The Effect of Total Anthocyanins Extracted From Sweet Cherry Cultivars on Carbonic Anhydrases and Antioxidant Activity

Total anthocyanins were extracted from eleven sweet cherry cultivars grown in Sakarya, Turkey. In vitro inhibition effects of extracted total anthocyanins on purified carbonic anhydrase I and II were investigated by using CO₂ as a substrate. The results showed that all extracted total anthocyanins inhibited the hCA I and hCA II enzyme activities. Among all cultivars, ‘Merton Premier’ was found to be the most active one against both hCA I (IC₅₀?=?0.83?µg/mL) and hCA II (IC₅₀?=?1.16?µg/mL). Additionally, the DPPH activities of the extracts were investigated as antioxidant properties. The results exhibited that ‘Churchill’ and ‘Merton Premier’ have high antioxidant activity with 74.102% and 73.503% DPPH activity, respectively.

     

Morphological,Biochemical and Antioxidant Properties of Local Loquat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eriobotrya Japonica</Emphasis> (Thunb.) Lindl.) Germplasm from Turkey

Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica L.) grown well for commercial purposes in subtropical regions nearly 30 countries and originated from China. The most important loquat producers in the world are China, Spain, Turkey, Pakistan, India, Italy and Brazil. In this study, ten pre-selected promising loquat genotypes sampled from eastern Black region and analyzed for their important morphological, biochemical and antioxidant characteristics. The standard cultivar ‘Sayda’ is also included in the study. The results indicated differences for all of the morphological, biochemical and antioxidant characteristics among tested genotypes. Fruit mass and fruit flesh percentage of the genotypes ranged from 35.40?g (LOQ-8) to 46.90?g (LOQ-5) and from 79.40 (%) to 86.32 (%) indicating some local genotypes had higher fruit mass and fruit flesh percentage than standard cultivar ‘Sayda’. Total phenolic content was the highest as 263?μg GAE/g in LOQ-7 genotype while the lowest in LOQ-8 genotype (185?μg GAE/g). LOQ-7 genotype had the highest total antioxidant capacity. Local genotypes in general have higher total phenolic, total carotenoid, vitamin C and antioxidant activity than cv. ‘Sayda’.     

Antioxidant capacity and phytochemical properties of cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) genotypes in Iran

Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) is a naturally growing dogwood species in Arasbaran (East Azerbaijan, Iran). Antioxidant capacity, total anthocyanins, total phenols, ascorbic acid and total flavnoids of a number of selected cornelian cherry genotypes were investigated. The total phenolic and antioxidant activity of methanol extract of cornelian cherry fruits were determined according to Folin–Ciocalteu and DPPH method, respectively. The range of ascorbic acid content of genotypes was 183.25–299.5 mg/100 g fresh weight (FW). Genotype C24 had the highest total antioxidant capacity (82.37) and total phenolic (2695.75 mg galic acid per 100 g FW basis). The highest total anthocyanin was observed in C27 genotype (442.11 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalents/100 g FW). This genotype also had the highest total flavonoid (669 mg catechin per 100 g FW basis). There are linear relationships between the antioxidant capacities with total phenols, total flavonoid and ascorbic acid. But, No statistically significant correlation was observed between antioxidant activity and total anthocyanins. According to Path analysis, the highest direct effect on antioxidant was observed in total flavonoid (0.38). The present study demonstrates the potential of certain cornelian cherry genotypes, notably C24 and C27, for improvement of nutritional value through germplasm enhancement programs.     

