单季和连作晚稻两用杂交水稻新组合甬优8050

甬优8050是浙江省宁波市种子有限公司用自主选育的粳稻不育系甬粳80A与籼稻恢复系F9250配组育成的三系偏籼型杂交水稻新组合,2016和2017年分别通过浙江省单季杂交籼稻和连作杂交晚籼品种审定。     

2016年我国审定的水稻品种及基本特性分析

分析了2016年我国水稻品种的审定情况及通过省级以上审定水稻品种的基本特性.结果表明,2016年我国通过省级以上审定的水稻品种共有492个次(有13个品种通过两个及以上省份审定),其中,籼型常规稻36个、籼型两系杂交稻137个、籼型三系杂交稻166个、粳型常规稻87个、粳型杂交稻25个(其中19个为籼粳杂交稻)、 不育系41个.区试平均产量籼型常规稻为501.36 kg/667 m2,比区试对照增产3.86%;籼型两系杂交稻为592.54 kg/667 m2,比区试对照增产5.46%;籼型三系杂交稻为552.96 kg/667 m2,比区试对照增产5.16%;粳型常规稻为624.94 kg/667 m2,比区试对照增产7.48%;粳型杂交稻为651.96 kg/667 m2,比区试对照增产8.91%.品种品质表现是粳稻好于籼稻,常规稻好于杂交稻,优质达标率粳稻为51.79%、籼稻为43.95%,常规稻为56.91%、杂交水稻为41.77%.并列举了一些对单个病害抗性表现较好的品种.     

粳型亲籼系的选育及其在杂交水稻超高产育种上的利用

杂交水稻超高产育种的关键是籼粳亚种间杂种优势的利用。粳型亲籼系的选育和利用是籼粳亚种间杂种优势利用的重要途径,作为超高产杂交水稻的强优恢复系,粳型亲灿系的育种目标是：１）对籼稻具有很高的亲和性;２）基因组属于粳型或偏粳型;３）与籼稻具有遗传协调性;４）具有良好的农艺性状;５）带有一些重要基因,对通过利用粳型亲灿系建立超高产要交水稻的育种体系进行了讨论。     

籼粳稻杂种优势利用研究─粳不籼恢偏籼型杂交水稻新组合的选育

一、引言 籼稻和粳稻杂交的杂种一代具有极强的优势,这一事实引起了世界水稻育种工作者的普遍关注。运用不同的途径和方法研究籼粳杂交获得的成果屡有报道。在常规方面,如南朝鲜的“统一”系统和密阳编号等一批带有粳稻血缘的籼稻品种,。我国粳稻区培育的有籼稻血缘的高产粳稻品种等。在籼粳杂种优势利用方面,1976年,湖南首次用黎明与培迪实现粳不釉恢三系配套,但由于籼便花时严重不遇而未能进人生产利用。八十年代初,袁隆平曾利用核代换的回交方法,研究培育粳质籼核的核质杂种税稻品种,1984年,袁隆平又提出杂交水稻的超高产育种。最近,湖南…     

感光籼型三系杂交水稻新组合灵丰963

灵丰963是利用优质籼稻不育系灵丰A与籼粳杂交育成的恢复系屯恢963配组而成的感光籼型三系杂交水稻新组合,具有综合性状好、丰产、稳产、米质好等特点,2017年通过广西区品种审定。     

中国杂交水稻与常规稻产量和稻谷品质的比较分析

以2001—2002年国家和省级农作物品种审定委员会审定的383个水稻品种为材料,对杂交水稻和常规稻在区域试验中的平均产量和主要稻谷品质性状进行了比较分析。结果表明：杂交籼稻平均产量为7.720 t/hm^2,比常规籼稻高11.72%,达极显著水平;杂交粳稻平均产量为8.991 t/hm^2,比常规粳稻高6.91%,达显著水平。籼、粳杂交稻整精米率和直链淀粉含量的优质达标率均高于常规稻,但垩白粒率和垩白度的优质达标率均明显低于常规稻,垩白粒率和垩白度是籼、粳杂交稻品质改良的重点,其中杂交籼稻还应加强胶稠度的改良;垩白度、整精米率和垩白粒率为籼、粳常规稻品质改良的重点,其中常规籼稻还应注重直链淀粉含量的改良。     

