利用反相高效液相色谱(RP-HPLC)分离小麦胚乳醇溶蛋白的研究

为了研究洗脱时间、柱温、流速、洗脱梯度、蛋白提取方法等色谱条件对反相高效液相色谱法(RP-HPLC)分离小麦胚乳醇溶蛋白的影响,对上述条件分别进行了对比试验.结果表明,利用RP-HPLC分离小麦胚乳醇溶蛋白的最佳实验方法为:通过0.05 mol/L NaCl→H2O→70%乙醇三步提取醇溶蛋白,在1.0mL/min的流速、60℃的柱温条件下,对上样醇溶蛋白进行洗脱,洗脱梯度为流动相B的体积比在55 min内由21%升至48%(V/V),最后通过210 nm紫外光检测洗脱组分的吸收值.重复三次的检验结果证实,本试验方法稳定可靠.     

高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射检测器测定茶叶中茶氨酸

建立未衍生化高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射检测器测定茶叶中茶氨酸。采用Polaris-C18(250mm×4.6mm)色谱柱,以含0.1%(体积分数)三氟乙酸的水和0.1%(体积分数)三氟乙酸的乙腈作梯度洗脱,流速0.5ml/min,蒸发光散射检测器为ELSD-2000。茶氨酸浓度在0.062~0.450mg/ml内,其峰面积的常用对数与进样量的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,平均回收率为97.5%。本方法具有精确、灵敏等特点。     

高效液相质谱法同时测定人参中克百威、多菌灵

目的建立了高效液相质谱同时测定人参中克百威、多菌灵的含量方法。方法液相色谱串联质谱仪带电喷雾离子源,色谱柱:Agilent Eclipsplus-C_(18)(50mm×2.1mm,1.8μm),流动相:乙腈:梯度洗脱,流速:0.2mL/min,进样量:2μL。柱温:室温。结果克百威、多菌灵在0～0.08μg·mL~(-1),Y=9.65×10~2X-70.431 (R~2=0.9991,n=5),0～0.8μg·mL~(-1),Y=1.3078×10~6X-4005.8621 (R~2=0.9993,n=5)范围内呈现良好的线性关系,含量测定的相对标准偏差为1.25%、1.46%。平均回收率99.02%、100.05%,RSD=1.51%、RSD=1.74%。结论本方法简单,快速、准确、重现性好,可以用作测定人参中克百威、多菌灵的含量测定。     

小麦HMW-GS毛细管电泳高效分离体系研究

小麦高分子量谷蛋白亚基（HMW-GS）与小麦品质密切相关。为构建高效HMW-GS分离体系,以中国春为标准样,通过HPCE(毛细管电泳）方式,在亚氨基二乙酸（Iminodiacetic acid,IDA）缓冲液基础上,系统分析了不同组分浓度、pH以及毛细管电泳参数对HMW-GS分离效果的影响。结果表明,以15% 乙腈（Acetonitrile,ACN）+75 mmol·L^-1 IDA+0.05% 羟丙基甲基纤维素（Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose,HPMC）（pH=2.5）为缓冲液,采用内径25 μm、检测长度27 cm毛细管,PDA检测波长200 nm,分离电压20 kV,运行温度30 ℃,样品10.0 kV进样5 s时,亚基分离效果最好,连续多次、多天重复电泳,均可获得稳定图谱。相比传统的Phos-gly体系,图谱分辨率更好,分离重现性更高（亚基出峰时间RSD值小于0.2%）。     

茶儿茶素的高效液相色谱测定方法

应用高效液相色谱法;研究分离测定茶儿茶素的结果表明,采用茶样沸水浴振荡浸提20分钟,SEP-PAK C_(18)小柱净化试样的前处理方法和μBondapak C_(18)不锈钢柱,二甲基甲酰胺、甲醇、醋酸和水4成分系统流动相,流量、浓度线性梯度洗脱,柱温30℃等色谱条件。能使儿茶素组分在25分钟内得到理想的分离。应用紫外检测器(280nm)检测各儿茶素,最低检出限在5.7×10~(-8)g以下,添加回收试验,回收率在85.13%—97.56%之间。5种儿茶素组分回归方程的相关系数为0.9995—0.999     

高效液相色谱法测定胡椒叶片中6-BA与GA3激素含量

采用Waters nova-pak C18色谱柱(3.9 cm×15 cm,5 μm),87双波长紫外检测器,以甲醇∶乙腈∶磷酸缓冲液(pH 3.5)＝15∶15∶70(体积比)为流动相,流速0.8 mL/min,柱温35℃,检测波长210 nm的条件下同时分离测定胡椒叶片中GA3、6-BA植物激素。GA3和6-BA各峰分离效果理想,加标回收率分别为90.80%和88.78%。     

高效液相色谱测定紧压茶中有机酸条件研究

建立一种利用高效液相色谱测定紧压茶中10种有机酸的方法。紧压茶中有机酸的色谱条件为:Di-amonsilC18柱(5μ,250×4.6mm),柱温30℃,流速0.6ml/min,检测波长210nm,进样量15μl,流动相0.1mol/LKH2PO4(用磷酸调至pH2.8)。该方法有机酸添加回收率达到92.5%～101.3%,相对标准差0.62%～2.73%,各种有机酸浓度与HPLC峰面积的线性相关系数大于0.94,表明该测定方法快速简便,具有较高的准确度和精确度。     

HPLC测定如达-6中木香烃内酯和去氢木香内酯的含量

目的 建立如达-6中木香烃内酯和去氢木香内酯的含量测定方法.方法 采用高效液相色谱法,Chrom Core 120-C18(4.6×250 mm,5μm)色谱柱,甲醇-水(65:35)为流动相;流速1.0 ml/min;柱温30℃;进样量为20μL;检测波长为225 nm.结果 木香烃内酯和去氢木香内酯分别在0.399...     

