35个水稻品种抗稻曲病的田间抗性评价

通过自然诱发与人工辅助接种相结合的方法测定35个水稻品种对稻曲病的田间抗病性。结果表明:35个品种中,无高抗品种;抗性品种有9个,占25.72%;中抗品种10个,占28.58%;中感品种11个,占31.43%;感病品种3个,占8.58%;高感品种1个,占2.86%。     

Evaluation of sugarcane smut resistance in wild sugarcane (Saccharum spontaneum L.) accessions collected in Japan

ABSTRACT

Sugarcane smut, caused by Sporisorium scitamineum, is one of the most important sugarcane diseases in Japan. Wild sugarcane, Saccharum spontaneum, is known to be a key breeding material to obtain high-yielding clones. In this study, we sought to identify Japanese wild sugarcane accessions with high resistance to smut. Thirty wild sugarcanes and three sugarcane cultivars were tested by the pinprick method. The results of the inoculation tests aided in identifying wild sugarcanes with high resistance to smut disease, namely JW90, Iriomote8, and Iriomote15. After screening the germplasm, progeny distribution of smut resistance from the inoculation test and dry matter productivity in the smut disease-free field were compared. The highly resistant wild sugarcane accession had a much better impact on progeny distribution of smut resistance compared with the susceptible accession. No relationship was found between smut resistance and dry matter productivity in both populations.     

桂糖甘蔗新品系黑穗病抗性鉴定及结果分析

防治甘蔗黑穗病最有效的途径是种植抗病品种,而评价甘蔗抗黑穗病是抗病品种选育过程中重要程序。本研究对广西农科院甘蔗研究所选育的8个桂糖甘蔗新品系进行人工浸渍接种甘蔗鞭黑粉菌混合冬孢子悬浮液,同时调查大田自然发病情况,收集一新一宿黑穗病发病情况。 ROC22号为对照品种,综合评价桂糖甘蔗新品系对黑穗病的抗性。结果表明：抗性类型为抗病的品系有2个,分别为桂糖12-765和桂糖12-2262。抗性类型为中抗的品系有2个,分别为桂糖12-2476和桂糖12-2004。抗性类型为中感的品系有1个,为桂糖12-162。抗性类型为感病的品系有3个,分别为桂糖12-762、桂糖12-2425和桂糖12-917。对照品种ROC22的综合抗性类型为感病。对比人工接种和自然发病结果,人工接种黑穗病更准确评价甘蔗品种抗黑穗病的水平,为选育高产高糖高抗黑穗病甘蔗品种提供依据。     

Seed flavonoids and anthocyanins as markers of enhanced plant defence in nodulated cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.)

Insect pests are a major constraint to cowpea production in Africa. Therefore the aim of this study was to identify cowpea material that exhibit greater pest resistance and grain yield for evaluation by farmers. About 45 cowpea genotypes were assayed for flavonoids and anthocyanins with the objective of quantifying the levels of these phenolics in seed extracts as markers for effective plant defence. The results revealed significant differences in the concentration of flavonoids and anthocyanins in seed extract. Farmer varieties such as Sanzie, Bensogla and Omondaw exhibited much higher levels of phenolics compared with improved genotypes like ITH98-46, TVu1509 and IT93K-452-1. When planted in the field in Ghana and Tanzania, the genotypes that had high concentrations of flavonoids and anthocyanins in seed extracts (e.g. Bensogla, Omondaw and IT86D-2075) showed relatively lower infestation by thrips, pod-sucking bugs, aphids and alcidodes. Providing minimum protection with insecticide spray further showed that, genotypes with low infestation by thrips and pod-sucking bugs produced more grain yield without spraying, an indication of their natural resistance to these insect pests. Furthermore, farmer-selected varieties such as Sanzie, Bensogla, and Omondaw produced more grain yield without protection than their improved counterparts. These results showed that the higher the concentration of flavonoids and anthocyanins in cowpea seed extracts, the lower the insect pest incidence on seedlings raised from those seeds. Correlation analysis further confirmed a direct relationship between high flavonoids/anthocyanins in seed extracts and enhanced insect pest.     

