葡萄转熟研究的回顾与思考

回顾了葡萄转熟在研究在呼吸代谢，水分生理，调控生理等方面的进展和主要成果，分析阵内外的研究现状，讨论了转熟研究面临的问题和发展趋势。     

沙田柚9～10月份栽培管理要点

秋梢生长至转绿老熟期，果实继续膨大，果汁含量增加，花芽开始生理分化。     

‘三季梨’果实后熟过程中的生理生化变化及其相关性分析

【目的】明确西洋梨果实后熟过程中生理生化变化规律及各生理指标间的相关性,找到反映果实后熟进程的特征指标,实现西洋梨果实后熟程度的快速无损检测。【方法】以‘三季梨’果实为试材,比较果实不同后熟时间的生理生化指标,并进行各生理指标间的相关性分析。【结果】在‘三季梨’果实后熟过程中,果皮色泽由绿转黄,亮度逐渐增加;叶绿素光化学效率(F_v/F_m)前6 d无明显变化,后2 d迅速下降,叶绿素a、叶绿素b及总叶绿素含量呈下降趋势;硬度、可滴定酸含量、维生素C含量呈逐渐下降趋势,可溶性固形物含量呈先增加后下降趋势;淀粉指数(SI)升高,酶含量降低,后熟6 d时出现乙烯和呼吸跃变峰。果实的后熟软化伴随着果皮叶绿素含量、h°值和叶绿素荧光参数中的F_0、F_v等指标的下降。通过相关性分析表明,果实硬度分别与叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素含量、h°值、F_m和F_v等表征果皮颜色的指标以及与淀粉含量、纤维素酶活性等软化指标呈极显著正相关,与F_0和F_v/F_m呈显著正相关。同时发现,果皮颜色h°值与叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素、叶绿素荧光参数F_0、F_v、F_m和F_v/F_m呈极显著正相关,与L*、a*、b*呈极显著负相关。【结论】西洋梨果实后熟主要是由于淀粉含量下降、纤维素酶活性变化引起果实硬度下降以及果皮叶绿素降解导致果面由绿转黄,最终完成果肉软化、果皮转黄的后熟过程。另外,以硬度下降至3 kg·cm~(-2)时作为果实最佳食用期,后熟过程中可通过果皮颜色或叶绿素荧光参数来对果实最佳食用期进行无损判断,当测定h°值低于105或L*值高于70时,或F_v/F_m低于0.7时,果实达到最佳食用期。     

持续阴雨条件下的柑橘保果技术

为应对广西大部分柑橘产区因2019年秋冬季干旱少雨,2020年春季持续阴雨和疫情影响果实正常采收等不良因素引起的光照严重不足、春梢转绿老熟慢,叶面追肥、喷药困难,梢果营养矛盾突出,生理落果偏重等问题,切实做好当前柑橘保果工作。文章分析了今年广西柑橘出现的生理落果天气与营养原因,并提出了近期柑橘保果技术措施,供读者参考。     

香蕉采后保鲜技术流程概述

香蕉是一种典型的呼吸跃变型水果。在采后成熟过程中会释放乙烯,出现呼吸高峰,并使果实内部组织发生一系列成熟与衰老的生理变化。淀粉降解、可溶性糖含量增长、果肉变软,皮色转黄,果实软熟,随后进入衰老期。病害、机械伤会促进果实生理后熟,使贮藏寿命缩短,严重地影响香蕉生产和贮运     

荜茇酰胺对杧果采后病害和生理指标的影响

以台农1号杧果为试材,研究荜茇酰胺处理对其采后病害和生理指标的影响。结果表明,与对照(清水)相比,荜茇酰胺处理能延缓果实硬度下降,抑制果皮可溶性果胶和果实可溶性固形物含量增加,果实呼吸高峰和乙烯释放高峰均推迟,抑制了果实转色,延缓了台农1号杧果果实后熟,对炭疽病和蒂腐病2种主要采后病害均具有一定的防治效果。     

葡萄果实膨大生长的动力相关参数研究

以变形度为成熟度主要指标,研究了葡萄浆果转熟前后的生长及与之相关的可溶性固形物积累、果实膨压、果皮弹性系数等参数的变化动态。结果表明,转熟后快速膨大期间果实竞争水分能力提高,昼间也有净增长。膨大生长的发生迟于果实变软与糖分积累。果实膨压仅在转熟初期有一个短暂的高峰,进入快速膨大后即降低,反映膨大生长并不是因为膨压增大而引起的。转熟后糖分加速积累导致渗透势的急剧下降,形成强大的吸水膨大潜力,但这一潜力的实现受制于果皮的机械性,即在果皮发生结构松弛前,压力势相应上升,以致总水势保持相对稳定;只有果皮松弛使压力势下降时,吸水膨大才得以实现。可见糖分积累和果皮松弛均导致总水势下降,促成了果实成熟后强大的吸水膨大动力的生成。     

