葛根异黄酮的现代研究进展

葛根是豆科类植物野葛的粗根,种类丰富,向来被人们称为"千年人参",是中国鲜有的药食同源植物。近年来的研究表明,葛根的化学成分有异黄酮类、香豆素类、生物碱类、三萜类、芳香类、淀粉、氨基酸等物质,其有效成分异黄酮有治疗心脑血管疾病、保护肝脏和肾脏、调节雌激素平衡、增强免疫力、改善糖脂代谢等方面的作用。本文通过查阅近年来的相关文献,综述葛根异黄酮的提取方法和药理作用进展,为广泛阅读者能够快速有效的全面认知葛根提供了理论依据。     

重视工业专用型高淀粉玉米品种的选育

高淀粉玉米是指玉米子粒粗淀粉含量在75%以上的工业加工专用型玉米.在我国淀粉工业中玉米淀粉约占其产量80%以上.在我国根据对国家资源库长期保存的7 609份玉米资源和目前选育推广的88个杂交种的分析,玉米子粒粗淀粉含量平均为68%左右,比美国玉米偏低2～3个百分点.当前在生产上仅有的少数几个品种的子粒粗淀粉含量达到75%左右,只有科玉10达到了77.2%的新高度.这说明了加速专用加工型高淀粉玉米的重要性和可能性.简述了高淀粉玉米在工业上的加工用途。     

不同小麦品种支链淀粉结构的比较

支链淀粉是由10个小麦品种(5个类别)用高性能分级排阻色谱法(HPSEC)分离而得到的.10种提纯的支链淀粉样品都含有一个具有相似保留时间和峰形的单一多糖峰.用异淀粉酶将每一个样品脱支,均产生四种线型糖类组分.HPSEC是快速检测支链淀粉脱支片段的有效方法.四种组分的图谱面积依次为4.0%,19.1%,30.5%和46.4%.供试小麦支链淀粉脱支片段鉴别表明,它们的支链淀粉结构无差异.     

C型不育玉米品种授高油花粉后的子粒品质变化

通过对利用高油玉米花粉给C型胞质不育玉米单交种授粉得到的子粒与高油玉米子粒进行品质分析,发现前者除淀粉与含油量、蛋白质间呈负相关(r=0.36,r=-0.76)、含油量与赖氨酸、能量密度之间呈正相关(r=0.47,r=0.88)、赖氨酸与能量密度呈正相关(r=0.35)外,含油量与蛋白质间,淀粉、蛋白质与赖氨酸、能量密度之间相关系数未达到5%显著水平,含油量(3.96%～8.47%)每提高1%,淀粉含量减少0.57%,赖氨酸增加0.008%,能量密度每100g增加27.42 kj;而后者除淀粉与能量密度相关不显著外,其它营养成分之间相关关系均达到极显著水平,其中含油量与蛋白质、赖氨酸、能量密度呈正相关(r=0.83,r=0.95,r=0.70),淀粉与含油量、蛋白质和赖氨酸呈负相关(r=0.87,r=0.78,r=0.84),赖氨酸和蛋白质、能量密度呈正相关(r=0.85,r=0.66).含油量(7.18%～14.09%)每提高1%,淀粉含量减少1.74%,蛋白质含量增加0.36%,赖氨酸含量增加0.0164%,能量密度100g增加16.83 kJ.高油玉米(含油量7.1%～16.09%)给常规玉米(含油量3.71%～4.26%)授粉,含油量、淀粉含量、蛋白质含量和赖氨酸含量的花粉直感效应值分别为0.37、-0.27、0.27和0.24.     

不同品质类型小麦籽粒淀粉与加工品质的关系

以江苏省具有代表性的三个不同品质类型小麦品种为材料，分析了籽粒淀粉和加工品质的关系，以明确淀粉对小麦加工品质的作用以及优质小麦的具体淀粉指标。结果表明，淀粉含量与降落值、湿面筋含量、沉淀值、面团形成时间、稳定时间等加工品质指标呈显著负相关，而蛋白质含量与上述指标呈极显著正相关，说明中、强筋小麦不宜追求过高的淀粉含量，而弱筋小麦则应提高淀粉含量。在淀粉粘度特性7个参数中，以峰值粘度和糊化温度变异度最大。总淀粉和直链淀粉含量与蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、面团稳定时间均呈显著的线性负相关关系。以优质专用小麦符合国标（GB／T17892—1999、17893—1999）蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、面团稳定时间为条件的淀粉指标被初步提出：一等强筋小麦籽粒总淀粉含量应≤68．8％，直链淀粉含量应≤13．5％；二等优质强筋小麦籽粒总淀粉含量应≤71．1％，直链淀粉含量应≤14．5％；优质弱筋小麦籽粒总淀粉含量应≥78．5％，直链淀粉含量应≥17．3％。     

