关于梨树枯梢原因的研究

<正> 罹短枝枯顶病的梨树于7月份表现叶脉失绿,顶部叶片畸形,顶梢和侧梢枯顶,并产生裂果。发病果园土壤的硼含量(0.56ppm)高于一般果园(0.14ppm)。罹病植株叶的硼含量达120ppm,而正常植株叶的硼含量仅39ppm。在高硼条件下(>0.5ppm)砂培的植株表现出与感病果园植株相同的症状,其叶的硼含量达122.2ppm,新梢皮部的硼含量高达166ppm。高硼处理导致叶中钾含量降低和磷含量增加,但对叶中钙、氮和镁含量没有影响。认为梨新梢枯顶是由硼毒害所致。(文摘号5510) 译自(英)《园艺学文摘》1988年第58卷第9期译者:吴瑗     

B_9、CCC对矮牵牛植株矮化和促进开花的效应

B_9、CCC都能抑制矮牵牛的营养生长,使株型矮化、枝叶紧凑、开花部位集中、防止倒伏,明显地提高了观赏价值,尤以B_9的效果更佳。B_91500～6000ppm能使营养生长期植株矮化61.5～67％,盛花期矮化40.5～46.4％,叶片增厚29.0～41.9％,栅状组织增厚11.0～22.9％,叶重增加1.1～12.5％,叶绿素含量提高9.2～20.2％。CCC2500～10000ppm能使营养生长期植株矮化18.5～50.5％,盛花期矮化2.9～23.3％,叶片增厚25.8～35.5％,栅状组织增厚13.2～16.3％,叶重增加0～12.5％,叶绿素含量提高13.4～27.7％。B_93000ppm与1500ppm可明显增加开花数量,而B_96000ppm与CCC2500～10000ppm增花作用不明显或略有抑制现象。     

赣南不同土壤类型脐橙园叶片营养状况研究

从赣州市10个县(市、区)的沙质红壤、黏性红壤、紫色土和黄壤等131个枳砧纽荷尔脐橙园采样测定叶片营养元素含量,分析营养丰缺状况。结果显示,赣南脐橙园普遍存在叶片氮、钾偏高而镁、锌不足的问题。土壤类型对叶片氮、磷、钾、钙、镁、铁和锰含量有显著(P<0.05)影响:沙质红壤果园磷、铁更为丰富;黏性红壤果园氮含量最高,钾的过量程度和镁的缺乏程度都最轻;黄壤果园磷更丰富,钙更缺乏,锰最容易过量;紫色土果园氮、磷含量最低,钾易过量,钙较丰富,镁最缺乏,有部分pH值较高的果园植株缺铁。叶片硫、锌、铜、硼和钼在不同土壤类型的果园间差异不显著(P>0.05),但有相当比例的脐橙园叶片缺铜,少量果园叶片缺硼,大多数果园叶片硫含量适宜,所有果园叶片钼含量适宜。     

猕猴桃叶片10种矿质元素含量的动态变化、品种差异及相关性

为指导猕猴桃生产科学施肥,在陕西眉县以8个猕猴桃品种("海沃德""米良1号""徐香""金香""哑特""翠香""农大金猕""金魁")成年树(实生野生美味猕猴桃砧)为试材,连续两年于盛花期后15～170 d定期测定了叶片氮、磷、钾、钙、镁、铁、锰、铜、锌、硼等10种元素的含量,并对叶片各元素含量的生长期差异、品种差异及相关性进行统计分析。结果表明,品种对叶片磷、钾、钙、镁、锰和硼含量有极显著(p0.01)影响,对氮和铁含量有显著(p0.05)影响,对铜和锌含量无显著影响。"海沃德"叶片氮、磷含量较高,钙、镁含量较低;"米良1号"叶片氮、钙含量较高;"翠香"叶片钙含量较高,氮、磷、钾含量较低;"农大金猕"和"金魁"叶片氮、钾均较低。生长期对叶片各元素含量均有极显著影响。叶片氮、磷、钾含量从着果期至果实快速膨大期不断下降;在果实缓慢生长期和果实充实成熟期,氮持续下降,钾维持稳定,磷则有所回升。叶片钙、镁、铁、锰、锌、硼含量随着生长期的推进整体呈升高趋势,但不同元素初始升高和后期稳定的时间点略有差别。叶片氮含量与钾含量极显著正相关,与钙、镁、铁、锌、硼含量呈极显著负相关;磷分别与钾和铁呈显著正相关;钙、镁、铁、锰、铜、锌、硼等元素之间多呈极显著或显著正相关。     