Antioxidant Capacity,Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Enzymes of Wild Grape Seeds from Different Accessions Grown in Iran

Grape seeds contain high levels of phytochemicals, that have been associated with a reduced risk of chronic diseases. In this study, the polyphenolic content, antioxidant capacity and antioxidant enzymes activity in the seeds of 20 wild grape accessions native to Iran were investigated. The antioxidant capacity of the wild grape seeds was evaluated by DPPH radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and Fe²⁺ chelating. Total phenolic (TP), total flavanoid (TF) and total proanthocyanidin (TPA) content ranged from 44.86 to 155.1, 23.21 to 131.91, and 10.11 to 26.10?mg/g seed, respectively. All seed extracts showed remarkable DPPH radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and Fe²⁺ chelating ranging from 27.34 to 78.57%, 198.83 to 590.86?µmol TE/g and 23.12 to 62.98%, respectively. Grape seed extracts had the greatest antioxidant enzymes activity guaiacol peroxidase (G-POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT). Based on HPLC analyses, catechin was the most abundant compound identified (25.89?mg/g) for all accessions. Additionally, significant correlations among different antioxidant assays were found. With the high amount of total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity and antioxidant enzymes activity, seeds of P6, P7 and P8 accessions might be evaluated as a nutritional supplement.     

Antimicrobial,Antioxidant, and Antimutagenic Activities of Five Turkish Pear Cultivars

The pear (Pyrus spp.) is one of the most important fruits consumed in daily life. The aim of this study was to determine the total phenolic and ascorbic acid contents, as well as the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antimutagenic activities, of various pear cultivars. The fruits of five pear (Pyrus communis L.) cultivars (‘Deveci’, ‘Kizil’, ‘Egirsah’, ‘Gugum’, and ‘Banda’) were used in this study. It was determined that the peel and pulp of the ‘Kizil’ pear had the highest total phenolic content (402.5?mg/100?g and 215.2?mg/100?g, respectively), while those of the ‘Banda’ pear had the lowest total phenolic content (326?mg/100?g and 126.1?mg/100?g, respectively). Additionally, the ‘Kizil’ pear showed the highest antioxidant capacity in the 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and ferric-reducing ability assay (FRAP) (1.72 μmol TE/g FW and 161.25?μmol Fe II/g FW, respectively) and the highest ascorbic acid content (16.02?mg/100?g). The ‘Banda’ pear showed the highest antibacterial activity against the test bacteria. However, none of the pear extracts displayed antifungal activity. While all doses of the ‘Kizil’, ‘Gugum’, and ‘Banda’ pear extracts used in this study, except 80?μL/plate, exhibited antimutagenic activities, only the lowest dose (10?μL/plate) of the ‘Deveci’ pear extract showed the antimutagenic activity against induced mutagenesis in the Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 strain. Consequently, the five Turkish pear cultivars used in this study exhibited different levels of antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antimutagenic activities.     

Phenotypic and Bioactive Diversity on Medlar Fruits (Mespilus germanica L.)

Mespilus germanica, known as the medlar, is a large shrub or small tree. The fruit has been cultivated since Roman times, and is unusual in being available in winter, and in being eaten when bletted.  In this study twelve medlar (Mespilus germanica L.) genotypes were harvested at commercial maturity stage (skin brownish, pulp white, fruit hard) from Rize provinces located eastern black sea region and were analyzed for their some important fruit phenotypic (fruit mass, shape index, fruit firmness, ostiole diameter and fruit flesh ratio) and bioactive characteristics (total phenolic content, total antioxidant capacity, vitamin C and phenolic compounds). A wide variation among genotypes on most of the searched parameters was found. Fruit mass and flesh ratio varied from 12.3 g (KRD-1) to 23.6 g (KRD-8) and 83.6?% (KRD-2) to 93.0?% (KRD-4) indicating high variability among genotypes. The total phenolic contents of twelve medlar genotypes varied from 157 to 227 mg gallic acid equivalent in 100 g fresh weight basis. Chlorogenic acid, rutin and p-coumaric acid were dominant in medlar fruits.     

