杏李品种授粉亲和性研究

【目的】探究不同杏李品种的授粉亲和性,为杏李的授粉树合理配置提供依据。【方法】以3种杏李为母本,互相授粉,并以2个李品种及2个杏品种作父本,通过观察花粉量、花粉活力、坐果率及花粉管生长状况,探讨其授粉亲和性。【结果】‘赛买提’的花粉量最高,‘风味皇后’的花粉活力最高,‘味帝’的活力极低;3种杏李自花授粉坐果率极低;‘风味皇后’ב恐龙蛋’、‘风味皇后’ב美丽李’、‘恐龙蛋’ב风味皇后’、‘恐龙蛋’ב女神’、‘味帝’ב风味皇后’、‘味帝’ב恐龙蛋’及‘味帝’ב赛买提’的坐果率较高,花粉管较早到达花柱基部;‘风味皇后’ב味帝’、‘恐龙蛋’ב味帝’及‘味帝’ב美丽李’、‘味帝’ב女神’的坐果率差,花粉管不易深入花柱。【结论】‘风味皇后’和‘恐龙蛋’可互为授粉树,2者与‘赛买提’均适合作‘味帝’的授粉树;‘美丽李’和‘女神’适宜作‘风味皇后’及‘恐龙蛋’的授粉树;而‘味帝’不适宜作为授粉树。     

杏李种间杂交品种适宜授粉组合筛选试验

针对杏李种间杂交新品种自花结实率低的问题,对目前4个杏李主栽品种的花质量、花期和花粉活性进行了调查测定,并进行了适宜授粉组合的筛选试验。结果表明,不同品种的花质量、花粉活力、不同授粉组合的坐果率均存在较大差异;各主栽品种的适宜授粉品种为:风味玫瑰的适宜授粉品种为恐龙蛋和风味皇后;风味玫瑰和风味皇后给恐龙蛋授粉效果较好;味帝的适宜授粉品种为风味玫瑰、恐龙蛋和风味皇后;恐龙蛋、风味皇后和味王给味厚授粉效果较好。     

美国杏李人工授粉试验初报

美国杏李中一些品种自花授粉不结实,必须配置授粉树或进行人工辅助授粉。授粉方法,用2.5kg蔗糖 0.15kg硼砂 20g花粉 50kg水配成溶液喷雾。各授粉品种组合、授粉效果从优到劣的排列顺序为:风味皇后♀×恐龙蛋♂、风味皇后♀×味厚♂、风味皇后♀×味王♂。     

美国杏李人工投粉试验初报

美国杏李中一些品种自花授粉不结实，必须配置授粉树或进行人工辅助授粉。授粉方法，用2．5kg蔗糖＋0．15kg硼砂＋20g花粉＋50kg水配成溶液喷雾。各授粉品种组合、授粉效果从优到劣的排列顺序为：风味皇后♀×恐龙蛋♂、风味皇后♀×味厚♂风味皇后♀9×味王♂。     

美国杏李人工授粉试验初报

美国杏李中一些品种不能自花授粉,生产上表现为只开花不结果,必须配置授粉树或人工辅助授粉。授粉方法为:用2.5kg蔗糖+0.15kg硼砂+20g花粉+50kg水配成溶液树冠喷雾。各授粉品种组合、授粉效果优劣的排列顺序依次为:风味皇后♀×恐龙蛋♂>风味皇后♀×味厚♂>风味皇后♀×味王♂。     

黑琥珀李授粉品种试验

<正> 黑琥珀原产于美国加州地区,为佛瑞尔与玫瑰皇后李的杂交后代,该品种自花不实,栽植时需要配置授粉树。浙江省云和县引种栽植黑琥珀时以皇家宝石、早美丽、大石早生、李     

栽植美国杏李应注意哪些问题

1　品种选择　根据本地引种观察 ,以风味玫瑰、味帝、恐龙蛋、味厚为主栽品种较适宜 ;味馨几乎是杏 ,与同期成熟的红丰、金太阳杏相比 ,个头小 ,果锈重 ,应控制发展 ;风味皇后和味王 ,成熟前雨水过多时裂果严重 ,故应选择年降雨量 6 0 0mm以下地区发展。美国杂交杏李自花授粉坐果率低 ,生产上要选择花期相遇 ,且相互授粉坐果率高、成熟期相近的品种搭配授粉。风味玫瑰与味帝 ,恐龙蛋、味厚、风味玫瑰、味王互为搭配。2　合理密植　美国杏李应南北行栽植 ,株行距 2～ 3m× 3～ 4m ,另外要多备苗 10 % ,便于补栽。密度选择要根据地力和管理水…     