28种自交系对5种玉米主要病害的抗性鉴定研究

利用人工接种技术对28种玉米自交系进行鉴定,分析这些自交系对我国玉米主要叶部及土传病害的抗病性。结果表明,供试自交系中3份高抗玉米弯孢叶斑病,5份高抗大斑病,1份高抗穗腐病,3份高抗茎腐病,8份高抗丝黑穗病,其中沈3336和S122对5种主要病害均有较好抗性,可作为育种工作进行品种选育的材料。     

2001～2004年国家玉米区试东北早熟春玉米组参试品种对丝黑穗病的抗性评价

对102份玉米品种采用人工接种方法进行丝黑穗病鉴定.结果表明:表现高抗的品种占16.67%:表现抗病、中抗、感病的品种各占25.49%:表现高感的品种占6.86%.感病品种年度间数量在递减.     

Field screening for resistance to potato smut in Peru

Field trials carried out between 1982 and 1984 to evaluate potato clones and cultivars for their resistance to potato smut indicated that from a total of 179 accessions tested seven were resistant during the three-year tests. Five accessions were resistant during two consecutive trials but then there were not enough tubers available for a retest for the third time. Accessions that were resistant during the three consecutive field trials included Peruvian cultivars Cuzco, Mariva, Mi Peru, Participación and Revolución, and CIP’s clones 376181.5 and 6956.52.     

19种骨干自交系对5种玉米主要病害的抗性鉴定研究初报

利用人工接种技术,对19个玉米骨干自交系抗5种主要病害进行鉴定研究。鉴定结果表明,19份材料中高抗弯孢菌叶斑病4份,抗纹枯病1份,高抗茎腐病12份,抗瘤黑粉病8份,高抗丝黑穗病3份。     

玉米骨干亲本对主要病害的抗性及其传递规律

选用5个玉米骨干亲本Mo17、黄早4、掖478、自330和丹340及其68个衍生品系,对大斑病、小斑病、丝黑穗病、弯孢叶斑病、禾谷镰孢茎腐病、矮花叶病和黑粉病的抗性进行鉴定。结果表明,黄早四具有较好的多抗和兼抗性,60.7%衍生品系对大斑病达中抗以上水平,82.0%高感或感小斑病,对小斑病的抗性较易丢失,感丝黑穗病易被改良。Mo17具有较好的多抗和兼抗性,81.2%衍生品系对丝黑穗病达到中抗以上水平,64.7%高感或感小斑病,对丝黑穗病的抗性能较好地传递给其衍生品系,对小斑病的抗性易丢失,感大斑病性状易被改良,Mo17是唯一对弯孢叶斑病的抗性达到中抗水平的骨干自交系。自330对3种病害具有较好的抗性,其衍生品系中70.0%对丝黑穗病达到中抗以上水平,表明自330对衍生系的丝黑穗病抗性有较好的遗传贡献,对小斑病和弯孢叶斑病的感病性状不易通过传统的系选方法进行改良,自330是唯一对禾谷镰孢茎腐病的抗性达到中抗水平的骨干自交系。掖478中抗小斑病,其71.4%的衍生系中抗小斑病,抗性能较好的传递,掖478感弯孢菌叶斑病和大斑病,其衍生系中有57.0%中抗弯孢菌叶斑病,42.9%抗大斑病,表明其感弯孢菌叶斑病和大斑病的性状易被改良。     

甘蔗材料的黑穗病抗性鉴定

用人工接种法对42份甘蔗材料进行甘蔗黑穗病抗性评价。结果表明:CP89-1509、CP85-1308、SP80-1842、Uba、Katha、Nagori等15份材料为高抗;Hocp93-746、RB72-454、FR93-344为抗病;云蔗94-375、RB76-5418、ROC25、云BC103-113、云BC103-120、云BC103-124、云BC103-123、云F103-319等15份材料为中等抗病;云F103-318、云BC103-114、云蔗95-128、云F103-323、宾川小蔗、F173等9份材料为感病。     