沙田柚叶片营养元索适宜含量的研究

为探讨沙田柚叶片营养元素含量指标,作者于1989—1991年进行了本研究。结果表明,沙田柚叶片大量元素含量的变异系数以氮最小,钙最大,钾、镁和磷依次减小;微量元素含量的变异系数除硼外,其余都明显大于大量元素,其中锰最大,铁、锌和铜相近,且明显小于锰,硼最小。本研究提出了丰产沙田柚叶片营养元素的适宜含量:氮2.3～2.8％,磷0.1—0.14％,钾1.0—2.0％,钙2.5—5.8％,镁0.2—0.38％,铁33×10~(-6)—140×10~(-6),锰10×10~(-6)—70×10~(-6),锌15×10~(-6)—35×10(-6),铜4×10~(-6)—25×10~(-6),硼39×10~(-6)—76×10~(-6)。大量元素的适宜比值为:氮:磷:钾:钙:镁=1.00:0.05:0.59:1.04:0.11;微量元素的适宜比值为:铜:锌:锰:硼:铁=1.00:1.72:2.76:4.48:5.97。以上标准可作为衡量沙田柚叶片营养元素含量盈缺及平衡与否的重要参数。     

不同砧木对红星苹果叶内矿质元素含量影响的研究

砧木影响着苹果树的 寿命、生长势、产量、抗性 和叶片、果实内矿质元素 含量等,某些苹果砧木已 推荐用于特殊条件下,以 防止树体营养失调。本试 验研究了几种砧木对红星 苹果叶片内矿质元素含量 的影响,目的是为进一步 研究苹果砧木的选择利用 及其营养调节提供参考。 材料和方法 试材取自山西祁县官 场村果园,自根砧为M2、 M4、 M6、 M7、 M9,对 照为山定子,品种为红 星,1977年定植,产量相 近。果园为沙壤土,平 地、可灌溉。土壤分析结 果:氮0.137%,磷54.09ppm,钾373ppm,钙0.82%,镁0.012%,铜1.21ppm,铁18.5ppm,锌4.9ppm,锰17.19ppm。 试…     

镉对苹果生长发育和矿质元素含量的影响

为了探究镉(Cd)对苹果植株生长发育和各组织矿质元素含量的影响,以2年生烟富3/T337和王林/T337为试材,测定了25mg/kg镉处理下叶片光合参数、解剖结构和各组织矿质元素含量。结果表明,镉胁迫对2个品种叶片光合参数具有明显的抑制作用,‘烟富3’和‘王林’叶片净光合速率分别降低62.46%和46.04%。镉处理下叶片厚度、栅栏组织和海绵组织厚度均显著低于对照,但‘烟富3’叶片上表皮厚度增加。镉能够抑制苹果叶片氮和钾含量,促进磷的吸收。镉处理对苹果植株不同组织钙、硼、铜、铁和锌含量的影响存在差异,根系钙、硼和锌含量均显著低于对照,铜含量显著高于对照。叶片铜、铁和锌含量均显著低于对照,‘烟富3’叶片钙含量显著高于对照,而‘王林’叶片钙含量低于对照。综上所述,镉能够抑制苹果植株生长发育,降低植株根系氮、钾、钙、硼、锌含量,以及叶片铜、铁、锌含量。     

无核黄皮叶片镁硼的周年变化对其产量和品质的影响

测定广东郁南无核黄皮叶片镁硼养分的变化动态,对其与产量和品质的相关性进行分析。结果表明,在传统氮磷钾施肥方式下,无核黄皮叶片镁硼养分含量在不同物候期之间存在显著的差异。在整个年度周期中,叶片镁、硼浓度对果实产量和品质的影响较大。除秋梢期外,其相关性均达到显著水平,而且开花期叶片镁浓度与果实产量的相关性最高。由此可知,在整个生育期中,叶片中镁营养与产量具有显著正相关性。镁与可溶性固形物浓度呈负相关;硼与可溶性糖浓度呈正相关;镁、硼与维生素C浓度呈负相关。镁、硼与柠檬酸浓度呈正相关。初步确定3月即无核黄皮的始花期作为营养诊断最佳采样时期,同时施用镁硼肥能够提高无核黄皮产量和改善品质。     