杏李人工授粉试验

杏李不同品种的人工授粉对比试验和授粉方法的试验结果表明:用花粉混合液(蔗糖2.5kg 硼砂0.15kg 花粉20g 水50kg)喷雾法授粉效果最好,平均单株结果38.8个;各组合的授粉效果优劣顺序为:风味皇后×恐龙蛋、风味皇后×味厚、风味皇后×味王。     

遵化市绿禾种苗基地

<正> 我基地育苗已有20多年,面向全国各地。今冬明春供以下优良的果苗、绿化苗及种子。 桃苗:早油蟠、中油蟠、陆王仙、京东晚蜜、中华圣桃、大久保。 李:黑蓝宝石、大石早生、早美丽,美国杏李:味王、味厚、味帝、风味皇后、风味玫瑰、恐龙蛋、味馨。 梨苗:园黄、满丰、华山、大果水晶、绿宝     

6个杏李品种花粉量及花粉萌发率测定

对6个杏李品种花药内花粉数量和不同培养基上花粉萌发率特性进行了研究.结果表明:不同品种的花粉量有显著差异,味馨、味帝、风味皇后、风味玫瑰、恐龙蛋、味厚的平均花粉数分别为2 159.7、1 526.0、1 281.O、573.7、295.7和289.6粒/花药.花粉萌发率也因品种及培养基种类不同而异,味帝在任何配比的培养基上均不萌发,10%蔗糖十1%琼脂十O.03%硼酸培养基适宜其他5个杏李品种花粉萌发,味馨、风味皇后、风味玫瑰、恐龙蛋、味厚的花粉萌发率分别为25.07%、38.83%、95.36%、16.86%和85.11%;硼酸浓度0.01%～0.03%时适宜花粉萌发.     

梨不同花龄自花与异花授粉的花柱内花粉管生长及坐果率的比较

对自交不亲和强度不同的梨品种丰水和菊水的不同花龄花进行自花授粉和丰水×菊水异花授粉后,用荧光显微镜观察花粉萌发及生长特性。结果表明,开花当天及以后的自花和异花授粉花粉在柱头上均有较高的萌发率;自花和异花花粉管在花柱内的生长速度及停止生长的位置不同,丰水自花授粉后花粉管生长的短且慢,菊水自花花粉管生长的长且快,而异花授粉的花粉管生长最快。自花授粉后,不同花龄对花粉管生长影响表现为:开花4d前的蕾期授粉以及开花4d后的延迟授粉,花粉管生长长度显著的长。开花6d前的各种授粉组合,花粉管生长均较差。这与田间授粉坐果率的高低基本一致,即整体表现为各个花龄的授粉都以异花授粉坐果率最高,其次为菊水自花授粉,丰水自花授粉坐果率最低。另外,自花授粉中,蕾期授粉和延迟授粉(开花2d后除外)坐果率都有提高,而异花授粉中蕾期授粉和延迟授粉的坐果率却有所下降。     

中熟杏李种间杂交新品种‘恐龙蛋’

 杏李种间杂交新品种‘恐龙蛋’是通过国家‘948’项目引进筛选的优良品种。果实成熟期8月上、中旬。果肉粉红色、脆、粘核、多汁、粗纤维少。风味甜, 香气浓, 品质佳。果实整齐, 平均单果质量126 g , 最大199 g。可溶性固形物含量15 %～20 %。产量30.0～37.5 t/ hm² 。     

新疆杏品种授粉生物学初探

对大果胡安娜、塞买提等8个新疆杏品种进行授粉试验.结果表明:各品种自然授粉结实率在5.1%～13.4%之间,自然结实情况较好;自花结实率较低,在0～7.1 %之间,其中大果胡安娜、黑叶杏、塞买提自花不实;各品种自然授粉结实率均比自花授粉结实率高;其中阿克西米西自然结实率和自花结实率均最高,分别为13.4%和7.1%;异花授粉与自然授粉结实率相比,在各杂交组合中,结实率较高的组合是佳娜丽×黑叶杏、佳娜丽×塞买提、阿克牙克勒克×塞买提和阿克牙格勒克×黑叶杏,分别为15.5%、9.6%、8.8%和7.3%,即黑叶杏和赛买提异花授粉树比自然授粉坐果率有显著提高,而佳娜丽和阿克牙格勒克相对下降.其他组合的结实率较低.     