玉米丝黑穗病菌对寄主防御相关酶活性的影响

玉米丝黑穗病是玉米生产上的一种主要病害,对玉米生产造成了严重损失。研究表明:当丝黑穗病菌侵染玉米后,激活寄主体内相关防御酶系,使PAL、SOD、EST和PPO四种酶活性明显提高,抗病品种新铁10的酶活性升高幅度大于感病品种沈单16;而POD和CAT酶活性却下降,抗病品种新铁10的酶活性下降幅度大于感病品种沈单16。不同品种的成株期抗病性与其相关防御酶活性高低明显相关。     

玉米自交系对大斑病和普通锈病的抗病性分析

通过对61份玉米自交系大斑病和普通锈病的自然发病调查,以综合指数为依据,采用群体逐级分类法进行抗性分级。结果表明,对大斑病表现抗病和免疫的自交系分别有7份和8份,分别占供试材料的11.48%和13.11%;对锈病表现抗病和高抗（或免疫）的自交系分别有10份和6份,分别占供试材料的16.39%和9.84%,是西昌地区配制抗病杂交组合的适宜亲本。少数新选系对大斑病和锈病抗性表现较好,表明从西南高原玉米地方品种中选育优良抗病材料是可行的。高感和高抗型自交系也可作为玉米大斑病和普通锈病抗性机理研究的理想材料。     

274个甘蔗常用亲本主要叶部病害和黑穗病的抗性评价

甘蔗优良亲本的选择和利用是决定甘蔗品种选育的关键因素,甘蔗亲本资源单个性状研究较多,但是,多种病害的综合性评价较少。为了解甘蔗亲本抗病性,优化甘蔗杂交亲本选择和组合,在广西农业科学院甘蔗研究所海南甘蔗杂交基地筛选常用甘蔗亲本274个,包括引进美国（US）15份、引进其他国家（GW）31份、引进中国台湾（TWCHN）25份、引进国内其他地区（GN）92份和自育亲本（GT）111份,进行甘蔗叶部白条病、叶焦病、赤腐病、轮斑病、花叶病、黄叶综合症（黄叶病）、梢腐病、黄斑病8种甘蔗叶片主要病害的抗病性评价和甘蔗黑穗病发病率调查,并利用灰色关联度分析锤度与中国甘蔗8个主要病害的关联度和亲本的抗病性加权关联度分析。结果表明,轮斑病是甘蔗常用亲本群体中发病最普遍的病害,有214个亲本发生病害,发病比例达78.10%,但其抗病级别7~9级只有9个亲本,总体感病程度较轻。亲本群体感病数最少的3个病害分别为白条病、梢腐病和黄斑病。美国和中国台湾是我国大陆甘蔗最重要的亲本来源地,已育成多个优良品种。美国引进亲本群体感染白条病、叶焦病和黄叶病的发病比例最高,分别为20.00%、33.33%和33.33%,但其他叶部病害的发病比例较低;中国台湾引进亲本群体中,轮斑病、黄叶病和叶焦病的发病比例较高;国内其他地区引进和自育亲本群体的发生病害比例较一致,属于中间水平,但自育亲本群体的轮斑病发病比例高达80.18%。黑穗病是中国大陆危害最严重的甘蔗病害。美国15个亲本群体的黑穗病发病比例为13.33%,且其中最大发病率仅为2.17%,属于感染亲本多但病害发病较轻;中国台湾引进亲本群体的黑穗病发病比例为24.00%,且其中最大发病率为10%,在各来源地亲本中发病率最高;甘蔗亲本叶部病害与锤度之间的相关性分析表明,其中梢腐病与锤度关联度最高为0.960,而黑穗病最低为0.711。灰色关联度加权分析常用亲本的抗病性表现为：F171、Tai98-2817、RB92-579、YuanL7、YueY R1、GF2、GT03-1462、GT08-120抗病性优良,而YZ99-596、CP01-1178、YunY06-450、CP94-1100、CP09-4256抗病性差。以欧式距离分类法对274个常用亲本的8个叶部病害和黑穗病进行模糊聚类分析,常用亲本可分为6类,其中第一类群是ROC28、MeiY8、YG45、YZ11-1204、GT05-1141和GT09-268,中抗轮斑病和黄斑病,高抗其他病害。本研究对甘蔗杂交亲本材料的选择和优化提供参考,对甘蔗育种材料的创制具有重要意义。     