四川省“十一五”审定的宜香系列杂交稻组合品质性状分析

对“十一五”通过四川省审定的11个宜香系列三系杂交稻组合的品质性状进行了分析,并研究了品质性状间的相关关系。结果表明,这11个组合的整精米率平均为58．91％,有9个组合达到国颁优质稻谷1级标准;长宽比平均为2．98,有9个组合达到国颁优质稻谷1级标准;垩白米率平均为23．84％,有2个组合达到国颁优质稻谷1级标准;垩自度平均为4．68％,有1个组合达到国颁优质稻谷1级标准;胶稠度平均为67．7mm,有5个组合达到国颁优质稻谷1级标准;直链淀粉含量平均为17．08％,有4个组合达到国颁优质稻谷1级标准。在11个组合中有4个组合品质达国颁优质稻谷三级标准,有1个组合达国颁优质稻谷二级标准。在各项品质指标中,整精米率与垩自度呈显著负相关,与胶稠度呈显著正相关,与直链淀粉含量呈极显著负相关;长宽比与垩白度呈显著负相关,与直链淀粉含量呈显著负相关;垩白米率与垩白度呈极显著正相关,与胶稠度呈显著正相关,与直链淀粉含量呈显著正相关;垩白度与与胶稠度呈显著正相关;胶绸度与直链淀粉含量呈极显著负相关。因此,如要进一步提升宜香1A所配组合的稻米品质,应注重选用直链淀份含量略高、垩白无或少、淀粉粒充实紧密、容重大的恢复系。     

高淀粉甘薯新品种洛96-6的选育及市场前景

高淀粉甘薯新品种洛96-6是河南省洛阳市农业科学研究所以豫薯10号为母本,以抗病薯为父本杂交选育而成.该品种的突出特点是高干率、高淀粉含量,适合淀粉加工.河南省甘薯新品种区域试验汇总结果表明:洛96-6鲜薯产量与徐薯18相当;薯干产量8 593.5 kg/hm2,较徐薯18增产13.3%;淀粉产量5 806.5 kg/hm2,较徐薯18增产17.4%.烘干率33.4%,淀粉率22.69%,分别较徐薯18高3.9%、3.39%.抗黑斑病,抗旱性强,黄皮、白肉,结薯整齐,大薯率高,适合加工,各项指标均达到国家甘薯高淀粉品种选育指标.2002年通过河南省种子管理站、河南省农业科学院粮食作物研究所认定.洛96-6适合作春、夏薯栽种,加工成淀粉后,效益可达15 000元/hm2,加工成粉条后,效益又增加50%.由于种植技术简单,产后加工效益可观,该品种具有巨大的市场潜力.     

高压诱变小麦突变体籽粒淀粉积累的动态变化

为了解高压诱变小麦突变体籽粒灌浆过程中的淀粉积累特性,以未经高压处理的偃展4110纯系为对照,对经过高压诱变处理(120MPa,8h)获得的偃展4110突变株系高压2、高压3、高压5、高压9和高压11的籽粒形成过程中淀粉含量的动态变化进行了分析。结果表明,突变株系籽粒总淀粉、直链淀粉、支链淀粉含量均呈"S"型曲线变化;总淀粉、直链淀粉、支链淀粉积累速率表现为"抛物线"型曲线变化,花后15~20d为籽粒总淀粉、直链淀粉、支链淀粉含量增加最快的时期;高压2、高压5的总淀粉、直链淀粉、支链淀粉含量高于对照,高压9低于对照;成熟期高压2和高压9的总淀粉含量分别为80.99%和73.05%,与对照(77.38%)差异显著(P0.05),说明高压诱变对淀粉积累有影响。不同样品之间总淀粉、直链淀粉、支链淀粉含量变化速率存在显著差异(P0.05),对照的总淀粉、支链淀粉峰值速率高于其他突变株系;高压2和高压5的直链淀粉峰值速率明显高于对照。     

薄层扫描法比较红参及葛根人参中人参皂苷Re的含量

目的探讨新型辅料人参———葛根人参的加工工艺,并建立葛根人参及红参中人参皂苷Re的含量比较方法。方法采用70%乙醇超声提取葛根中的有效成分,旋转蒸发仪适当浓缩,浸入人参煎煮,待葛根提取液完全浸入参体后烘箱35℃低温干燥得葛根人参;以甲醇超声提取红参及葛根人参,点板(硅胶G板),进行薄层扫描(λS=550 nm,λR=650nm)。结果人参皂苷Re点样量在2～18ul范围内,点样量与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,得标准曲线Y=161.2X-166.84,r=0.9994;红参及葛根人参中人参皂苷Re的含量分别为0.19%和0.21%。结论薄层扫描法操作简便,结果准确,可以用作比较红参及葛根人参中人参皂苷Re的含量。     