Preparation and Quality Evaluation of Nutritionally Enriched Jam Made from Blends of Indian Blackberry and Other Fruits

Jamun (Syzygium cumini) is a tropical, underutilized fruit which is highly perishable in nature. It is a good source of vitamin C, tannins, gallic acid and anthocyanins and its beneficial effects are mostly due to the presence of bioactive compounds (pigments and phenolic compounds) in it. Due to astringent and fibrous nature, preparation of jam from jamun pulp is quite difficult, but other fruits (apple and kiwifruit) can be incorporated in it to improve its quality. This study aims to develop jam from blends of jamun with other fruits and analyse various physico-chemical, nutritional, textural and sensory properties. It was found that physico-chemical properties of jams were not found to vary greatly, but the jamun–kiwifruit jam was found to have fairly high amount of antioxidants(46.75 ± 0.67%), tartaric acid (26.24 ± 0.02 mg/100g sample), ascorbic acid (0.08 ± 0.01 mg/100 g sample) and lactic acid (23.95 ± 0.01 mg/100g sample) and lowest amount of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde (0.38 ± 0.04 mg/100 g sample). Jamun jam and jamun–kiwifruit jam possessed the texture required for jam while jamun–apple jam was found to be a relatively harder gel. Jam made with jamun and kiwifruit pulp was found to have highest acceptability on the basis of sensory evaluation.     

不同种类老山芹总酚和总黄酮含量及抗氧化能力的初步研究

以红色老山芹、绿色老山芹、混合色老山芹的叶片和叶柄为试材,测定不同种类、不同部位老山芹的总酚、总黄酮含量及抗氧化能力,并分析功能活性与物质成分含量之间的相关性。结果表明:不同种类、不同部位老山芹的总黄酮含量、总酚含量大体上表现差异显著,3种老山芹叶片的总黄酮含量和总酚含量均显著高于叶柄;红色老山芹叶片醇提物的抗氧化能力最强,其次为混合色老山芹叶片,绿色老山芹叶柄最弱;各处理醇提物浓度在一定范围内与DPPH·自由基、OH·自由基、ABTS+自由基的清除能力均呈线性关系,醇提物浓度与抗氧化能力呈正相关;老山芹醇提物的抗氧化能力与叶片、叶柄总酚含量呈显著或极显著正相关,与总黄酮含量的相关性不显著。     

Antioxidant Compounds,Nutritional Quality and Colour of Two Strawberry Genotypes from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fragaria</Emphasis> × <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ananassa</Emphasis>

In this study, average weight, colour, soluble solids content and titratable acidity were determined as quality parameters of strawberry fruits while ascorbic acid, total anthocyanins, total phenolics, total flavonoids, minerals and trace elements content as nutritional parameters. All these attributes along with the DPPH radical scavenging activity were screened in two strawberry genotypes grown on the same site at the ripe stage. Also, the phenolic profiles of the strawberry fruits were obtained by HPLC. Except colour, results showed no significant differences between cultivars in quality parameters. Ascorbic acid found for ‘Premial’ cv. (81.62?mg/100?g) was twice the amount found in ‘Magic’ cv. (42.15?mg/100?g), total phenolics varied from 207.95 (cv. ‘Premial’) to 249.98 (cv. ‘Magic’) mg GAE/100?g while total flavonoid content in fruits of ‘Magic’ cultivar (79.56?mg/100?g) was 2?fold higher than the one of the ‘Premial’ cv. The quercetin content ranged from 2.72 to 4.66?mg/100?g, whereas free ellagic acid ranged from 6.79 to 9.03?mg/100?g. The pale shiny fruits of ‘Premial’ cv. (higher L*, h^o and chroma index) had a lower total anthocyanin content (19.07?mg CG/100?g) than the bluish fruits of the ‘Magic’ cv. (23.96?mg CG/100?g). An inverse relationship between the levels of ascorbic acid and anthocyanin contents was also noticed in strawberry samples. Significant differences were found also in minerals and trace elements content of the two strawberry cultivars. The results revealed the importance of genetic background for the content of antioxidant compounds in strawberry fruits.     