Evaluation of selected food attributes of four advanced lines of ungerminated and germinated Nigerian cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)

The chemical composition and functional properties of ungerminated and germinated seeds of four advanced lines of cowpeas (IT81D-699, IT82E-18, IT84S-2246-4 and TVx 3236) were investigated. Ungerminated seeds contained 20.1 to 25.8% crude protein, 2.0 to 2.2% lipid, 115.1 to 210.0 mg phyticacid/100 g and 8.9 to 9.6 mg iron/100 g. The polyphenol contents of the brown- and cream-colored beans were similar (192.0 to 196.0 mg/100 g) but were significantly (p<0.05) higher than the amount (99.8 mg/100 g) found in the white beans. Germination increased the crude protein content, total phosphorus content, nitrogen solubility, fat absorption capacity and foam capacity but decreased ether extract, polyphenol and phytic acid contents, water absorption capacity, bulk density and foam stability of all cowpea lines. Incorporation of up to 0.2 M NaCI improved foam volume. Ungerminated seeds had high water (2.3–3.2 g/g) absorption capacities, while germinated seeds had high fat (3.1–3.6 g/g) absorption capacities. TVx 3236 and IT81D-699 might be selected for combining such characteristics as high crude protein, low phytic acid content and good foaming properties into a single cowpea line through breeding.     

黔西北山区旱坡地玉米主要性状研究

以1998－1999年毕节地区杂交玉米坡地组区试结果为材料，采用灰色关联度分析方法，研究了19个主要性状与玉米产量的关系。结果表明：黔西北山区旱坡地玉米的理想性状是生育期适中，全生育期130－150d，营养生长期相对较长，抽雄叶丝期短，灌浆速度快；果穗粗；粒大而深，千粒重高，硬粒或半硬粒，果穗较长，轴细，行粒数较多，秃尖小；株高、穗位适中，株型紧凑，茎秆粗壮坚韧，抗倒伏，抗纹枯病、丝黑穗病，抗大、小斑病和青枯病。     

Response of Spikelet Number per Panicle in Rice Cultivars to Three Transplanting Densities

Abstract

Spikelet number per panicle (SPP), differentiated spikelet number per panicle (D-SPP), and preflowering aborted spikelet number per panicle (A-SPP) were examined in five rice cultivars at three planting densities (HD; high, MD; medium, LD; low planting density) in the field condition. Rice plants at LD produced a higher panicle number per plant but lower panicle number per unit area, accompanied by higher D-SPP and SPP, on average. A-SPP and the ratio of A-SPP to D-SPP (%A) showedno consistent trends. There was a broader range of D-SPP values at LD than at HD because of larger D-SPP in higher order panicles (panicles with a higher spikelet number). D-SPP was smaller in lower order panicles in all cultivars and years, whereas %A increased. D-SPP and SPP of each panicle were positively correlated with tiller size (tiller height, leaf area, and neck internode diameter). Spikelet production efficiency for D-SPP or for SPP (spikelet number per leaf area) of each tiller was higher in IR65564-44-51 (NPT65) and Akihikari than in the other cultivars, indicating a greater capacity of tillers to produce spikelets or support spikelet growth. In each cultivar except NPT65, spikelet production efficiency for D-SPP increased as panicle order decreased, whereas spikelet production efficiency for SPP remained constant or decreased. This finding indicates that irrespective of planting density, lower order panicles produce more spikelets than they can afford physiologically, but they were regulated downward to a nearly constant value in four cultivars. In NPT65 different from other cultivars, spikelet production efficiency for D-SPP was lower in lower order panicles.     