果实的后熟生理

果实从树上采收后,依然发生果色转化、果肉变软、放出芳香味等变化。果实采收后的这种成熟现象被称为后熟。研究和认识果实后熟的生理生化变化,掌握果实的后熟规律,对于提高果实储存和运输效果,对于植物延存器官衰老机理的研     

1-甲基环丙烯处理对不同成熟度薄皮甜瓜贮藏特性的影响

以京蜜薄皮甜瓜为试材,采用体积浓度2μL·L-1的1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)分别处理八成熟和九成熟薄皮甜瓜,随后置于15℃冷库中贮藏,贮藏期间每3d测定相关生理和品质指标变化。结果表明:成熟度对薄皮甜瓜贮藏特性有显著影响,八成熟比九成熟薄皮甜瓜耐贮;1-MCP处理可以显著抑制不同成熟度薄皮甜瓜呼吸强度、乙烯释放速率,从而减少其贮藏期间质量损失,延缓果实表皮颜色转黄和后熟过程,降低贮藏期间腐烂率,保持其食用品质和口感,延长薄皮甜瓜货架期;八成熟的1-MCP处理组贮藏效果最好。     

南果梨贮藏保鲜技术

该文从南果梨生理成熟过程和采后生理生化变化入手,分析了南果梨的耐低温、耐高湿和气调贮藏的贮藏特性,并从采前田间栽培因素、采收、包装、贮前适当预熟、贮后追熟、贮藏环境条件、贮藏病虫害等方面提出了南果梨贮藏保鲜的技术要点。     

果实大小对白肉桃果实品质的影响(英文)

调查了日本冈山市套袋桃主栽品种桥场白凤(早熟)、白凤(早中熟)等的果肉品质。不同品种果实分大、中、小(L、M、S)3种规格,放置于25℃室温至完熟状态(皮可用手剥离)后进行品质差异的探讨。桥场白凤S果实底色暗,清水白桃L果实着色浓但底色暗,白丽L果实着色浅,黄色深,外观均不好。果汁中主要甜味成分蔗糖和葡萄糖的含量,在白凤、清水白桃、白丽的S和L果实中高,酸味成分苹果酸和柠檬酸的含量以这3个品种的L果实最低,果实大小对桥场白凤的糖、酸含量无明显影响。影响果实苦味的天门冬酰胺含量以桥场白凤和白凤的L果实高,但在清水白桃和白丽大小果实中含量均较低。影响桃香味的主要香气成分r-decalactone,在早熟品种桥场白凤L果实中含量高,但白凤和清水白桃的M果实、晚熟品种白丽的S果实中含量高。清水白桃的L果实肉质较差。感官评价的结果表明,白凤L果实与白丽S果实风味差。以上试验结果表明,代表日本冈山地区的白桃品种白凤、清水白桃、白丽的大果(L)比中等大小的果实甜味和酸味低、香气弱、风味淡、肉质也差。     

核桃树体生物量构成及矿质营养元素累积特性研究

为了给核桃合理施肥提供科学依据,以5 a生温185早实核桃树为试材,采用彻底刨根、分解取样的方法,研究了生物量的构成特点、各器官矿质元素含量和累积分配特性。结果表明,核桃树总干质量为32 814 g.plant-1,其中当年新生营养器官占16.36%,果实占13.59%,老营养器官占70.05%。N含量以种仁最高,叶片次之;P含量以叶柄最高,青皮次之;K含量以青皮最高,叶片、叶柄次之。核桃树N、P、K、Ca、Mg总累积量为366.67、48.92、247.37、440.19和62.32 g.plant-1,其中,N主要分配到种仁、叶片、多年生枝和主根,P主要分配到主根、种仁、多年生枝、叶片和青皮,K主要分配到青皮和叶片。每生产1 000 kg干商品核桃需吸收N 77.05 kg、P 9.70 kg、K 62.24 kg、Ca 75.41 kg、Mg13.35 kg。核桃树对N、K、Ca的需求较多,对P、Mg的需求较少;营养器官累积N、Ca较多,累积P、K、Mg较少;生殖器官累积N、K较多,累积P、Ca、Mg较少。     