籼型细胞质雄性不育系介导籼粳交的籼稻育种

为提高籼粳交育种效率,提出了籼型细胞质雄性不育系介导籼粳交的籼稻育种方法,其杂交模式为(IA/JB)F1/IR,即(籼型细胞质雄性不育系/对细胞质雄性不育具有保持能力的粳稻品种)F1/具有恢复能力的籼稻品种或恢复系,全面探讨了该方法的技术细节,介绍了利用该方法选育籼型三系恢复系的育种实践。     

2001-2018年通过河南省审定的水稻品种情况分析

对2001-2018年通过河南省审定的水稻品种基本情况及其产量、米质等性状进行了介绍分析。结果表明,2001-2018年河南省通过审定品种132个,其中籼型水稻77个、占比58.33%,粳型水稻54个、占比40.91%,籼粳杂交稻1个、占比0.76%;育种单位涉及科研、教学及推广单位、种业企业等,种业企业选育或参与选育的品种比例正逐渐增加;审定品种年度间产量总体呈上升趋势,并以粳型杂交稻和籼型两系杂交稻产量最高;46.21%的水稻品种达到国标优质稻谷等级,粳型水稻优质达标率高于籼型水稻,垩白粒率和垩白度是限制河南稻米品质等级的主要因素,有待进一步提高。     

极端高温天气对杂交中籼稻生育特性的影响

在极端高温天气下，对大面积杂交中籼稻生长情况进行跟踪调查。调查结果表明，当前水稻生产中杂交中籼品种抗高温能力较强；不同杂交中籼品种抗高温能力有差异；在一定范围内，播期越早，极端高温天气对杂交中籼稻产量影响越大。     

辽宁水稻育种方法的三次重大突破

辽宁省水稻育种经历了三次重大突破,第一次是水稻籼粳杂交与理想株型育种,在20世纪50年代初期,辽宁省便开始了籼粳杂交育种研究,并相继开展了水陆稻杂交、地理远缘杂交研究,70~80年代成功选育出"千重浪"、"辽粳5号"、"黎优57"等品种,1978年提出理想株型育种模式;第二次是粳型杂交水稻育种,通过包台(BT)型和滇型不育系和籼粳架桥选育恢复系选育成功,1976年辽宁杂交粳稻配套成功;第三次是水稻群体育种,水稻群体育种充分利用核质互作型不育系和生态型不育系的雄性不育特性与混合父本(多品种混合播种)在田间自由授粉实现品种间或亚种间的杂交,将水稻常规育种技术与杂交稻育种技术有机地融合在一起。     

Review and Prospects on Rice Breeding and Extension in China

Rice is the most important food crop in China. In 2004, the planting area was about 2.8973×107 ha accounting for 28.5% of the total planting area of food crops, and the yield reached 1.7769×107 t accounting for 37.8% of the total food output. Breeding a…     

Genetic Structure and Indica/Japonica Component Changes in Major Inbred Rice Varieties in China

We used 39 SSR markers to analyze the genetic structure of 304 major Chinese inbred rice varieties, and to compare changes in the indica or japonica components in these varieties that have been widely cultivated from the 1950s to the 1990s in China. The genetic structure analysis showed that these rice varieties were distinctly divided into two populations, indica and japonica. The sub-structure of indica varieties was more complex than that of japonica ones. Among the various lines, late-season indica and early season japonica varieties had simpler genetic backgrounds. The seasonal ecotypes were not quite consistent with the subtypes of genetic structure. Twelve SSR loci with specific differentiation between indica and japonica were used to calculate the indica/japonica components. The differences in indica/japonica components among the five decades were not significant, except for late-season indica varieties in the 1990s, which had a significantly higher japonica component. These results will help to understand the genetic structure of the major Chinese inbred rice varieties and will be useful for indica-japonica hybrid breeding in China.     

Progress in ideotype breeding to increase rice yield potential

The ideotype approach has been used in breeding programs at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) and in China to improve rice yield potential. First-generation new plant type (NPT) lines developed from tropical japonica at IRRI did not yield well because of limited biomass production and poor grain filling. Progress has been made in second-generation NPT lines developed by crossing elite indica with improved tropical japonica. Several second-generation NPT lines outyielded the first-generation NPT lines and indica check varieties. China's “super” rice breeding project has developed many F₁ hybrid varieties using a combination of the ideotype approach and intersubspecific heterosis. These hybrid varieties produced grain yield of 12 t ha⁻¹ in on-farm demonstration fields, 8–15% higher than the hybrid check varieties. The success of China's “super” hybrid rice was partially the result of assembling the good components of IRRI's NPT design in addition to the use of intersubspecific heterosis. For example, both designs focused on large panicle size, reduced tillering capacity, and improved lodging resistance. More importantly, improvement in plant type design was achieved in China's “super” hybrid rice by emphasizing the top three leaves and panicle position within a canopy in order to meet the demand of heavy panicles for a large source supply. The success of “super” hybrid rice breeding in China and progress in NPT breeding at IRRI suggest that the ideotype approach is effective for breaking the yield ceiling of an irrigated rice crop.     