HPLC-MS/MS测定人参中噁霉灵农药残留量

目的 建立一种高效液相色谱串联质谱法(HPLC-MS/MS)测定人参中噁霉灵农药残留的方法。方法样品经乙腈匀浆提取,过C₁₈小柱后浓缩定容至1mL,0.22μm滤膜过滤,液相色谱-质谱法测定噁霉灵的残留量。液相色谱-质谱仪带电喷雾离子源,色谱柱：Agilent InfinityLab Poroshell 120SB-C₁₈(2.1mm×100mm,2.7-Micron),流动相：以乙腈、甲酸水溶液作为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速0.25mL/min。柱温：40℃。结果 噁霉灵在0.005～0.4μg/mL范围内线性良好,相关系数r为0.998。样品加标回收率为80.9%～100.1%。结论 本方法可适用于人参中噁霉灵残留量的检测。     

淡豆豉中多指标成分的含量测定方法研究

建立淡豆豉中多指标成分含量测定方法,采用HPLC法同时测定淡豆豉中大豆苷元和染料木素含量,UV法测定总异黄酮含量。色谱条件:Agilent HC-C18色谱柱(250×4.6 mm,5.0μm);甲醇-0.1%冰醋酸(50∶50)为流动相;流速1 mL.min-1;检测波长261 nm;柱温30℃;进样量10μL。紫外分光光度计采用261 nm波长测定淡豆豉提取液的吸光度值。结果表明:大豆苷元和染料木素色谱峰的分离度良好,淡豆豉中大豆苷元、染料木素的保留时间分别为9.79和14.87 min,峰面积积分值与进样量呈良好的线性(r>0.9999),平均回收率分别为98.90%和100.53%。总异黄酮含量测定线性范围为1.44～7.20μg.mL-1,平均回收率为102.26%。该法简便易行,能够用于评价淡豆豉质量。     

In vitro reproduction in the annual pasture legumes subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.)

Pasture legumes are important components of both mixed farming rotations and permanent pastures in temperate climates. Breeding of two widely sown pasture legumes, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.), is constrained by the long generation cycle, typically enabling only one generation per year. We hypothesized manipulation of culture medium and conditions would enable the development of a laboratory‐based protocol for in vitro reproduction in subterranean clover and French serradella. In vitro flowering and viable seed set was induced from both species. For subterranean clover, the most effective treatment was culturing on modified MS medium with 1 μm kinetin and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and continuous photoperiod. For French serradella, culture on a hormone‐free B5 medium with 5 mm NH₄Cl and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and 20 h photoperiod was optimum. It is expected this technique will have application in accelerating generation turnover within breeding programs, for the study of factors influencing flowering in pasture legumes, and for the propagation of valuable yet enfeebled plants such as embryo‐rescued hybrids.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Estimation of lucerne yield stability for enabling effective cultivar selection under rainfed conditions

Evaluation of crop and forage yield stability is of increasing relevance in the context of current and recent environmental changes but, in contrast to other field crops, there are no published systematic analyses among forage crops in Europe. A study of stability performance was conducted with 13 Czech cultivars of lucerne at four locations over a 2‐year period with the following aims: (a) to evaluate yield stability of varieties across different environments and (b) to calculate measurable benefits of variety selection in relation to the specific environment. The cultivar Vlasta was identified as the highest yielding cultivar (annual yield 16.0 t DM/ha), whereas the lowest yielding cv. Magda, Tereza and Oslava averaged around 14.9 t DM/ha. Effect of genotype × environment interaction (G × E) was two times higher than for genotype alone. Additive main effects and the multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model showed that the highest yielding cultivars may not be stable across environments. This study demonstrated further that significant yield improvement could be detected, even among a relatively homogenous group of domestic cultivars, and this was driven mainly by site productivity: the improvement was +10% in low‐yielding sites, compared with +3% in high‐yielding sites. Results highlight that advanced agronomy should also consider stability parameters such as AMMI stability value or superiority measures for forage crops in response to the challenges associated with climate change.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

稻文化的再思考3:稻与社稷——印度、泰国等东南亚、南亚主要国家

东南亚、南亚地区是世界上重要的稻米产区,稻米在民众饮食生活和国家社会政治中占有重要地位,民众生活中也保存了非常悠久和丰富的稻作文化习俗及稻谷起源神话传说。本文分析了水稻在东南亚、南亚主要国家印度、印度尼西亚、泰国、越南、菲律宾、孟加拉国、缅甸的作用、地位、生产、消费、文化等情况,并指出了印度、印度尼西亚稻文化的主要标志。     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Model of wheat yield response to application of diclofop-methyl to control ryegrass (Lolium rigidum)

A general model of crop yield response to herbicide application is proposed. The model includes three components: the effect of herbicide dosage on weed density, the effect of surviving weed density on crop yield and the effect of herbicide directly on the crop. The model is used to estimate the response of wheat yield to application of diclofop-methyl to control ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in Australia. It is found that the competitiveness of ryegrass plants surviving treatment is reduced by the treatment and that the proportion of yield loss at a given ryegrass density is not independent of the absolute weed-free yield. The response function is used to calculate economic thresholds and optimal herbicide dosages.