玫瑰香葡萄生长期酚类物质含量及抗氧化活性的变化

 以玫瑰香(Muscat Hamburg)葡萄为试材,通过测定不同生长发育期酚类物质含量和其清除自由基的能力,对酚类物质的动态变化及其与抗氧化活性的关系进行了研究。结果表明,叶片、茎、卷须的总酚,类黄酮和原花色素含量随果实的发育呈先下降后上升的趋势,在果实快速生长期达到最低点,之后有所增加。叶片酚类物质含量最高,茎中含量最低。果皮酚类物质含量的变化趋势与叶、茎、卷须中相同,在果实成熟期达最低点。果肉中酚类物质含量极低,且在整个生长期内无明显变化。各器官的抗氧化活性与酚类物质含量呈正相关。     

番茄不同部位中糖含量和相关酶活性的研究

 试验将番茄光合产物运转途径上叶片(源) 、运输系统以及果实(库) 区分开, 分别测定其糖的组成和含量以及糖代谢相关酶的活性。结果表明: 番茄光合产物运转途径上从“源”到“库”各部位糖的组成和含量不同。叶肉中果糖的含量最高, 蔗糖的含量最低; 中筋中以果糖和葡萄糖为主; 叶柄维管束中葡萄糖含量最高, 蔗糖含量次之, 果糖含量最低。节间和果柄维管束中主要含有蔗糖。果实维管束以及果实内各部位中则主要含有葡萄糖和果糖, 且两者含量无显著差异, 蔗糖含量很低。萼片中葡萄糖含量最高, 蔗糖含量最低; 果蒂中3种糖含量均较高且无显著差异。番茄叶肉及光合产物运转组织中转化酶活性很低, 而在库器官的非维管组织中转化酶活性较高。果蒂中的蔗糖合成酶( SS) 活性最高, 其次是叶肉和运转组织, 果实内各部位中SS活性较低。在合成蔗糖的器官—叶肉中, 有较高的蔗糖磷酸合成酶( SPS) 活性, 运转组织中的SPS活性较叶肉中降低, 但果柄维管束和果实维管束中则表现出较高SPS活性, 果肉、果胶质胎座及心室隔壁中的SPS活性最低。     

柑橘果实膳食纤维的研究

以柠檬、玉环柚、椪柑、脐橙、温州蜜柑和胡柚为试材,测定了果皮和果肉中总膳食纤维(TDF)、不溶性膳食纤维(IDF)、水溶性膳食纤维(SDF)、中性洗涤剂纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤剂纤维(ADF)、纤维素(CEL)、半纤维素(HC)、木质素(Lignin)、总果胶(TP)、原果胶(Protopectin)和水溶解性果胶(WSP)含量。以柚和温州蜜柑为试材,分别测定了不同的发育阶段膳食纤维及其具体组分的含量,总结了不同发育阶段果实膳食纤维的变化情况。结果表明,除柠檬和脐橙果肉的SDF含量稍多于果皮中含量外,其他各组分均是果皮中的含量大于果肉。除果皮中TDF和IDF的品种间变异较小外,其它组分在品种间的变异均较大。除HC外,各组分在果肉中的变异均大于果皮。柠檬果实中TDF、SDF、NDF、ADF、CEL、木质素和WSP含量都高于其它柑橘类水果。柚和温州蜜柑TDF和IDF随着果实的成熟而有所下降,但降幅不明显;而SDF则随着发育阶段的推移而渐渐增加。     

Effects of mechanical stretch on electrophysiological characteristics of calcium preconditioning myocardium

AIM: To investigate the effects of mechanical stretch under simulated anoxia and reoxygenation conditions on action potential (AP) and effective refractory period (ERP) of calcium preconditioning (CPC) in isolated papillary muscles of guinea pig hearts. METHODS: The intracellular standard glass microelectrode technique was used, and effects of stretch (intensity: 200 mg) on AP and ERP were recorded and observed in CPC papillary muscles. RESULTS: After stretching was implied during anoxia, the reductions of Vmax, RP, APA, APD50, ERP and APD90 in CPC group were less than those in anoxia-reoxygenation (AR) group, and the CT in CPC group was less elongated. Moreover, after the papillary muscles were stretched during reoxygenated reperfusion, the decreases in Vmax, RP, APA, APD50 and ERP in CPC group were less than those in AR group, and the CT and APD90 in CPC group were less extended. Streptomycin inhibited the effect of stretch on AP and ERP in CPC group. CONCLUSIONS: Under simulated anoxia and reoxygenation conditions, papillary muscles in CPC group may have better tolerance to the same stretch than those in the AR. Furthermore, streptomycin (a blockade of stretch-activated ionic channels) may inhibit the effect of mechanical stretch on action potential changes in CPC papillary muscles.     