Status and Prospects of Hybrid Rice Breeding in Jiangsu, China

HISTORY OF HYBRID RICE DEVELOPMENT China is the first country to use heterosis successfully and commercially in rice. Hybrid rice research was initiated in 1964, the genetic tools essential for breeding hybrid rice combinations, such as the cytoplasmic male sterile line (CMS line or A line), the maintainer line (B line) and restorer line (R line), were developed in 1973. Several hybrid combinations with good heterosis and higher yield potential were identified in 1974. The hybrid…     

利用微卫星标记分析浙江省近年来主要水稻品种的遗传多样性

 利用12个DNA微卫星标记分析了浙江省近年来主要的44个常规水稻品种和54个杂交水稻组合,共检测到等位基因68个,每个标记2~10个;带型数共127种,每个标记3~18种;平均多态性频率0.752,变幅为0.567~0905。常规品种和杂交组合均表现为亚种间遗传差异明显、亚种内遗传差异较小,籼型遗传多样性高于粳型。平均遗传相似系数,常规品种籼型为0.672,粳型为0.711,籼粳间为0.103,杂交组合籼型为0.636,粳型为0.669,籼粳间为0.343。聚类分析显示,以遗传相似系数0.618为阈值将常规品种分成6类,以0.601为阈值将杂交组合分成7类,且多数同类型品种或组合聚为同一类。     

试论华南早籼稻的品质育种策略

总结了80年代以来广东省优质稻遗传研究和华南早灿优质稻育种实践和探索，讨论了华南早籼优质稻育种策略，指出当前华南早籼重重点加强中等直链淀粉含量优质稻选育，系统开展美国优良品种优质特性和高光效性能研究，实现洋为我用,在提高早灿品质的同时将产量推上新的台阶。     

中国杂交水稻白叶枯病抗性的遗传改良

 20世纪80年代,中国杂交水稻抗白叶枯病育种进展迅速。在大面积种植的籼型三系和两系杂交稻中主要应用白叶枯病抗性基因Xa4,白叶枯病在生产中几乎“销声匿迹”了20年。但近年来,此病害却在长江流域一些种植新组合的稻田里又爆发了。什么原因引起它再度流行？品种的抗性是否还有效？抗病育种是否还是水稻改良的主要目标之一？通过哪些途径才能更有效地利用抗病基因培育出更为持久的抗性品种？为回答这些问题,就我国杂交水稻对白叶枯病抗性的改良,寄主与病菌群体的互动演变效应进行了分析,讨论了拓宽抗性遗传基础、白叶枯病菌毒性群体结构、基因轮换、合理利用基因等问题。 在采用了包括传统方法、分子标记辅助选择和转基因技术的综合策略后,杂交水稻抗白叶枯病育种研究将出现新的局面。     

Four Decades of Breeding for Varietal Improvement of Irrigated Lowland Rice in the International Rice Research Institute

Abstract

Since the establishment of the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in 1960, IRRI’s breeding effort in varietal improvement for irrigated lowland has passed four decades. Breeding of semi-dwarf rice varieties such as IR8 at IRRI during first decade from 1960 to 1969 resulted in quantum leaps in yield potential, which marked the green revolution in Asia. During the second decade from 1970 to 1979, the primary emphasis of rice improvement has been directed towards incorporation of multiple disease and insect resistance and shortening of growth duration. Grain quality was the main target of crop improvement at IRRI during the third decade from 1980 to 1989. The fourth decade from 1990 to 1999 and beyond was focused again on the improvement of yield potential by developing hybrid rice and new plant type. Up to 1999, 46 indica inbred varieties and 2 indica/indica hybrid rice varieties were developed by IRRI and released in the Philippines for the irrigated lowland rice systems. Large-scale adoption of these improved varieties under modern crop management practices has resulted in a dramatic increase in rice production in major rice-growing countries. The hybrid varieties between indicas increased yield potential by 9% under the tropical conditions. New plant type (NPT) breeding has not yet resulted in an increase in yield potential. The second generation NPT developed by crossing tropical japonica with indica has demonstrated some promising results in terms of improvements in yield potential, disease and insect resistance, and grain quality.