冷藏对鲜人参中淀粉转化蔗糖含量变化的影响研究

目的考察冷藏对鲜人参中淀粉转化蔗糖含量变化的影响。方法将采收的鲜人参放置于2℃的冷库中,放置0、5、10、15、20天后分别取样,,采用高效液相色谱法结合蒸发光检测器(HPLC-ELSD)测定鲜人参中的蔗糖含量,并同时测定鲜人参中的淀粉含量。结果鲜人参中蔗糖含量随冷藏天数逐渐增高,6年生鲜人参中蔗糖含量从0天的4.2%增长到20天的27.1%。5年生鲜人参中蔗糖含量从0天的3.6%增长到20天的24.2%,鲜人参中淀粉含量随冷藏天数逐渐降低,6年生鲜人参中淀粉含量从0天的32.0%降低到20天的9.7%。5年生鲜人参中淀粉含量从0天的28.6%降低到20天的8.2%。结论冷藏对鲜人参中淀粉转化蔗糖的含量有显著影响。     

青稞籽粒淀粉含量的差异

为筛选特色淀粉青稞材料,采用双波长法测定和分析了来自西藏、青海、甘肃、四川、国外的栽培青稞以及野生裸大麦共469个青稞材料的直链和支链淀粉含量。结果表明,这些青稞材料的直链淀粉含量平均为24.65%,变异范围为4.09%（昆仑8号）~39.72%（长芒红四棱）,其中西藏材料最高（26.87%）,甘肃材料最低（21.23%）;支链淀粉含量平均为31.76%,变异范围为15.24%（康青1号）~60.09%（喜玛拉雅2号）,其中野生裸大麦最高（35.51%）,西藏材料最低（30.17%）;总淀粉含量平均为56.00%,变异范围为31.28%（阿青5号）~74.41%（阿里当地青稞）,以野生裸大麦最高（58.11%）,青海材料最低（54.19%）。根据淀粉含量分布特征将不同来源青稞材料间直、支链及总淀粉含量都分成4个级别,这些青稞材料的直链淀粉含量主要分布在第3级,支链和总淀粉含量主要分布在第2级。从中筛选出18份具有特殊淀粉含量的青稞材料,可用于专用青稞的培育。     

Effects of Hydrothermal Processing of Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentumMoench) Groats on Starch Enzymatic AvailabilityIn VitroandIn Vivoin Rats

Content of total starch (TS), rapidly digested starch (RDS), slowly digested starch (SDS), resistant starch (RS) and retrograded starch (RS₃), apparent amylose and total amylose were studied in raw (uncooked) and in hydrothermally treated buckwheat groats. Hydrothermally treated buckwheat samples contained 4·0–4·3% of retrograded starch (dmb). This means that about 5·5% of the TS present in the samples appeared as RS₃. There was a good correlation between the retrograded starch by thein vitromethod and the undigested starchin vivoin rats (r=0·91,P<0·01). In untreated groats and in groats dry-heated to 110 °C there was significantly less RDS than in hydrothermally treated samples. Approximately one half of the raw groat starch was not digested within 120 minin vitro. Buckwheat groats prepared by using the traditional procedure of cooking before dehusking followed by warm-air drying, have less than 48% (dmb) of rapidly available starch, in comparison to white wheat bread, where the corresponding value is almost 59%. Buckwheat groats starch with a reduced rate of digestion could be a possible complement to or a substitute for common carbohydrate sources.     

Enhancement of the pasting properties of teff and maize starches through wet–heat processing with added stearic acid

This study determined the effects of stearic acid on the functional properties of teff starch, a compound granule starch in comparison to maize, a simple type granule starch. Stearic acid was incorporated into teff and maize starches and pasted (held for 5 or 120 min at 91 °C) with an RVA (Rapid Visco Analyser). Teff starch with added stearic acid (0.25 and 1.5% starch basis) did not produce a pasting peak viscosity within short holding time (5 min) compared to maize starch. The paste viscosity of both teff and maize starches with stearic acid increased by about three times with long pasting (120 min). This increase in paste viscosity occurred earlier for teff starch than maize starch. Teff starch with stearic acid was more viscous and was non-gelling. Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that stearic acid did not diffuse in teff starch granules, but seemed to coat them. However, stearic acid diffused inside maize starch granules through channels. This microstructural difference may explain the different pasting behavior. The early high paste viscosity and non-gelling properties of the teff starch modified with stearic acid could have promising applications in foods, for example better mouthfeel with lower starch concentration.     