Relationship between the tissue neutral endopeptidase and the adrenomedullin in blood and tissues of rats with septic shock

AIM: The activity and expression of neutral endopeptidase (NEP) and the adrenomedullin (ADM) contents in various tissues were observed in septic shock and control rats to study the possible role of NEP in the change of ADM contents in tissues during septic shock. METHODS: The septic shock model of rats were established by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). ADM contents, NEP activities, level of NEP mRNA and NEP protein were measured. RESULTS: (1) In early septic shock (ES), the ADM contents were generally higher in detected tissues, the NEP activity in left ventricle and small intestine were lower and was higher in blood than those in controls, and in lung, kidney and aorta were similar with the controls. NEP immunoreactive staining were less in lung, left ventricle, endothelium and media of aorta, but more in adventitia of aorta and kidney than those of the controls; (2) In late septic shock (LS), the ADM contents in small intestine was less but in plasma and other tissues were higher, and the NEP activity were less in plasma and other tissues than those in ES. The NEP immunoreactive staining were less in heart, endothelium and media of aorta, lung and kidney than those in ES, and was no significant change in adventitia of aorta compared with those of ES. RT-PCR found that NEP gene expression were significantly less in left ventricle, aortas, lung and small intestine than those in the controls. CONCLUSIONS: In septic shock rats, the NEP activity changes heterogeneously but the ADM contents elevate in most tissues. These results indicate that during the septic shock, the local concentrations and actions of ADM in various tissues may be regulated differently by the NEP.     

Dry weight and carbohydrate distribution in different tree parts as affected by various fruit-loads of young persimmon and their effect on new growth in the next season

This study was conducted to determine the changes in the accumulation of dry weight (DW) and the distribution of carbohydrates in different parts of young persimmon (Diospyros kaki) as affected by various fruit-loads. The effects of such changes were monitored with regard to the abundance of new growth in the following year. On June 15, the fruit-load was adjusted to a leaf–fruit (L/F) ratio of 10, 20, and 30, and some trees were completely defruited. Between June 15 and November 11, the increase in DW was less in the defruited and more in the higher L/F-ratio trees. Among the various tree parts, the DW increased the most in the fruits during the same period. It was observed that the lower the L/F ratio, the more the DW in the fruits: the fruits accounted for 78.7% of the total DW in the 10-L/F, 57.6% in the 20-L/F, and 49.7% in the 30-L/F ratio trees. In contrast, as the L/F ratio increased, the DW distribution to the roots increased to 3% in the 10-L/F, 13% in the 20-L/F, and 26% in the 30-L/F ratio trees and 61% in the defruited trees. During this period, carbohydrates were distributed mostly to the fruits, but as the L/F ratio decreased, their distribution to permanent tree parts decreased. The distribution of soluble sugars and starch to the permanent parts was 1% and 14% in the 10-L/F, 3% and 48% in the 20-L/F, 9% and 57% in the 30-L/F ratio trees, and 71% and 93% in the defruited trees, respectively. Maintaining a lower L/F ratio resulted in a decrease in the shoot and fruit numbers in the following year: there were zero and four fruits in those trees with an L/F ratio of 10 and 20, respectively. The carbohydrates decreased in the roots of both the 30-L/F ratio trees and the defruited trees, whereas the defruited trees showed more new shoot growth in the following year. In the roots of the trees with the L/F ratio of 30, soluble sugars and starch decreased by 7.6 g and 1.8 g, respectively, during the spring growth, whereas, in the roots of the defruited trees soluble sugars and starch decreased by 33.3 g and 94.6 g, respectively.     

甜樱桃花芽分化后期特征观察

通过品种比较、地区比较和人工环境模拟3个关联的试验设计,观察甜樱桃从落叶后至谢花后的花芽分化发育的特征,探求其南引试栽、结实困难的原因。结果表明,郑州的早红宝石、红灯和拉宾斯,烟台、郑州和金华的红灯,以及花芽分化期置于露地和日光温室中的早红宝石在多个物候期阶段的最终分化发育的基本特征一致。因此,造成甜樱桃南引试栽、结实困难的主要原因可能与生长季的花芽分化无关,不能仅限于与花前高温引发的胚珠、胚囊发育不良有关,低温累积量不足也是不可被忽视的因素。