土壤有效钾含量及钾肥用量对西瓜生长的影响

为了研究不同土壤有效钾含量下,施用钾肥对大棚西瓜品质及产量的影响,试验以‘早佳’西瓜为材料,历时2年时间,选择土壤有效钾含量不同的8个试验点,设定4~5个处理,对植株长势、果实品质及产量进行比较。结果表明,施用钾肥对西瓜有促进生长、提高含糖量、增加产量的效果。土壤有效钾质量分数低于200 mg·kg~(-1)的地区,667 m~2施K_2O 10 kg,长势好,品质优,单果质量、产量增加明显。有效钾质量分数高于200 mg·kg~(-1)的地区,667 m~2施K_2O 5~6.7 kg,有利于改善品质,对产量提高无明显作用。     

氮、钾肥不同比例及施用时期对早熟菜用型马铃薯产量的影响

研究在磷肥用量一定水平下,氮、钾肥不同比例及施用时期对早熟菜用型马铃薯品种费乌瑞它产量的影响试验结果表明,N、P_2O_5、K_2O总用量分别为12、10、20 kg/667 m~2,处理7(100%P_2O_5、60%N、40%K_2O作基肥,20%N、30%K_2O作苗肥,20%N、30%K_2O作现蕾肥)马铃薯产量最高,为1 360.3 kg/667 m~2;处理1(N、P_2O_5、K_2O全作基肥)马铃薯产量最低,为985.9 kg/667 m~2;磷肥用量一定时,氮肥和钾肥分期施用比一次性施用较好,马铃薯可增产123.4~374.4 kg,增产率12.5%~37.9%,平均增产222.7 kg,平均增产率为25.8%。     

小白菜优化配方施肥初探

以小白菜为材料,研究了不同施肥处理对小白菜产量、硝酸盐含量、硝酸盐还原酶活性及VC含量的影响。试验结果表明,在土壤1中优化配方施肥在氮、磷用量分别比常规施肥减少42%、61.47%,钾增加29.07%的情况下(N 4.35 kg/667 m~2、P_2O_52.89 kg/667m~2、K_2O 9.68 kg/667 m~2),产量增加20.04%,VC含量增加32.52%,硝酸盐含量降低31.56%;土壤2中优化配方施肥在施用氮、磷分别比常规施肥减少100%、100%,钾增加3.8%的情况下(N 0 kg/667 m~2、P_2O_5 0 kg/667 m~2、K_2O 7.79 kg/667 m~2),产量增加49.19%,VC含量增加101.63%,硝酸盐含量降低51.37%。土壤1和土壤2结果比较发现,在不同肥力土壤中,优化配方施肥处理的小白菜都取得了较高的产量、较好的品质,但在不同肥力土壤中最优施肥量不一样,具体施肥量需要根据土壤肥力和作物种类考虑。     

钾肥用量对温室番茄产量及品质的影响

为了探究对春温室番茄产量品质最适宜的钾肥用量(以K_2O计),试验设5个K_2O用量水平,分别是0、9、13.5、18、22.5 kg·667 m~(-2)。通过试验得出,K_2O用量为13.5和18 kg·667 m~(-2)的处理分别在株高和茎粗上变现最优;667 m~2施18 kg的K_2O产量最高,为8 284.73 kg,4个施钾肥处理均与对照呈显著差异,通过回归分析,得出667 m~2施18.52 kg时产量达到最大;品质方面,18 kg·667 m~(-2)的处理在维生素C和可溶性固形物含量上的表现最好,13.5和18 kg·667 m~(-2)的处理在果实硝酸盐含量上均表现较低,与其他3个处理呈显著差异。因此,667 m~2施K_2O在13.5～18.52 kg时,对滴灌条件下春温室番茄的产量提升和品质改善有明显的促进作用。     

氮素用量对叶用枸杞氮磷钾养分积累及产量的影响

以枸杞"叶用1号"为试材,采用田间试验与测试分析方法,在宁夏银川金凤区森淼现代林业科技园进行了叶用枸杞肥料试验,研究了春季氮素用量对叶用枸杞植株氮磷钾养分积累和产量的影响。结果表明:适量的增施氮肥能够促进叶用枸杞对氮磷钾素的积累;100kg叶芽所需氮(N)0.35~0.58kg、所需磷(P_2O_5)0.08~0.13kg、所需钾(K_2O)0.15~0.24kg,其三要素(N∶P_2O_5∶K_2O)平均比例为1∶0.24∶0.44;当每667m~2施氮量为2.18kg时,叶用枸杞每667m~2生物产量最高值为313.89kg;当每667m~2施氮量为2.45kg时,每667m~2叶芽产量最高值为88.41kg;当最佳经济效应每667m~2施氮量为2.40kg时,每667m~2最佳经济产量为88.40kg。     