籼粳遗传背景对水稻淀粉特性的影响

稻米中淀粉的种类、含量及分子结构与品质性状相关性密切。本研究以粳稻品种沈农265与籼稻品种沪恢99杂交后的F10代重组自交系群体为试材,探究籼粳遗传背景对淀粉特性的影响,定位调控淀粉特性的QTL,探究淀粉合成酶基因型的差异,同时分析了淀粉特性、Fi与稻米其他品质性状的关系。结果发现AAC、Fb3含量偏粳型>中间型>偏籼型,Fa偏籼型>偏粳型、中间型,RS含量偏粳型、中间型>偏籼型。定位实验鉴定出3个AAC的QTL,分布在第1、4、7染色体上,贡献率为11.58%~15.55%;3个Fa的QTL,位于第4、6、7染色体上,贡献率为5.92%~8.18%;6个Fb3的QTL,位于第1、3、4、5、6染色体上,贡献率为0.96%~22.23%;3个控制抗性淀粉的QTL,贡献率为6.39%~12.68%。三个重要淀粉合成酶基因型SBE3、SSⅢa、UGP1,其中SBE3、UGP1基因型淀粉特性类型间未达到显著水平,SSIIIa基因型中间型AAC含量显著高于偏籼型和偏粳型株系,Fa含量显著低于偏籼型和偏粳型株系,Fb3含量中间型>偏籼型>偏粳型。     

咖啡果皮粉对饼干品质和淀粉消化性的影响

咖啡果皮是咖啡加工过程中产生的副产物,约占咖啡果实的50%,测定结果显示咖啡果皮中含有丰富的膳食纤维,总膳食纤维的含量可达64.80%,且脂肪含量低,仅为1.62%。但咖啡果皮仅有一小部分被用作堆肥和动物饲料,大部分被丢弃,造成了不可忽视的环境问题和资源浪费。为了探寻咖啡果皮在焙烤食品中的加工利用,本研究利用超微粉碎的咖啡果皮0%、5%、10%、15%、20%替代小麦粉来制作饼干,通过测定饼干的含水率、膳食纤维的含量、DPPH清除率、淀粉消化性能、血糖生成指数、色泽、质构及感官性状,发现与对照组（0%）相比,随着咖啡果皮粉替代量的增加,饼干的含水率从6.57%下降至5.32%,膳食纤维含量和DPPH清除率显著增加,分别从1.84%增加至10.65%,从2.89%增加至36.69%,淀粉的消化率、C_∞和k值与咖啡果皮粉的替代量呈负相关,最终预测的饼干血糖生成指数从91.16降至66.35,但5%、10%、15%替代量的饼干仍为高血糖生成指数的食物,色泽中L^*和b^*值逐渐下降,而a^*值在5%和10%替代量时超过了对照组,饼干呈现咖啡果皮的棕红色,另外,饼干的硬度和咀嚼性逐渐增加,但在5%替代量时硬度增加并不显著（P<0.05）,脆性、恢复力、粘结力和弹性均逐渐下降,当咖啡果皮粉添加量为5%时,可获得理想的感官评分,尤其是在色泽和气味上的得分达到最高,分别为4.8和4.7分。结果表明,咖啡果皮粉可以考虑作为一种饼干的配料来增加消费者对膳食纤维、抗氧化性物质和低糖化淀粉的摄入,该研究结果为咖啡果皮的综合利用提供理论依据。     

Effect of partial gelatinization and retrogradation on the enzymatic digestion of waxy rice starch

The effect of partial gelatinization and retrogradation on in vitro enzymatic digestibility of waxy rice starch was investigated, and the relationship between the residual crystallinity and digestibility measured. An aqueous dispersion of starch (5%, dry weight basis) was partially gelatinized by heating at different temperatures (60, 65, or 70 °C for 5 min). The relative melting enthalpy values of the starch samples, based on the melting enthalpy of native starch, were 69.0, 36.7, and 8.5%, respectively. Retrograded starch samples were also prepared by storing a fully gelatinized starch paste (5% starch) at 4 °C for 2, 4, or 7 d, and the relative melting enthalpy values for the starch samples were 36.7, 67.2, and 79.9%, respectively. The partial gelatinization and retrogradation changed the enzymatic digestion behavior of the waxy rice starch samples, and the changes were significant in the initial stage of digestion. The digestion rate was reduced as the melting enthalpy increased. The amounts of slowly digestible starch (SDS) and resistant starch (RS) correlated positively with the relative melting enthalpy of the partially gelatinized or retrograded starch samples. The glycemic index (GI) estimated using an in vitro digestion test correlated negatively with the relative melting enthalpy. At similar melting enthalpy levels, the partially gelatinized starch samples were more resistant to enzymatic digestion than the retrograded starch samples, indicating that the thermal history and the crystalline morphology affected the enzymatic digestion behavior of starch.     