湖南省不同纬度温州蜜柑园土壤和叶片营养及果实品质分析

【目的】探究湖南省不同纬度的温州蜜柑园土壤养分含量、叶片营养及果实营养与品质状况,为果园土壤科学管理提供理论依据。【方法】2011—2016年,连续6 a(年)对湖南省3个地区147个温州蜜柑园的土壤养分含量、叶片营养和果实营养与品质进行测定,运用相关性分析的方法,探索土壤养分、叶片养分与果实品质3者之间的关系,指出不同纬度的温州蜜柑园土壤养分存在的问题。【结果】湘北、湘中、湘南3个地区的供试果园土壤p H适宜比例仅为8.3%~19.0%;3个地区有机质含量总体适宜,多数果园土壤有效铁、锰、铜、锌、钙、钼、镁含量适宜或过量,碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量偏低,土壤有效硼含量严重缺乏。湖南省不同纬度温州蜜柑园叶片磷、硼略微缺乏,氮、钾、锌不足,钙、镁、钼严重缺乏,铁、锰过量。3个地区的温州蜜柑果实钾含量与纬度的回归方程为y=-0.024x+1.231,纬度与其他果实品质则无明显差异。纬度对土壤、叶片营养和果实品质有一定的影响,其中土壤速效钾、速效锰含量从北到南依次递减;叶片铁、镁含量从北向南逐渐降低,而钾、锰、硼、钼含量由北向南逐渐升高;果实中钾含量与可溶性固形物含量由北往南依次增加。运用相关分析发现,影响果实品质的主要土壤因素为有机质、速效锌、有效钙、有效镁、有效硼。【结论】改善各地区土壤p H,增加土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、有效硼含量是湖南温州蜜柑果园今后土壤管理的重点。     

鸭梨叶片和果实1O种营养元素含量周年变化的研究

通过测定鸭梨不同生育期叶片、未套袋果实、套袋果实10种营养元素含量,揭示鸭梨叶片和果实中养分含量变化规律及其相关性。结果表明,叶片氮、磷、钾、铜元素含量呈前期高、后期低的趋势,锌、硼元素含量先降低后增高,并维持一定含量水平,钙、镁、铁、锰元素含量在年生育周期内逐渐增高;果实中10种营养元素含量随果实的膨大而逐渐减少,未套袋果实和套袋果实中氮、磷、钾、钙、镁、锰、铜、锌、硼元素变化规律一致,未套袋果实和套袋果实中氮、磷、钾、钙、镁、锰、铜元素含量基本相同,套袋果实中铁、锌元素总含量低于未套袋梨果实,硼元素总含量略高于未套袋果实;鸭梨叶片和果实的一些营养元素含量表现出一定的相关性,氮、磷、钾、铜元素含量呈极显著正相关,锌元素含量呈显著正相关,钙、镁元素含量呈极显著负相关,锰元素呈显著负相关,铁、硼元素含量相关性不显著。     

Relationship between renal hypertension and cardiac α1-adrenoceptor autoantibodies in rats

AIM: To examine the autoantibody against α₁-adrenoceptor and its biologic activities during the development of renal hypertension. METHODS: Renal hypertension of rat was achieved by clipped renal artery, the titre of autoantibody to α₁-adrenoceptor was detected using ELISA immunoassay. Furthermore, the biological offects of these autoantibodies on cultured cardiomyocytes were also examined. RESULTS: After two weeks of clipping renal arteries, both the frequency of occurrence and the titre of autoantibodies to cardiac α₁-adrenergic receptor were significantly increased as compared with the control of pre-treatment. The increased autoantibodies lasted for several weeks and then automatically decreased gradually to the pre-clipping level at 12 weeks. The biological effects of these autoantibodies displayed an "agonistic-like" activities on the beating frequency of cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSION: Autoantibodies against α₁-adrenoceptor may play a role in the elevation of peripheral vascular resistance and in the development of cardiac hypertrophy in rats with renal hypertension.     

Influence of Mineral Nutrients on Strawberry Fruit Quality and Their Accumulation in Plant Organs

Abstract

This review is based partly on complete articles and partly on abstracts. Three of the 60 articles deal with the total uptake of elements in strawberry plant organs in two different strawberry production systems, both considered as optimal concerning amount and balance of elements. The effect on fruit quality may be dramatic if the level of a particular element is outside this range, but there may also be effects initiated by differences within the optimal range of elements. Most articles refer to product oriented quality, but some focus on consumer oriented quality, as discussed by Shewfelt (1999). The discussion here is on a general basis, so one should keep in mind that there are cultivar differences and that specification of nutrition ideally should mirror the needs of a single cultivar, or a group of cultivars with similar requirements. Also, to get a complete understanding of the subject future reviews should embrace a broader access of information including the effect on plant development of individual elements, such as the role of calcium in fruit firmness and its importance in cell wall structure. However, the intention here is to narrow the information to results that suggest a direct connection between nutrient uptake and fruit quality.     