减施化肥配施有机肥对大拱棚早春西瓜生长及品质的影响

以大拱棚早春西瓜为试材,采用田间小区试验方式,设置常量施肥处理(T1)、减量施肥下配施不同种类及用量有机肥(T2～T4)、优化施肥下配施不同种类及用量有机肥(T5～T8)等处理,研究了不同施肥处理对大拱棚早春西瓜生长、叶片及根系生理特性及产量、品质的影响,以期在应用不同种类及用量的有机肥替代化肥技术奠定理论基础。结果表明:与常量施肥T1(每667 m~2施入化肥N为15 kg,P_2O_5为15 kg,K_2O为15 kg)相比,化肥减施(每667 m~2施入化肥N为10 kg,P_2O_5为10 kg,K_2O为10 kg)配施有机肥(稻壳粪、鸡粪、稻壳粪+鸡粪)T2～T4处理促进了西瓜主蔓的伸长,增加了叶绿素a含量。与T1、T5纯化肥处理相比,配施有机肥的各处理显著提高了根系活力。与T1相比,T2、T3处理的西瓜产量有所提高,但未达显著水平,而优化施肥(每667 m~2施入化肥N为7.64 kg,P_2O_5为5.11 kg,K_2O为8.48 kg)T5及配施有机肥(稻壳粪、鸡粪、稻壳粪+鸡粪)的T6～T8处理产量呈降低趋势。与纯化肥处理T1、T5相比,减施化肥配施有机肥同时增加了中心、边际可溶性固形物质量分数,增施有机肥促进了有机酸的形成。优化施肥各处理的糖酸比均处于相对较高的水平。与纯化肥处理T1、T5相比,增施有机肥提高了西瓜果实中的可溶性蛋白质、番茄红素、瓜氨酸含量,降低了西瓜果实中的硝酸盐含量。综上,当化肥氮磷钾减量33.3%同时配施一定量的稻壳粪及鸡粪,产量虽未显著增加,但西瓜植株干物质积累增加,西瓜风味品质改善;当化肥氮减量49.1%、磷减量65.9%、钾减量43.5%及配施一定量的稻壳粪及鸡粪时,产量降低显著,但西瓜硝酸盐含量显著降低。     

“3414”肥效试验对西瓜产量的影响及推荐施肥量分析

为了给西瓜生产提供施肥理论依据,采用"3414"肥效试验研究了配方施肥对西瓜产量的影响,以及施用氮磷钾肥的肥料效应。结果表明:与对照相比,各配方施肥处理西瓜的产量均有所提高;其中以N2P2K2处理肥料配施最佳;本试验条件下西瓜667m2最佳经济施肥量为氮(N)18.25kg、磷(P2O5)10.14kg、钾(K2O)13.81kg,667m2最高产量施肥量为氮(N)20.26kg、磷(P2O5)10.86kg、钾(K2O)14.29kg。     

2021年福建漳平地区白菜“2+X”田间肥效试验

为优化蔬菜施肥方法,确定福建漳平地区蔬菜氮肥适宜的施用量,促进农户降本增效,作者开展了白菜“2+X”肥效试验。试验结果表明,130%优化氮区(N_(3)P_(2)K_(2))处理白菜的产量最高(每667 m^(2)为4 180.2 kg),无氮肥区(N_(0)P_(2)K_(2))产量最低(每667 m^(2)为3 280.0 kg),70%优化氮区处理、优化氮区处理白菜产量居中。由此可见,在磷、钾水平一致的条件下,白菜的产量随氮肥用量的增加逐步提高。建议漳平地区白菜生产按130%优化氮区处理,即每667 m^(2)施纯氮(N)22.5 kg、纯磷(P_(2)O_(5))5.0 kg、纯钾(K_(2)O)12.0 kg施肥。     

生物秸秆技术在茄子有机栽培上的应用

为探究生物秸秆技术对茄子生长的影响,采用菌种和秸秆的不同用量配比及处理技术,进行茄子栽培试验。结果表明:采用生物秸秆技术能促进茄子植株健壮生长并增加产量,果实品质也得以改善。综合考虑,处理4、5、6的试验效果较好,即菌种和秸秆的质量比在(1︰400)~(1︰600)、每667 m~2秸秆用量在3 200~4 800 kg较适宜,其中处理5即每667 m~2施用菌种8 kg、秸秆4 000 kg的效果最显著。     

