兰花遗传转化技术研究进展

兰花是世界重要的盆栽观赏植物和切花花卉,利用转基因技术进行兰花基因工程育种和基因功能研究是近年来兰花育种的热点,而高效稳定的兰花遗传转化体系的建立是兰花基因工程育种的关键基础。现综述了近年来兰花遗传转化的研究进展,包括转化受体、转化方法、影响转化效率等相关因素,以期为兰花遗传转化技术的提高、转基因新品种的培育等研究提供参考。     

兰花组织培养的褐化现象及控制研究进展

综述了兰花组织培养过程中外植体褐化发生的机理及其影响因素,就其解决途径进行了概述,对解决兰花组织培养中的褐化问题具有一定的理论和实践意义。     

以讹传讹的龙根苗几年开花

笔者1990年5月毕业于贵州省林业学校,一直在林业第一线工作,经常下乡。因为本地兰花资源比较丰富,所以有机会接触纯野生状态的春兰、蕙兰与春剑,受兰香的吸引爱上了兰花,从此一发而不可收拾。感受到兰花的魅力后于2015年2月加入了贵州省遵义市兰花协会。自养上兰花后便成了兰痴,对于兰花的香、姿、色、韵都有了更进一步的认识,慢慢的便开始对兰花的品种分布以及各品种的养植差异、兰花的世代交替规律、兰花的变异以及兰花种子形成的龙根苗等有意识的观察并记录了相关资料。     

浅析四川野生兰花资源及其保护

结合野生兰花资源的实地走访、拜访专家和文献查阅等多种方法,对四川野生兰花资源的现状进行了阐述,分析了四川地区野生兰花资源分布情况,并对四川地区野生兰花资源的保护提出了相应措施。     

兰花生产新模式初探

近年来,中国兰花产业飞速发展,莳养兰花已成为人们修身养性、投资增值的一种时尚消费。本文通过对兰花生产产业化需求的论述,对兰花生产新模式进行了初步的探讨,提出以"公司+兰苑+农户"为主的新模式,区别于以往的兰花生产模式,具有区域专业化、规范化和特色化的优势,对兰花产业的发展具有完善产业链条,促进产业化发展,实现产业现代化的作用。     

社会网络、农户感知特征与兰花生产效率分析

基于农户视角,以广东韶关粤台农业合作试验区兰花种植业为例,通过数据包络分析、社会网络分析、多元回归分析等方法,探讨社会网络、农户感知特征与兰花生产效率的关系。结果表明:农户社会网络地位、农业技术培训、农户对兰花的认知等对兰花生产效率的正向影响显著;农户兼业情况对兰花生产效率产生显著负向影响;农户创业能力、受教育程度、种植规模及风险意识等对兰花生产技术效率的影响不显著;试验区特殊的地域文化在促进兰花生产效率提高的同时,也带来了一些消极影响。     

兰花的种植技术及养护方法分析

兰花与梅、菊、竹并称为"四君子",兰花也是我国的十大名花之一,因其素净高雅的形象被很多人喜爱并广泛种植,在兰花的种植过程中需要注意的事项较多,只有通过科学的养护方法才能促使兰花健康生长,本文就针对兰花的种植技术及养护方法展开了探究分析,希望对今后兰花的种植与养护有一定的指导作用。     

兰花鉴赏

兰花是历代文人墨客寄物抒情的主要对象之一,因现代生物技术的飞速发展以及兰花栽培设施的完善和技术的不断提高,越来越多的名贵兰花走进寻常百姓家,如何鉴赏兰花和鉴别兰花的优劣显得十分必要。通过对古代兰文化的研究,再结合现代对兰花的欣赏要求和实际经验,较全面阐述了兰花鉴赏的意义和方法。     

大别山地区野生兰花资源保护与产业开发研究

大别山地区野生兰花资源丰富,但存在兰花乱采滥挖现象严重,兰花资源流失、兰花生产水平低,科研滞后等问题,巫需采取有效措施保护、合理开发利用野生兰花资源,实现资源的可持续发展。通过实践得出透气法栽培驯化野生兰花技术,并对大别山地区野生兰花资源保护与产业开发进行详细研究。     

湖北省花协组团赴台考察盆景

2008年元月中旬，湖北省花木盆景协会组织了该省从事盆景、兰花、花卉生产经营企业的负责人、盆景艺术大师和从事花协协会工作的人员，对我国台湾省的盆景、兰花、花卉市场进行了考察。此次考察，着重与台湾同行交流了盆景栽培、制作技术和管理经验，兰花品种鉴赏与兰花培育管理方法，还参观了台湾高雄市东台县的花卉市场和南投县的盆景展览。     