辣椒素积累生理研究的最新进展

辣椒素的积累主要受到遗传、环境、竞争物质、酶的影响.在遗传方面,辣椒的基因型以及决定辣椒素含量的特定基因对辣椒素的积累起着决定作用,环境中的光照、温度、CO2、肥料起辅助作用,竞争物质,如木质素、类黄酮、蛋白质、单宁、生物碱、香豆素等物质与辣椒素的积累相互抑制,辣椒素的合成酶和降解酶同样影响辣椒素的积累.     

Mixed-severity fire regime in a high-elevation forest of Grand Canyon,Arizona, USA

Fire regime characteristics of high-elevation forests on the North Rim of the Grand Canyon, Arizona, were reconstructed from fire scar analysis, remote sensing, tree age, and forest structure measurements, a first attempt at detailed reconstruction of the transition from surface to stand-replacing fire patterns in the Southwest. Tree densities and fire-/non-fire-initiated groups were highly mixed over the landscape, so distinct fire-created stands could not be delineated from satellite imagery or the oldest available aerial photos. Surface fires were common from 1700 to 1879 in the 4,400 ha site, especially on S and W aspects. Fire dates frequently coincided with fire dates measured at study sites at lower elevation, suggesting that pre-1880 fire sizes may have been very large. Large fires, those scarring 25% or more of the sample trees, were relatively infrequent, averaging 31 years between burns. Four of the five major regional fire years occurred in the 1700s, followed by a 94-year gap until 1879. Fires typically occurred in significantly dry years (Palmer Drought Stress Index), with severe drought in major regional fire years. Currently the forest is predominantly spruce-fir, mixed conifer, and aspen. In contrast, dendroecological reconstruction of past forest structure showed that the forest in 1880 was very open, corresponding closely with historical (1910) accounts of severe fires leaving partially denuded landscapes. Age structure and species composition were used to classify sampling points into fire-initiated and non-fire-initiated groups. Tree groups on nearly 60% of the plots were fire-initiated; the oldest such groups appeared to have originated after severe fires in 1782 or 1785. In 1880, all fire-initiated groups were less than 100 years old and nearly 25% of the groups were less than 20 years old. Non-fire-initiated groups were significantly older (oldest 262 years in 1880), dominated by ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, or white fir, and occurred preferentially on S and W slopes. The mixed-severity fire regime, transitioning from lower-elevation surface fires to mixed surface and stand-replacing fire at higher elevations, appeared not to have been stable over the temporal and spatial scales of this study. Information about historical fire regime and forest structure is valuable for managers but the information is probably less specific and stable for high-elevation forests than for low-elevation ponderosa pine forests.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

瓜叶绿素降解关键酶基因PPH和PAO cDNA片段的克隆与表达初步分析

 以西双版纳黄瓜和‘华黄5号’黄瓜叶片为试验材料,研究了衰老过程中两种黄瓜叶片叶绿素含量变化及脱镁叶绿素脱镁叶绿酸水解酶基因PPH和脱镁叶绿酸a加氧酶基因PAO的表达。结果表明：随着叶片衰老,叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量显著降低,叶绿素a与叶绿素b的比值在0.5左右,推测叶绿素b的含量可能对黄瓜叶片保绿起到重要作用。荧光定量RT-PCR分析结果显示：PPH和PAO在西双版纳黄瓜叶片生长35 d时表达量最高,分别为5.50和1.86;PPH在‘华黄5号’叶片35 d时表达量最高,为7.14,而PAO在35和45 d表达量都很高,分别为3.90和3.91;PPH和PAO在西双版纳黄瓜叶片中的表达量低于在‘华黄5号’中。     

Effects of simvastatin on PDGF-BB and serum-induced proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and on the expression of tumor suppressor gene PTEN

AIM:To observe the effect of simvastatin on the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells(VSMCs) induced by serum and growth factor PDGF-BB and the effect of simvastatin on the expression of PTEN,a important regulator of G₁/S cell cycle transition. METHODS:The DNA synthesis was determined by [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle was examined with flow cytometry, the protein level of PTEN was measured by Western blot method. RESULTS: (1)Simvastatin inhibited [³H]-TdR incorporation in a dose dependent manner. (2) Flow cytometric DNA analysis revealed that simvastatin induced significantly enhancement of G₀/G₁ phase and decrease in S phase VSMCs.(3)Simvastatin increased protein level of PTEN and mevalonate, a metabolite of HMG-COA, reversed the effect of simvastatin on PTEN protein expression. CONCLUSION:Simvastatin may inhibit proliferation of VSMCs and retarded cell cycle in G₀/G₁ phase by increasing PTEN expression through inhibiting synthesis of mevalonate.     