甘蓝氮肥总量控制试验研究

为不断优化甘蓝氮肥适宜用量,建立景泰县甘蓝施肥指标体系和完善优化施肥技术,开展甘蓝氮肥总量控制试验。结果表明,在P2O5每667 m~2用量10 kg、K2O每667 m~2用量8 kg的情况下,每667 m~2施用N 20 kg时,甘蓝每667 m~2产量最高,为11 072.2 kg,较对照不施N肥每667 m~2增产56.4%。     

Effect of salinity and water table on growth and tolerance of plum and peach

The effects of combinations of salinity (no salt, 2000 p.p.m. or 4000 p.p.m. of CaCl₂ and NaCl, 1:1) and water table (30 cm, 60 cm or 90 cm from the soil surface), on the vegetative growth and tolerance of ‘Golden Japanese’ plum and ‘Mit Ghamre’ and ‘Balady’ peaches were studied. The plants were grown in lysimeters. The growth of the trunk, total shoot length, the increase in shoot length per cm and the fresh weight of top, root and total plant were reduced with increasing salinity of the irrigation water. The effect was accentuated when the plants were maintained at high water table level. The salinity treatments resulted in the death of 43%, 73% and 76% of the plants in the plum, and the ‘Mit Ghamre’ and ‘Balady’ peaches, respectively, indicating that the plum is more tolerant to salinity than the peach. The plants of the salinity treatments showed various symptoms of salt injury, such as leaf burn, defoliation, shoot die-back and finally death. In the peaches, salt injury started to occur in the first growing-season, whereas the salt injury appeared in the plum in the second growing-season. The symptoms were more pronounced in the 4000 p.p.m. treatment than in the 2000 p.p.m. treatment and were more pronounced at the high water table level. The salinity level was the predominant factor and the effect of the water table on the vegetative growth diminished with increase in the salinity level of the irrigation water.     

洞庭1号无籽西瓜套种棉花高产高效模式的研究与应用

根据西瓜、棉花两者生长发育特点进行套种试验,研究其高产高效栽培模式。试验示范结果表明,以西瓜行株距4.5m×0.65m,棉花行株距1.5m×0.45m的种植密度,西瓜与棉花之间互颉作用最小,西瓜和棉花的产量和产值在3个套种模式中位居第1,在5个处理中经济效益最高。     

Primary culture and identification of mouse PASMCs and effects of hypoxia on proliferation and apoptosis of PASMCs

AIM：To establish a fast, accurate and economical technique for culturing mouse pulmonary arteriolar smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), and to explore the effects of hypoxia on the proliferation and apoptosis of the PASMCs. METHODS：In sterile condition, the pulmonary artery was isolated from the male BALB/c mice by digesting with collagenase I, and the cells were cultured in fetal bovine serum-coated flask. Centrifugal procedure was not used during the cell passage. The cell morphology was observed under an inverted phase-contrast microscope. α-Smooth muscle actin was identified by immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence. The effects of hypoxia on the proliferation and apoptosis of the PASMCs were detected by CCK-8 assay and TUNEL assay. RESULTS：PASMCs were identified by the methods of immunocytochemistry, immunofluorescence staining and observation of morphology. Unlike the rat PASMCs with typical subcultured peak-vally pattern, the mouse PASMCs showed a lot different without a peak-vally pattern. The cells could be subcultured after 5 d to 7 d and there was 3 to 5 generations depending on the activity of the cells. CCK-8 assay demonstrated that the A values of PASMCs exposed to hypoxia increased after 24 h (P＜0.05) as compared with normoxia. TUNEL result showed that the apoptotic index of the PASMCs in hypoxia decreased after 24 h (P<0.05). CONCLUSION：This technique for obtaining cultured mouse PASMCs is simple, fast, accurate and economical. The digestion time is easy to control. Hypoxia promotes the proliferation and inhibits the apoptosis of PASMCs.     