铁线莲品种群的花期观赏性状分析

以79个观赏铁线莲(Clematis)栽培品种为对象,对Ⅰ次花的现蕾日期、孕蕾期天数、始花日期、盛花日期、落花日期、末花日期、单朵花期天数、花期天数和观赏期天数等9个性状进行了连续3年的系统观察和分析。以始花日期相差16 d为级差,将供试品种划分为极早花、早花、中花、晚花和极晚花等5大类群;以观赏期天数相差5 d为级差划分为极短花期、短花期、中长花期、长花期和超长花期5大花期长短类群。通过观赏多度指数(CDI)分析确定了铁线莲的最佳观赏期为4月中下旬至5月中下旬。温度是影响铁线莲花期的主要因素,孕蕾期天数、花期天数、观赏期天数与气温均显著相关,而单朵花期与气温相关性不显著。本结果可为铁线莲在园林应用中的品种组合配植、专类园建设、定向育种亲本选配等提供依据。     

Determination of pineapple (Ananas comosus, MD-2 hybrid cultivar) plant maturity,the efficiency of flowering induction agents and the use of activated carbon

Natural flowering is one of the major agronomic problems in pineapple (Ananas comosus) cultivation. It causes heterogeneous flowering and fruit development with multiple harvest passes of the same field as an inevitable consequence. To avoid natural flowering, pineapple plants are induced to synchronize flowering by external ethylene treatments. In this research it is shown that pineapple plants (MD-2 hybrid cultivar) are already sensitive to external ethylene treatments at an early developmental stage, i.e. 3 months after planting, although no natural flowering occurs during this early stage of plant development. These results indicate that young pineapple plants already posses all the necessary factors to induce flowering in response to ethylene treatments. Additionally the efficiencies of flowering induction of different external ethylene treatments, including a novel agent developed at our lab, called ‘zeothene’, were evaluated. Zeothene (=zeolite containing ethylene gas) and ethylene dissolved in water (both applied in the central cup of the plant) were proved to be very efficient flowering induction agents. The commercial cultivation practice, in which ethylene gas is sprayed with water over whole plants, was found less efficient confirming that central cup applications are more efficient than whole plant spraying. Cup applications allow the active ingredient (ethylene or ethephon) to be taken up immediately by the apical meristem resulting in an efficient flowering induction signal. The addition of activated carbon to enhance the flowering induction treatment was found to be useful only with a very high dose of activated carbon (5%) and a long interaction time (at least 5–30 min) between the activated carbon and the flowering induction solution.     

Flowering ability of commercial Calibrachoa cultivars as compared to that of natural species

To evaluate and describe the current status of Calibrachoa cultivars as bedding plants, the seasonal flowering of 91 commercial cultivars were compared to those of natural species using principal components analysis. The predominant flowering of the cultivars, that is, floriferous in late spring to early summer with a tendency to reduce flower production toward winter, seems to have remained unchanged from that of natural species. However, properties desired in bedding plants, such as early flowering and continuous flowering under short-day and/or low temperature conditions, appear to have been improved in a considerable number of cultivars, although there is still room for improvement. Seasonal and total floral counts were higher in many cultivars compared to natural species. Several natural species were selected for their unique flowering ability and should be evaluated as gene resources for improving the flowering of Calibrachoa cultivars.     

不同温度对菜心贮藏品质的影响

菜心外表嫩绿,水分含量大,茎、叶等组织脆弱,在贮藏期间极易出现叶片黄化掉落、萎焉等现象,目前菜心多因采后保护措施不到位,导致营养、口感等变差。菜心的贮藏品质与环境因素有关,其中温度是最主要的影响因素。为了解不同温度对菜心贮藏品质的影响,提高贮藏性,延长货架期,本试验研究了菜心在5个不同贮藏温度下营养品质的变化情况。结果表明,常温25℃不利于菜心的贮藏,菜心叶片的含水量、可溶性蛋白含量、可溶性糖含量和维生素C含量迅速下降,与其他温度差异显著;而5℃对菜心有较好的保鲜效果,可减少水分散失,有效延缓叶绿素降解速率,抑制硝酸盐积累,使菜心保持较好的外观品质及较高的营养价值。     

长豇豆荚果发育过程中可溶性糖及可溶性蛋白含量的变化

以2份长豇豆种质为试材,对荚果发育过程中的可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量的变化进行了研究。结果表明,随着荚果的发育,其可溶性糖含量逐渐增加,花后4～10 d,可溶性糖含量增加缓慢,花后10～19 d,可溶性糖含量增加较快;而可溶性蛋白含量则呈逐渐下降趋势,花后1～13 d下降较快,花后13～19 d下降较缓慢。     