Physiological Breakdown in Stored Monarch Plums

Summary

Several pollination studies carried out on different, self-incompatible almond cultivars and seedlings have shown the presence of variable levels of fruit set following self-pollination that could be attributed to partial self-incompatibility (PSI). PSI is an intermediate reproductive behaviour, described in some angiosperm species, which indicates that self-incompatibility is a quantitative and plastic trait. The present study was performed to substantiate the occurrence of PSI in almond by studying ten cultivars that are traditionally considered to be self-incompatible (four of which had previously shown fruit set after self-pollination). These cultivars were analysed by microscopic observations of the progression of pollen tubes through the pistil following controlled self-pollination, determinations of fruit set after bagging flower buds, and molecular identification of the parentage of the fruits obtained using consensus PCR-primers for Prunus S-RNase alleles. The results showed that, in nearly all cases, the pollen tubes did not enter the ovary and, from a total of 5,349 bagged flower buds, only 17 fruits were obtained. In all cases, PCR analysis of the plants obtained after germination of these seeds showed a band corresponding to an S-RNase allele not present in the maternal progenitor, clearly indicating that they could only have arisen from cross-pollination.Therefore, the low fruit set values observed in some of the cultivars studied were not due to a breakdown in the self-incompatibility response that confers PSI, but to very low rates of contamination with foreign pollen. These results corroborate the self-incompatibility phenotype of the cultivars studied here, and highlight the importance of ascertaining the identity of the parentage in any progeny obtained after bagging.     

紫花含笑与含笑、深山含笑和阔瓣含笑杂交亲和性分析

以紫花含笑（Michelia crassipes）为母本,含笑（M. figo）、深山含笑（M. maudiae）和阔瓣含笑（M. platypetala）为父本,研究其杂交亲和性。采用离体培养法对父本花粉生活力进行检测,利用荧光显微镜观察不同杂交组合花粉萌发和花粉管伸长情况,并调查种间杂交坐果率和杂种萌发特性。结果表明：紫花含笑、含笑和深山含笑的花粉萌发率达65%以上,而阔瓣含笑的花粉萌发率较低,为29.07%。荧光显微观察发现,紫花含笑 × 含笑、紫花含笑 × 深山含笑的花粉萌发率和花粉管生长速度比紫花含笑自交快,且花粉管能正常伸长完成授精;而紫花含笑 × 阔瓣含笑的花粉虽能在柱头表面萌发,但花粉萌发和花粉管生长速度均慢于紫花含笑自交,且出现花粉管膨大、花粉管停止生长、柱头和花柱内胼胝质堆积等现象。紫花含笑 × 含笑、紫花含笑 × 深山含笑的坐果率和种子萌发率均达80%以上,表明杂交亲和性较好;而紫花含笑 × 阔瓣含笑的坐果率仅有11.1%,且杂种胚败育,受精前障碍可能是影响其杂交的主要原因之一。     

李果实发育过程中糖、酸、维生素C含量的变化

分析测定了大石早生、龙园秋李、黑宝石、安哥诺4个李品种的果实生长动态,及其主要糖、酸、维生素C含量的变化规律。结果表明,李果实发育过程中主要糖的变化规律基本一致,即其发育早期,几乎没有蔗糖的积累,果糖含量也较低,而葡萄糖含量相对较高;随着果实的发育,果糖含量持续增加,葡萄糖含量增长缓慢,发育后期蔗糖显著积累。但不同品种含糖量差异较大,龙园秋李总糖含量最高,安哥诺次之,黑宝石和大石早生较低。不同李品种的各类糖含量不同大石早生、龙园秋李蔗糖含量最高,果糖次之,而葡萄糖含量极低;黑宝石以葡萄糖和蔗糖为主,果糖含量相对较低;安哥诺则以果糖和葡萄糖为主。果酸和维生素C含量则随果实发育呈逐渐下降的趋势。     

