丝瓜络多糖提取工艺的研究

研究了丝瓜络多糖的提取工艺。在进行预处理方法和提取次数试验后,对浸提温度、料液比、浸提时间分别进行单因素试验和L9(33)正交设计对丝瓜络多糖的提取工艺进行优化。结果表明:丝瓜络晒干后直接提取、在浸提温度70℃、料液比1∶30、浸提时间10h、浸提1次为最佳提取条件。在此条件下,丝瓜络多糖粗品的提取率为10.08%,多糖含量为19.27%。     

慈姑多糖的提取研究

为探究慈姑多糖的最佳提取条件,采用石油醚、无水乙醇回流脱脂、热水浸提法提取慈姑中水溶性多糖,对提取时间、提取温度、料液比以及提取次数分别进行了单因素试验和 L9(34)正交试验。试验结果表明慈姑多糖最佳提取工艺条件为提取温度70 ℃,提取料液比1:15,提取时间3 h,提取2次;该方法操作简便、提取迅速,并能获得含量较高的多糖成分,在该工艺条件下慈姑多糖得率为12.94 %。     

人参多糖提取的最佳工艺考察

目的在原有人参多糖提取工艺的基础上考察不同浸提因素对实验的影响,选择合理的实验条件,研究人参多糖浸提的新工艺。方法考察因素分别为浸提的温度、液料比和加热的时间,以人参多糖含量为指标,建立适当数学模型,筛选。结果浸提温度为100℃、浸提时间为4h,液料比分别以15:1进行试验,得出人参多糖纯品的百分含量为23.8%。结论红参粗多糖提取工艺优化后,方法稳定可行。     

金线莲多糖的提取工艺优化

以金线莲为试验材料,采用热水浸提法,对其多糖提取工艺进行优化。在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验考察料液比、提取温度、提取时间及提取次数对多糖提取得率的影响,优选出最佳提取工艺条件。结果表明:影响金线莲多糖提取率的主次因素为:提取温度提取次数提取时间料液比,并且4个因子对多糖提取得率影响均达到显著水平。金线莲多糖的最优提取工艺条件为:料液比1︰30、水浴温度70℃、提取时间90 min、提取4次。在最优提取工艺条件下,金线莲多糖提取得率为26.68%。研究认为应用此工艺多糖得率高,且简单易于调控,具有一定的应用价值。     

辣木多糖酶促提取技术优化及不同部位含量研究

为研究辣木多糖的酶促提取工艺和辣木不同部位的多糖含量,在单因素试验的基础上,以多糖提取率为指标,选择纤维素酶用量、提取温度、提取时间、液料比为试验因素,采用二次回归正交旋转组合设计对纤维素酶辅助提取辣木多糖的工艺参数进行优化,并在此基础上研究辣木不同部位的多糖含量差异。4种因素对辣木多糖提取率的影响顺序依次为:纤维素酶用量>提取温度>液料比>提取时间。建立辣木多糖提取率(Y)与纤维素酶用量(X1)、提取温度(X2)、提取时间(X3)、液料比(X4)的二次正交回归模型:Y=18.6602+0.8134X1+0.7572X2–0.4312X3+0.6909X4–0.5181X12–0.4935X22–0.6277X42,该模型拟合度好,4个因素均对多糖提取率有显著影响(p<0.05)。通过回归模型获得优化的提取工艺为:纤维素酶用量1.60%,提取温度53℃,提取时间68 min,液料比52∶1,在此条件下辣木多糖提取率为19.83%,实际值与预测值一致。辣木不同部位的多糖含量结果表明,辣木根、花、嫩叶、茎中均含有丰富的多糖,其中根中含量最高且极显著高于其他部位(p<0.01),可进一步开发利用。采用二次回归正交旋转组合设计优化得到的辣木多糖酶促提取工艺条件准确可靠,可有效提高辣木多糖提取率并可在生产中推广应用。     

乙醇在茶叶多糖提取中的应用研究

乙醇预处理茶叶后,再通过水提可实现高茶多糖提取物的制备.以安溪铁观音为原料,以茶多糖、茶多酚、可溶性蛋白含量和浸出物得率为评价指标,考察乙醇预提取茶叶中乙醇浓度、料液比、温度、提取时间等因素的影响.单因素试验的基础上,正交试验分析发现,温度为醇提茶叶的最显著因素,乙醇浓度次之,而料液比和提取时间影响最小.乙醇预处理茶叶最优工艺参数组合为A1 B2 C2 D1,即乙醇浓度65%、料液比1:25、温度55℃、提取时间20 min,该工艺实施后可再通过水提制得更高含量的茶多糖,为其进一步应用开展及工业化制备提供重要的理论依据.     

应用响应面分析优化酶法辅助超声提取余甘子多糖工艺

利用酶法辅助超声提取法从余甘子中提取多糖,考查了超声时间、液料比、超声温度和超声功率对多糖提取率的影响.在单因素试验的基础上采用响应面分析优化提取工艺条件.结果表明,余甘子多糖的最佳提取工艺条件为：超声温度41℃,液料比6∶1,超声时间75min,超声功率300W,多糖提取率为5.76%,接近于模型预测值.     

