中对发芽率的影响最为明显．提高幅度最高达1．58倍,达极显著水平。认为．SG和NG处理可以提高玉米对低温的忍耐力．具有促使玉米种子在低温条件下早生快发的作用。     

玉米种子耐储性的全基因组关联分析及候选基因预测

以197份玉米自交系为试材,人工加速老化后进行标准发芽试验,检测种子耐储性相关表型性状,结合平均分布于玉米基因组的SNP标记进行关联分析,挖掘关联SNP位点和候选基因。结果表明,共检测出8个与相对发芽势（RGE）、相对发芽指数（RGI）、相对活力指数（RVI）和相对简易活力指数（RSVI）等性状呈显著关联的SNP位点（P<0.000 1）,分布于染色体bin1.08、bin3.08、bin4.03、bin4.05和bin6.05区域;PZE-104063000、PZE-104064763和PZE-106085414这3个SNP位点均与2个性状关联。预测到7个候选基因,分别与纤维素合成酶活性、翻译起始因子、丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶活性、磷酸二酯酶活性、类囊体膜组分、脂肪酸生物合成酰基转运活性和微管有关组分等相关。     

60份玉米自交系种子的耐老化鉴定

选用60份玉米自交系为试验材料,通过室内高温高湿法鉴定并分析种子耐老化特性。结果表明,不同基因型玉米自交系种子在老化胁迫后,其发芽势和发芽率性状差异显著,平均值分别为10.93%和35.12%,比对照分别降低了88.0%和64.9%,相对发芽势变异幅度0～80.41%,平均为12.18%;相对发芽率变异幅度0～99%,平均为35.12%。综合发芽性状指标、方差分析和聚类分析结果,筛选出FK1239、加早19、加早32、PHRE1、加早62、吉A1035、R5117、丹598等8份耐老化玉米自交系。     

13份玉米自交系品质性状及种子活力的配合力分析

采用NCII设计(6×7)组配42份杂交组合,采用随机区组试验,测定杂交组合的品质性状和种子活力指标,分析自交系性状配合力、遗传参数、相关系数。结果表明,组合活力指数的变异系数较大,其他性状均较小。品质性状一般配合力分析,5003改良系、Mo17变异株较优良。活力指标一般配合力分析,5003改良系、78599较优良,发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、脂肪、淀粉、蛋白质的广义遗传力和狭义遗传力均大于50%。除发芽率与发芽势、活力指数相关系数外,42份杂交组合的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数的相关系数均呈显著或极显著正相关。淀粉含量与活力指数、脂肪含量呈显著负相关;淀粉和蛋白质含量呈负相关,但未达到显著水平。     

NaCl胁迫对玉米自交系种子萌发的影响

以不同玉米自交系为筛选材料,进行种子萌发期耐盐胁迫筛选研究。通过对发芽率、相对发芽率、耐性分布频度、萌发进程、相对发芽指数等指标的分析,将玉米自交系的耐盐能力划分为5个等级。极耐盐的自交系哲446、通81-248、九51、引玉2号,较不耐盐的自交系A638、司徒、1261、C91-11。     

人工老化处理对芝麻种子生理生化特性的影响

以郑芝4号黑芝麻种子为材料,研究了人工加速老化处理对种子发芽指标﹑丙二醛(MDA)含量﹑过氧化物酶(POD)活性和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响。试验结果表明：随着种子老化加深,发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数﹑活力指数逐渐降低, 丙二醛含量逐渐升高。另外,老化种子内POD活性和SOD活性变化的总趋势是随老化时间延长而降低。由此认为芝麻种子人工老化及劣变的主要机制与抗氧化酶活性降低与和膜脂过氧化作用加剧有关。人工老化种子生活力出现快速下降的发芽势拐点是80%,其下降的趋势又与POD活性下降非常一致,POD可作为一个检测指标显示种子活力高低及丧失的特征。     

In vitro reproduction in the annual pasture legumes subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.)

Pasture legumes are important components of both mixed farming rotations and permanent pastures in temperate climates. Breeding of two widely sown pasture legumes, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.), is constrained by the long generation cycle, typically enabling only one generation per year. We hypothesized manipulation of culture medium and conditions would enable the development of a laboratory‐based protocol for in vitro reproduction in subterranean clover and French serradella. In vitro flowering and viable seed set was induced from both species. For subterranean clover, the most effective treatment was culturing on modified MS medium with 1 μm kinetin and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and continuous photoperiod. For French serradella, culture on a hormone‐free B5 medium with 5 mm NH₄Cl and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and 20 h photoperiod was optimum. It is expected this technique will have application in accelerating generation turnover within breeding programs, for the study of factors influencing flowering in pasture legumes, and for the propagation of valuable yet enfeebled plants such as embryo‐rescued hybrids.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Estimation of lucerne yield stability for enabling effective cultivar selection under rainfed conditions

Evaluation of crop and forage yield stability is of increasing relevance in the context of current and recent environmental changes but, in contrast to other field crops, there are no published systematic analyses among forage crops in Europe. A study of stability performance was conducted with 13 Czech cultivars of lucerne at four locations over a 2‐year period with the following aims: (a) to evaluate yield stability of varieties across different environments and (b) to calculate measurable benefits of variety selection in relation to the specific environment. The cultivar Vlasta was identified as the highest yielding cultivar (annual yield 16.0 t DM/ha), whereas the lowest yielding cv. Magda, Tereza and Oslava averaged around 14.9 t DM/ha. Effect of genotype × environment interaction (G × E) was two times higher than for genotype alone. Additive main effects and the multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model showed that the highest yielding cultivars may not be stable across environments. This study demonstrated further that significant yield improvement could be detected, even among a relatively homogenous group of domestic cultivars, and this was driven mainly by site productivity: the improvement was +10% in low‐yielding sites, compared with +3% in high‐yielding sites. Results highlight that advanced agronomy should also consider stability parameters such as AMMI stability value or superiority measures for forage crops in response to the challenges associated with climate change.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

稻文化的再思考3:稻与社稷——印度、泰国等东南亚、南亚主要国家

东南亚、南亚地区是世界上重要的稻米产区,稻米在民众饮食生活和国家社会政治中占有重要地位,民众生活中也保存了非常悠久和丰富的稻作文化习俗及稻谷起源神话传说。本文分析了水稻在东南亚、南亚主要国家印度、印度尼西亚、泰国、越南、菲律宾、孟加拉国、缅甸的作用、地位、生产、消费、文化等情况,并指出了印度、印度尼西亚稻文化的主要标志。     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Model of wheat yield response to application of diclofop-methyl to control ryegrass (Lolium rigidum)

A general model of crop yield response to herbicide application is proposed. The model includes three components: the effect of herbicide dosage on weed density, the effect of surviving weed density on crop yield and the effect of herbicide directly on the crop. The model is used to estimate the response of wheat yield to application of diclofop-methyl to control ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in Australia. It is found that the competitiveness of ryegrass plants surviving treatment is reduced by the treatment and that the proportion of yield loss at a given ryegrass density is not independent of the absolute weed-free yield. The response function is used to calculate economic thresholds and optimal herbicide dosages.