Self-fertilization in homozygous and heterozygous self-compatible almonds

In homozygous self-compatible genotypes 100% of the pollen grains are potentially able to grow through their own pistil, and thus the rate of self-fertilization could be higher than in heterozygous self-compatible genotypes. To evaluate the advantages of growing homozygous self-compatible almonds, pollen tube growth along the pistil at different times following self-pollination, and fruit set were studied in four homozygous and four heterozygous self-compatible seedlings. The results showed important differences between homozygous and heterozygous individuals for the percentages of pollen tubes in the third section of the style at 24 and 48 h, the pollen tube growth rate being higher in the homozygous. Twenty-four hours following self-pollination only the homozygous individuals showed pollen tubes in the ovary. However, at 72 and 96 h those values were similar for both genotypes, suggesting that space and availability of nutrients become the main limiting factors, overcoming the genetic interactions between pollen and pistil. In general, fruit set was similar in homozygous and heterozygous individuals. Interestingly, one of the homozygous individuals showed problems of fruit development, which might be explained by its inbred origin.     

牛角瓜花部综合特征与繁育系统

野外调查发现,牛角瓜（Calotropis gigantean）的自然坐果率较低,影响了利用其种子纤维的开发前景。研究了牛角瓜的传粉生物学,观察了云南元江牛角瓜居群的开花进程、花部特征和访花昆虫,检测了其花粉活力与柱头可授性,并对其进行了人工授粉辅助试验。结果表明：（1）牛角瓜花为聚伞形花序,花冠蓝紫色,花期全年,单花花期7 ~ 8 d,在开花整个过程中花粉一直保持较强活力且柱头具有可授性,花药一直低于柱头,由蜡质薄膜包裹的花粉粒形成花粉块,无法散落至柱头,花药和柱头间存在空间隔离。（2）牛角瓜的杂交指数为4,说明其繁育系统以异交为主,部分自交亲和,需要传粉者。（3）人工授粉试验显示,牛角瓜不能在柱头表面完成授粉,而是在柱头腔中,且存在一定的传粉限制;没有自发的自花传粉现象,在自然条件下也没有无融合生殖现象,人工异株授粉结实率比自花授粉结实率高。（4）昆虫借助足部特殊结构将花粉块移出并将花粉块通过花药裂口插入柱头腔中以完成授粉;牛角瓜访花昆虫共有10余种,传粉昆虫主要有膜翅目的黑小蜜蜂、圆柄木蜂和木蜂。花粉限制是牛角瓜坐果率低的主要原因,可通过放养传粉昆虫来提高牛角瓜的坐果率,从而增加其种毛纤维的产量。     

Fruit set evaluation for self-compatibility selection in almond

Self-compatibility was assessed in 19 almond selections by genetic and physiological means, such as PCR with specific primers for the S_f allele, pollen tube growth, and fruit set after self-pollination and in bagged branches. Although all genotypes possessed the S_f allele and showed a similar pollen tube growth after self-pollination than after cross-pollination with cross-compatible pollen, fruit sets showed a different behaviour between years, ranging from 16.2 to 24.7%, as well as between treatments, with the highest after self-pollination. The differences between genotypes could be due to the genetic constitution of each genotype, where inbreeding may reduce set by the accumulation of deleterious genes in different members of a progeny. Flower morphology may also affect sets in bagged branches. Thus, in addition to bud density, flower sterility, pollination success and environmental conditions, other traits must be taken into account when evaluating yield in self-compatible almond cultivars, such as the inbreeding effect and the effective autonomous self-pollination.     

白及的花部特征与繁育系统

 通过野外观察、授粉特性分析、杂交指数估算及人工控制授粉试验等方法对白及野生居群的花部特征和繁育系统进行了研究。结果表明：在自然条件下,白及4-5月开花,群体花期约44 d,群体盛花期约12 d,集中在4月29日-5月10日,单株花期11 ~ 27 d,单花花期6 ~ 8 d。总状花序上具两性花3 ~ 11朵。在花朵开放的整个过程中,花药始终高于柱头且两者之间存在隔离。花粉成熟时由粘性物质聚结成团,无法散落至柱头。开花后3 d 内花粉活力和柱头可授性均较高。白及杂交指数为4。无论去雄与否,套袋后的花均不结实,说明其不能进行自然的自花授粉和无融合生殖。白及人工自花授粉、同株异花授粉和异株授粉的结实率分别为93.33%、90.00%和93.33%,自然条件下的结实率为5.26%。花粉成熟时由粘性物质聚结成团和缺乏有效的传粉媒介可能是白及自然条件下结实率低的主要原因。