Starch and dry matter content of Netted Gem in relation to French fry texture

Studies were made on the relation of French-fry texture to solids content and to starch granule size in stored Netted Gem potatoes. Texture as evaluated both by a sensory panel and by an objective method was positively correlated with the percentages of starch granules in the 31–44 and 22–31 micron ranges. The usual positive correlations of texture with starch content, dry matter content, and specific gravity were in evidence. In limited trials, greater starch viscosiy and swelling power were associated with poorer texture. Heating time required to reach maximum viscosity was also related to texture, the longer heating times being associated with better texture.     

Mechanical properties,hydrophobic properties and thermal stability of the biodegradable poly(butylene adipate-<Emphasis Type="Italic">co</Emphasis>-terephthalate)/maleated thermoplastic starch blown films

Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) and thermoplastic starch (TPS) were blended by using maleic anhydride (MA) as a compatibilizer. Preferentially, TPS could be reacted with MA to obtain maleated thermoplastic starch (MTPS). Then PBAT/MTPS blends were blown films using blown technique. From dynamic mechanical analysis, the shifting of the glass transition temperatures toward each other suggested that PBAT was partially miscible with MTPS. From wide angle X-ray diffraction analysis, the degree of crystallinity of PBAT/MTPS films was decreased with increasing MTPS content. From rheological measurements, the melt elasticity and viscosity of the PBAT/MTPS blends increased. It was benefit to extrude blend and blow film. The contact angle values of bipolar liquid water were range from 100.2 to 77.7 ° decreased with increasing MTPS content from 0 to 50 %. The PBAT/MTPS films could satisfy the requirement for applying in our life.     

Methods to increase the starch content of potato tuber callus tissue

Summary Attempts were made to increase the starch content of callus tissue from tubers of cvs Lemhi Russet and Russet Burbank by varying growth regulator concentration, sugar source, sugar concentration, temperature and callus shape. Starch content was always higher in media containing no growth regulators. Callus spread over the media contained more starch than unbroken rectangular or cube-shaped callus. Sucrose was superior to glucose and fructose for starch formation. A sucrose concentration of 20 % produced more starch than lower concentrations. Callus growth decreased as the sucrose concentration increased. ‘Lemhi Russet’ callus incubated with 8 % sucrose at 20, 25 and 30 °C contained 1.2, 0.4 and 0.8 % starch respectively, which was much higher than in ‘Russet Burbank’ callus. With varying amounts of mannitol as an osmoticum in 8 % sucrose, the most starch was found in the medium containing 5 % mannitol. Research Paper 92B2 of the Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station     

Water stress during grain development affects starch synthesis,composition and physicochemical properties in triticale

Triticale, a man-made cereal crop developed from a cross between wheat and rye, has excellent agronomic traits to produce starch for bioindustrial applications. The effects of different levels of water stress on expression of starch synthesis genes and starch composition and physicochemical properties were investigated in this study. Three triticale varieties from 5 days post-anthesis were treated with three levels of water stress: low water stress (LWS) at 55–60% of soil moisture, moderate water stress (MWS) at 30–35% soil moisture and severe water stress (SWS) at 10–15% soil moisture. Water stress led to a significant reduction in seed weight at SWS (35–45%). A decrease in starch content was noticeable from MWS onwards and the values were decreased by 42–55% at SWS across all varieties. Such decrease was associated with the reduced expression of starch synthesis genes at 19 days of water stress (DWS). MWS favoured an increase of amylose proportion in triticale starch and it was accompanied by a significant up-regulation of GBSSI expression throughout the grain development. Triticale starch synthesized under water stress showed a reduced population of small granules and an increase of A-type to B-type ratio. SWS caused pitting on starch granules but did not alter the biconcave disc shape of mature granules. An inverse relationship between water stress and a range of starch gelatinization temperature was observed and the MWS environment specifically decreased the peak temperature (Tp) and increased the enthalpy. Our results signify that starch morphology, composition and physicochemical properties in triticale grains could be altered if triticale is grown under drought conditions.