基于EST 数据库的葡萄成花途径的预测及分析

 以拟南芥成花途径相关基因序列为探针,对葡萄EST 数据库进行同源检索筛选,获得相应 的同源EST 序列,并以葡萄不同发育时期的不同器官cDNA 为模板,通过半定量RT-PCR 反应研究了葡 萄成花途径相关基因的存在与表达情况,对葡萄成花途径的进行了分析与判断。研究发现,葡萄成花途 径中的基因在不同器官中的不同时期的时空表达存在强弱的差异。     

盆栽观赏苹果疏花促果调控试验初报

在花期对盆栽‘冬红果’和‘舞美’采取不同疏花方式进行调控,试验结果表明:‘冬红果’采取每隔5个花序留1花序,其余4个疏除和隔12个花序集中留3个花序,其余9个花序疏除,花枝上端(1/4)全部疏除,留花枝侧下花序处理方法,坐果数和单果重较对照分别提高30.1%、24.2%,2种方法之间无显著差异。‘舞美’采取每隔10cm留1个花序,每花序留中心花,其余花序和花朵疏除,所留花朵位于枝条侧下位和每隔25cm留3个花序,留侧下花序,每花序留中心花,其余全部疏除的处理方法,较对照坐果率和单果重分别提高26.2%、36.11%;2种处理方法效果显著好于对照。该试验找出了适合2品种盆栽条件下的花期最佳疏花促果调控措施。     

去雄时间对番茄杂交种种子产量的影响

摘要：为了提高番茄杂种种子的纯度和产量,需要确定适宜的去雄时间。以番茄杂交组合SD-26-38的父母 本为材料,分别在日光温室内和露地设置开花前2 d上午、开花前2 d下午、开花前1 d上午、开花前1 d下午4个 去雄时间,在开花当天上午9：00—10：00进行授粉,研究不同去雄时间对坐果率及单果种子数的影响。结果 表明：无论是日光温室内还是露地条件下,在开花前1 d下午去雄的番茄坐果率、平均单果种子数均最高,温 室条件下分别为96.0%和134.9粒,露地条件下分别为60.7%和88.7粒。各处理杂种种子纯度均为100%,满足生 产需求。综合得出,在番茄开花前1 d下午人工去雄的制种效果最好。     

超量表达BoFLC3、AtFT 对芥菜开花期和抗寒性的影响

 将来自甘蓝的BoFLC3 基因和拟南芥的AtFT 基因在芥菜中单独或共同表达发现,BoFLC3超量表达后,无论是长日照还是短日照条件下,转基因芥菜植株开花时间均明显延后;BoFLC3 超量表达植株低温春化处理后,相对于未春化处理的转基因植株出现花期提前现象,但仍晚于非转基因对照植株;AtFT 基因超量表达植株开花时间比非转基因对照植株大幅度提前。BoFLC3 植株与AtFT 植株杂交获得的BoFLC3 和AtFT 共表达植株开花时间与非转基因对照基本接近,显示BoFLC3 和AtFT 基因超表达对植物开花时间的影响效应可以相互抵消。同时,超量表达BoFLC3 基因的芥菜植株抗寒性大幅度提高,而AtFT基因的超量表达不影响植株抗寒性,表明BoFLC3 基因可能参与了植物的抗寒反应。     

Promotion of Globularia sarcophylla flowering by Uniconazol,an inhibitor of gibberellin biosynthesis

Globularia sarcophylla, originating from the Canary Islands, was recently introduced as a new cut flower in Israel. Two major problems have prevented its commercialization: the late-summer blooming and the low quality of its flowering shoots. In the present work we studied the factors affecting G. sarcophylla flowering. We found that long-day (LD) conditions slightly promote flowering but artificial photoperiodic illumination does not enable the manipulation of flowering time. On the other hand, treatment with the gibberellin (GA)-biosynthesis inhibitor, Uniconazol, had a dramatic promotive effect on flowering time. Application of Uniconazol in autumn or winter induced flowering in winter or early spring, respectively. The inhibitor did not advance flowering during the summer or in the phytotron under high temperatures. When plants were grown in the spring/summer under heavy shading, they did not flower unless they were treated with Uniconazol. Uniconazol treatment also improved flower quality by reducing the length of inflorescence pedicles. This effect was found in all seasons. Based on our results, we raise the hypothesis that Uniconazol treatment induces flowering by diverting assimilates to the apex. Inhibition of GA biosynthesis under conditions limiting photosynthetic activity reduces vegetative growth and increases the availability of assimilates to the apex, leading to flower initiation. However, under high irradiance and/or high temperatures, when the levels of assimilates are sufficient to induce natural flowering, the inhibitor has no further effect.