微波消解ICP—MS法测定香菇中重金属含量

采用密闭微波消解法消解香菇样品,在优化微波消解条件的基础上,建立微波消解ICP—MS法同时测定千香菇中As、PI）、Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Mn、Fe和Mg九种重金属元素的方法,在最佳试验条件下,加标收率为92．0％～104．6％,RSD为2．2％-5．3％。该方法简便、快速、准确：     

Relationships of landscape,prey and agronomic variables to the abundance of generalist predators in cotton (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Gossypium hirsutum</Emphasis>) fields

A two-year field study investigated the possible effects of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) and uncultivated areas on the abundance of generalist predators in commercially-managed cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fields in Texas, USA. From 63 to 70 fields were sampled for pests and predators over nine consecutive weeks during early stages of cotton development. Additional data on agronomic practices and landscape composition at three spatial scales were also collected for each field. Stepwise regression analyses were used to determine the relationships of landscape, agronomic and prey variables to the abundance of generalist predators. Because the variables most closely linked to predator levels could vary over time, separate regressions were conducted for three time periods corresponding to stages of grain sorghum growth (half-bloom, hard-dough, maturity) in each year. Significant relationships between predator abundance and agricultural landscape composition appear in both years and in all three time periods, but the specific relationships of landscape variables to cotton predator levels differed between and within years. At maturity in 2001, predator levels rose as the amount of uncultivated land from 1.6 to 3.2 km distant and the perimeter shared with grain sorghum increased. During 2002, the area of grain sorghum (half-bloom) and uncultivated land (hard-dough) within 1.6 km of cotton fields were both positively related to predator numbers. Cotton planting dates and the abundance of cotton fleahoppers (Pseudatomoscelis seriatus [Reuter]) were also strongly linked to predator numbers during both years. Results suggest that the total amount of grain sorghum or uncultivated land in an area is more important than the presence of these habitats adjacent to cotton fields, and that landscape composition may sometimes be the most important factor in determining predator abundance.     

Inferring the effects of landscape structure on roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) movements using a step selection function

In this study, we sought to understand how landscape structure affects roe deer movements within their home-range in a heterogeneous and fragmented agricultural system of south-western France. We analysed the movements of 20 roe deer fitted with GPS collars which recorded their locations every 2–6 h over several months (mean = 9 months). Based on empirical observations and previous studies of roe deer habitat use, we hypothesised that roe deer should avoid buildings and roads, move preferentially along valley bottoms and through the more wooded areas of the landscape. To test these hypotheses we paired each observed movement step with 10 random ones. Using conditional logistic regression, we modelled a step selection function, which represents the probability of selecting a given step as a function of these landscape variables. The selected model indicated that movements were influenced by all the tested landscape features, but not always in the predicted direction: our results suggested that roe deer tend to avoid buildings, roads, valley bottoms and possibly the more wooded areas (although the latter result should be interpreted with caution, as it may be influenced by a bias in the rate of GPS fix acquisition in woods). The distances to buildings and to roads were the most influential variables in the model, suggesting that the avoidance of potential sources of disturbance may be a key factor in determining ranging behaviour of roe deer in human dominated landscapes.     

Inoculation of growing media with the rhizobacterium Variovorax paradoxus 5C-2 reduces unwanted stress responses in hardy ornamental species

Inoculation of growing media with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) has a number of potential benefits for the production of ornamental plants. Certain rhizobacteria synthesise the enzyme ACC deaminase, which cleaves ACC, the precursor of the plant hormone ethylene. Bacterial metabolism is now known to lead to a reduction in [ACC] in the plant transpiration stream and bacteria are hypothesised to act on ACC exuded from roots. This in turn reduces the ethylene generated in plants growing in growing media inoculated with these bacteria. Here we tested if applications of the ACC deaminase containing rhizobacteria Variovorax paradoxus⁵C–²could be of benefit to ornamental growers by reducing ethylene generation in stressed plants. Ethylene is produced at levels that are inhibitory to growth and development under a number of abiotic stresses. The propagation and production of hardy ornamentals is deleteriously affected by abiotic stresses that involve ethylene signalling, including drought and physical wounding. Inoculation of growing media with V. paradoxus 5C-2 lowered ethylene emission from mature leaves of Cytisus × praecox experiencing drought stress. In addition, bacterial inoculation of the growing media resulted in significantly reduced abscission of the mature leaves under drought treatment. Beneficial effects of inoculation where also found in the wounding response of Fargesia murielae following divisional propagation and late season senescence in Aquilegia × hybrida in response to drought stress. Together these results demonstrate that V. paradoxus⁵C–²has real potential for use on ornamental nurseries in situations where plant stresses are unavoidable.