小檗碱和壳聚糖抗蔬菜病原真菌活性测定及复合膜制备

研究了小檗碱和壳聚糖对几种常见蔬菜病原真菌的抑制活性,以及以小檗碱和壳聚糖为主料制备复合膜的方法,并测定了该膜的药物释放效果。试验表明:低浓度(0.234 mg/mL)小檗碱即可抑制辣椒炭疽病菌(Vermicularia capsici)等5种蔬菜病原真菌的生长。20 mg/mL浓度壳聚糖对番茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)的抑制率高达65%,而对其余4种果蔬病原真菌也有一定的抑制作用。为了集成这2种天然化合物的优点,制备了小檗碱-壳聚糖复合膜,该膜具有缓释功能,在模拟外部环境(磷酸缓冲液,pH 6.8)条件下,20 d小檗碱累计释放率接近25%,提示其在果蔬贮藏抗菌中的应用价值。     

世界及中国鳄梨产销概况与展望

依据联合国粮食及农业组织(FAO)数据库、联合国商品贸易统计数据库(UN Comtrade)中的数据,围绕鳄梨种植面积、产量、迚出口市场、主产国生产情况、主要迚出口国贸易情况等斱面,对世界及中国鳄梨的生产与贸易迚行回顾、分析与展望,幵在此基础上,对中国鳄梨产业的发展提出建议。     

Storability of onion seeds and effects of packaging and storage conditions on viability and vigour

Fresh onion seeds desiccated to 6.0% seed moisture content (SMC) were stored in various packaging materials under different storage conditions. Seeds packed in aluminum-laminated pouches beside those stored with silica gel at 25 °C maintained satisfactory germinability and vigour after 12 months. Desiccated seeds stored in moisture impervious containers produced more vigourous seedlings. Germination potential of onion seeds increased with reduced SMC besides storage in moisture impervious packets along with desiccants as physiological and biochemical attributes are regulated. Seed viability and vigour decreased with accelerated ageing due to increased lipid peroxidation, decreased activities of several free radical and peroxide scavenging enzymes. Electrical conductance of seed leachates also increased with ageing. Thus, adoption of appropriate storage temperature and moisture control techniques would significantly affect onion seed quality, which was due to minimum accumulation of free peroxide radicals and enhanced activity of free radical scavenging enzymes.     

西瓜与粮油菜套种栽培试验

近年来,我省西瓜发展速度较快,到2004年全省西瓜栽培面积已达3万hm^2.由于我省耕地面积有限,大幅度扩大西瓜单种面积,不仅造成我省西瓜与粮油菜争地的矛盾,而且土地也未能得到充分有效的利用.为了解决这一生产中存在的实际问题,我们从2002年开始,进行了西瓜与粮油菜套种的栽培试验.历经4年的试验、示范,取得了显著的经济效益和社会效益.现将试验结果报告如下.     

热处理对果蔬采后品质及病虫害的影响

采后热处理是近年来快速发展的果蔬采后处理技术,广泛应用于改善果蔬贮藏期间的品质、增强抗逆性等 方面。从果蔬贮藏期间的生理生化、采后品质及防治病虫害等方面阐述了热处理的机理,讨论了热处理对果蔬衰老 方面的生理特征如色泽、风味、硬度(软化)、失重、呼吸、乙烯释放、酶活性等变化及与抗逆性有关的诱导蛋白质合成 及基因表达的影响,较全面阐述了热处理防治果蔬贮藏期间病虫害的机理如直接作用于病菌、害虫与提高果蔬的抗 病虫性等。     

陕西冬枣黑斑病和炭疽病病原菌的分离鉴定及特征比较

以大荔县冬枣种植区采集的发病枣果为试材,采用常规组织分离法进行病原菌的分离纯化,通过柯赫氏证病法则、形态学观察及分子生物学分析,研究鉴定了冬枣黑斑病和炭疽病的病原菌种类,并采用田间调查法对2种病害为害特征进行比较分析,以期为田间有效区分冬枣黑斑病和炭疽病为害症状,并快速判断其病原类型,及进一步深入开展精准防控提供参考和指导.结果表明:陕西大荔冬枣黑斑病的病原菌为细极链格孢(Alternaria tenuissima),炭疽病的病原菌为胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides).2种病害均主要为害枣果实,在枣果果腰或果肩上形成黑褐色病斑,可能同时存在且症状相近极易混淆,但在病斑表面、皮下及久置表型3个方面存在明显区别.     

钾肥在小白菜和萝卜上的施用效果

采用盆栽试验方法研究了施用钾肥对小白菜、萝卜生长发育、产量、品质及钾素含量的影响。结果表明 ,施用钾肥对小白菜和水萝卜的株高、叶片数无显著的影响 ,但可提高水萝卜块根的产量 ,提高幅度为 31.0 4 %～ 97.93%。施用钾肥可提高小白菜和萝卜的蛋白质和VC含量 ,降低硝酸盐含量 ,增加植株的钾素含量