豆渣中水溶性大豆多糖的提取工艺研究

大豆多糖是大豆中的有效活性成分之一,具有抗氧化性、食品稳定性等作用.以市售豆渣为材料,采用不同的提取温度、液固比和提取时间进行单因素试验,然后在此基础上采用三因素三水平的正交试验对水溶性大豆多糖的提取条件进行优化.结果表明:提取温度对水溶性大豆多糖提取率的影响最大,其次是液固比,再次是提取时间.水溶性大豆多糖提取的最优工艺参数是:提取温度为90℃、液固比为5:1、提取时间为3 h.经苯酚-硫酸法测定,水溶性大豆多糖含量为7.47%(以葡萄糖计).     

超声波提取豆渣中水溶性大豆多糖工艺研究

在单因素试验基础上采用正交试验,探讨在超声波环境下提取温度、液料比、提取时间以及超声波功率对豆渣中提取大豆水溶性多糖的影响.结果表明:超声功率对水溶性大豆多糖提取率的影响较大,其次是提取温度和液料比,然后是提取时间.水溶性大豆多糖提取的最优工艺参数是:提取温度80℃,液料比10∶1,提取时间40 min,超声功率160...     

油松松塔多糖提取工艺及抗氧化活性研究

目的研究油松松塔多糖的最佳提取工艺及其抗氧化活性,为充分开发利用油松松塔多糖提供依据。方法:研究单因素试验,再通过正交实验考察各因素对多糖提取率的影响,以确定油松松塔多糖的最佳提取工艺。采用DPPH、ABTS及还原力法测定油松松塔多糖的抗氧化能力。结果单因素对多糖提取率的影响由大到小依次为:料液比提取温度提取时间,热回流提取油松松塔多糖的最佳条件为:料液比1:30(g/mL),回流时间8h,回流温度100℃,其多糖含量为1.12g/100g。油松松塔多糖对DPPH、ABTS自由基有较好的清除作用,当浓度为10mg/mL时清除率分别为86.2%和83.7%。其还原力也较强。结论得出热回流法提取油松松塔多糖的最佳提取工艺,其抗氧化效果良好。     

In vitro reproduction in the annual pasture legumes subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.)

Pasture legumes are important components of both mixed farming rotations and permanent pastures in temperate climates. Breeding of two widely sown pasture legumes, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.), is constrained by the long generation cycle, typically enabling only one generation per year. We hypothesized manipulation of culture medium and conditions would enable the development of a laboratory‐based protocol for in vitro reproduction in subterranean clover and French serradella. In vitro flowering and viable seed set was induced from both species. For subterranean clover, the most effective treatment was culturing on modified MS medium with 1 μm kinetin and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and continuous photoperiod. For French serradella, culture on a hormone‐free B5 medium with 5 mm NH₄Cl and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and 20 h photoperiod was optimum. It is expected this technique will have application in accelerating generation turnover within breeding programs, for the study of factors influencing flowering in pasture legumes, and for the propagation of valuable yet enfeebled plants such as embryo‐rescued hybrids.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Estimation of lucerne yield stability for enabling effective cultivar selection under rainfed conditions

Evaluation of crop and forage yield stability is of increasing relevance in the context of current and recent environmental changes but, in contrast to other field crops, there are no published systematic analyses among forage crops in Europe. A study of stability performance was conducted with 13 Czech cultivars of lucerne at four locations over a 2‐year period with the following aims: (a) to evaluate yield stability of varieties across different environments and (b) to calculate measurable benefits of variety selection in relation to the specific environment. The cultivar Vlasta was identified as the highest yielding cultivar (annual yield 16.0 t DM/ha), whereas the lowest yielding cv. Magda, Tereza and Oslava averaged around 14.9 t DM/ha. Effect of genotype × environment interaction (G × E) was two times higher than for genotype alone. Additive main effects and the multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model showed that the highest yielding cultivars may not be stable across environments. This study demonstrated further that significant yield improvement could be detected, even among a relatively homogenous group of domestic cultivars, and this was driven mainly by site productivity: the improvement was +10% in low‐yielding sites, compared with +3% in high‐yielding sites. Results highlight that advanced agronomy should also consider stability parameters such as AMMI stability value or superiority measures for forage crops in response to the challenges associated with climate change.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

稻文化的再思考3:稻与社稷——印度、泰国等东南亚、南亚主要国家

东南亚、南亚地区是世界上重要的稻米产区,稻米在民众饮食生活和国家社会政治中占有重要地位,民众生活中也保存了非常悠久和丰富的稻作文化习俗及稻谷起源神话传说。本文分析了水稻在东南亚、南亚主要国家印度、印度尼西亚、泰国、越南、菲律宾、孟加拉国、缅甸的作用、地位、生产、消费、文化等情况,并指出了印度、印度尼西亚稻文化的主要标志。     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Model of wheat yield response to application of diclofop-methyl to control ryegrass (Lolium rigidum)

A general model of crop yield response to herbicide application is proposed. The model includes three components: the effect of herbicide dosage on weed density, the effect of surviving weed density on crop yield and the effect of herbicide directly on the crop. The model is used to estimate the response of wheat yield to application of diclofop-methyl to control ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in Australia. It is found that the competitiveness of ryegrass plants surviving treatment is reduced by the treatment and that the proportion of yield loss at a given ryegrass density is not independent of the absolute weed-free yield. The response function is used to calculate economic thresholds and optimal herbicide dosages.