小麦干热风抗性鉴定及热胁迫相关基因TaHSPs的表达分析

为鉴定黄淮麦区小麦品种干热风抗性以及不同抗性品种热激蛋白(TaHSPs)基因的表达差异,以98个小麦品种为试验材料,于花后10~20d进行人工模拟干热风处理,通过测定小麦不同生长时期的叶绿素含量、收获后的千粒重与籽粒品质,评价不同品种干热风抗性;对筛选出的干热风抗性不同的品种在出苗15d进行热胁迫处理,通过荧光定量PCR测定热胁迫0~4.5h内TaHSPs基因表达量的变化。结果表明,干热风处理后,供试小麦品种旗叶的叶绿素含量均降低,高抗干热风品种降幅较小,热敏感型品种降幅较大;供试小麦品种的千粒重均降低。山农23号等3个品种达到高、中抗干热风等级,且抗性比较稳定,师栾02-1为热敏感型品种。干热风处理后籽粒蛋白质含量升高,总淀粉含量降低,抗干热风小麦品种总淀粉相对含量降幅较小。不同小麦品种幼苗在热胁迫0~4.5h期间,TaHSPs基因表达量均为抛物线趋势,抗干热风品种在热胁迫1h时TaHSP16.9基因表达上调幅度大于热敏感型品种。对于TaHSP17.8基因,抗干热风品种在热胁迫期间,上调表达反应时间均早于热敏感型品种;在热胁迫0.5h时,山农23号、周麦18与泰山9818三个抗干热风品种基因表达均上调至590倍以上,而师栾02-1与济南17号的上调幅度在300倍以下。对于TaHSP23.6基因,山农23号的上调表达峰值远高于其他品种。对于TaHSP26.6基因,热敏感型品种在热胁迫后期的上调倍数高于抗干热风品种,师栾02-1与济南17号两个热敏感型品种在热胁迫4.5h时上调幅度均在4 000倍以上,而抗干热风品种山农23号、周麦18与泰山9818上调幅度均在3 000倍以下。     

部分玉米自交系对丝黑穗病的抗性鉴定和遗传效应研究

采用人工接种鉴定法评价72份玉米自交系对丝黑穗病的抗性。在72份自交系中高抗系18个,占25%;抗病系15个,占20.8%;中抗系12个,占16.7%。采用双列杂交方法 4的遗传交配设计,对其中11份自交系的抗病力进行配合力分析及遗传参数估算。结果表明,917-1、4F1和吉818的GCA负效应较大,昌7-2、黄早四和长3的GCA正效应较大;吉818×黄早四、917-1×黄早四、吉818×昌7-2、KD-13×昌7-2组合具有显著的负效应,黄早四×昌7-2和917-1×吉818组合具有显著正效应。玉米抗丝黑穗病基因的加性效应和显性效应同时存在,加性效应占主导。选育杂交种时不仅要考虑双亲的一般配合力,也要注重其特殊配合力的作用。要选育中抗以上类型杂交种,其双亲之一必须为抗病系。     

58份玉米自交系抗丝黑穗病鉴定

以58份美国玉米自交系为试验材料,采用人工接种方法进行玉米自交系抗丝黑穗病鉴定。连续两年鉴定结果表明,供试材料对玉米丝黑穗病抗性差异较大,抗病和感病自交系各占50%。其中B90、LH38和IRF240等10份自交系表现为高抗,在抗病育种中可优先利用;B105、B108、B103等13份自交系表现为高感,在抗病育种中应改良后利用。     

水稻抗旱高产品种(组合)筛选

在大田生育期只靠雨水灌溉的易旱田,对16个早、晚稻品种（组合）进行了产量、抗旱系数、结实性状、最后三片功能叶面积与寿命及卷叶、黄叶、枯叶状况与抗倒性的比较研究,从中筛选出早稻抗旱高产品种3个,晚稻抗旱高产品种（组合）2个,分别为湘辐93－4、辐丰早92－124、91－1、威优46与V989。在孕穗期与结实期遭受干旱后,其产量为5．68～6．83t／hm2,抗旱系数为0．702～0．859。