Effects of Preharvest Foliar Calcium Applications on the Storage Quality of ‘0900 Ziraat’ Sweet Cherry Cultivar

The objective of this study was to investigate effects of foliar calcium application on storage of sweet cherry. Different concentrations of CaCl₂ (2.4, 3.2, and 4.0 g/l) and Ca(NO₃)₂ (3.4, 4.6, and 5.8 g/l) were applied six times by foliar spraying on leaves and fruits of the sweet cherry variety ‘0900 Ziraat’. Harvested fruits were packaged in 500 g plastic boxes and stored for four weeks at 0 ⁰C and 90–95?% relative humidity. During the experiment, flesh firmness, titratable acidity value (TA), pH, total soluble solids content (SSC) ratio, and weight losses were weekly assessed. The results indicated that there were positive effects of foliar calcium applications on fruit quality coupled with improved firmness, and enhancement of TA, an additional advantage for consumer acceptability.     

The influence of flesh colour and growing locality on polyphenolic content and antioxidant activity in potatoes

Compounds contained in potato tubers that may act as antioxidants have been attracting increased attention. The main antioxidants in potatoes are polyphenolic compounds. The total polyphenolic (TP) content and antioxidant activity (AA) in potato tubers of four yellow-fleshed cultivars and two purple-fleshed cultivars from the 2004 harvest were tested. The total polyphenolic content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteau reagent (FC) and the antioxidant activity, with the DPPH method using stable free radical 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH·). Significant differences were found in total polyphenolic content between the yellow-fleshed cultivars Karin, Impala, Ditta, and Saturna. Significant differences between yellow and purple-fleshed potatoes were found: the yellow-fleshed cultivars had an average of 2.96 g gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per kg DM, the purple-fleshed cultivars 4.68 g GAE per kg DM. Significant differences in AA between the yellow and purple-fleshed cultivars were determined (yellow-fleshed in an average of 139.3 mg equivalents of ascorbic acid [EAA] per kg DM, purple-fleshed 332.3 mg EAA per kg DM) as well as between the purple-fleshed cultivars Valfi (298 mg EAA per kg DM) and Violette (366 mg EAA per kg DM). The major antioxidants in purple-fleshed cultivars were anthocyanidins petunidin (Valfi 92%_rel) and malvidin (Violette 85%_rel). Cv. Violette contained three times higher content of anthocyanidins than cv. Valfi. Among four experimental localities, the higher situated potato-growing region of Stachy (locality with the lowest average annual and daily minimum temperatures and the highest sum of precipitation in the vegetative period) differed significantly from other localities by a higher TP content, AA and yield in the analyzed cultivars. A high positive correlation between antioxidant activity and total polyphenolic content with R = 0.8648, R² = 0.7478 (P = 0.0001) was found.     

Antidiabetic,Antihypertensive and Antioxidant Properties of Grapevine Leaf Extracts Obtained by Ultrasound,Microwave Assisted,and Classical Solvent Extraction

Grapevine leaves are consumed as a food in Mediterranean countries. At the same time, it is a byproduct of the wine industry. Antioxidant, antihypertensive and antidiabetic properties of grapevine leaves after ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and classical solvent extraction (CSE) were evaluated and compared by using water and methanol as solvent. DPPH radical scavenging activity, total phenolic content (TPC), total antioxidant capacity (TEAC), metal chelating activity, ACE inhibitory activity and α?glucosidase inhibitory activity of grapevine leaves extracts were determined. The highest values of grapevine leave extracts for antioxidant properties; DPPH (61.60%), TPC (910.18?mg GAE?g^?1), TEAC (6.23?µg Trolox mg^?1) and metal chelating activity (IC50; 3.18?mg mL^?1) were obtained from UAE when the methanol was used extracting solvent. However antihypertensive activity (13.68%) and antidiabetic activity (83.00%) values obtained from MAE by using water as a solvent were relatively highest. The effectiveness of UAE, MAE and CSE methods in terms of antioxidant, antihypertensive and antidiabetic properties of grapevine leaves were significantly (p?<?0.05) different from each other. This differences depending on the solvent used.     

Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of the apple flesh and peel of eleven cultivars grown in Brazil

The total phenolic, flavanol, monomeric anthocyanin contents and the antioxidant activity of flesh and peel of 11 apple cultivars from Brazil were investigated. Concentrations of the parameters measured differed significantly among the apple cultivars and were highest in the peel compared to the flesh. Total phenolic content (mg GAE/100 g fresh matter) ranged from 128.3 (Golden Delicious) to 212.0 (Epagri-F₅P₂₈₃) in the flesh and 304.6 (Golden Delicious) to 712.6 (Catarina) in the peel. Total flavanol content (mg CAE/100 g fm) varied from 11.7 (Epagri-SJ11) to 28.2 (Epagri-F₄₃P₂₃) and from 32.4 (Epagri-SJ11) to 147.7 (Catarina) in the flesh and peel, respectively. COOP-24 peel had the highest total anthocyanin content. The Epagri-F5P283 and Epagri-F43P23 flesh and Catarina peel had the highest antioxidant activity while Golden Delicious flesh and peel had the lowest. The total phenolic content and antioxidant activity were significantly correlated in both flesh (R² = 0.717) and peel (R² = 0.716). The contribution of phenolics to the antioxidant activity in peel suggests that their removal may induce a significant loss of antioxidants.     

Genetic Identification and Conservation of Local Turkish Grapevine (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vitis vinifera</Emphasis> L.) Genotypes on the Edge of Extinction

In the second half of the nineteenth century, intensive renovation of vineyards took place due to the losses caused by phylloxera and local varieties were mostly replaced by several worldwide cultivars. Shift in genotypic structure in favor of modern cultivars resulted in the decrease or even disappearance of regionally typical local varieties. A total of sixty five Turkish grape genotypes, including 5 references (four cultivars and one rootstock), were genotyped with 16 SSR and 15 SRAP markers. Sixteen SSR primers generated a total of 60 SSR amplicons in which 43 were polymorphic with 73.4% average polymorphism percentage. A total of 111 well-resolved clear DNA bands were obtained from 15 SRAP primers. Of these bands, 53 were highly polymorphic with an average of 47.74%. Cluster analysis based on pooled marker data generated a well resolved grouping pattern. The analyzed genotypes grouped basing on their geographical belongings. There were many cultivar pairs on the dendrogram most of which occurred between 0.75 and 0.90 levels. SSR and SRAP data revealed a wide genetic variability as well as certain synonyms among the historical grape varieties cultivated for decades in local vineyards lengthwise the mountainous regions of Konya, Karaman and Mersin provinces. All the genotypes have been maintained in a grapevine germplasm glasshouse. Preservation and use of these endangered genotypes will be helpful to avoid genetic erosion and diversity loss in this part of Turkey. Also, the molecular data generated in this study could be of great use in determining the optimal breeding strategies to allow continued progress in grapevine breeding.     

Study of Genetic Diversity of Pear Genotypes and Cultivars (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pyrus communis</Emphasis> L.) Using Inter<Emphasis Type="Italic">-</Emphasis>Simple Sequence Repeat Markers (ISSR)

ISSR molecular marker was used to investigate genetic diversity of ‘Dare Gazi’ genotypes of Mashhad Esteghlal orchard and its relationship with other commercial and native cultivars of pear. Among ‘Dare Gazi’ genotypes of Mashhad Esteghlal orchard 23 genotypes were selected base on difference in tree vigor, leaf color, shape and color of fruit and also 33 other commercial and native pear cultivars from Esteghlal orchard and other Mashhad commercial orchards were studied. A total number of 230 DNA fragments were obtained using 11 primers of which 225 were polymorphic. On average, each primer produced 20.9 bands. Dice similarity coefficient ranged from 0.27 (between ‘Dom Kaj’ and Asian pear) to 1 (between ‘Dare Gazi’ 1 and 2 genotypes). Sample cluster dendrogram indicated that 56 genotypes were divided into 12 distinct clusters. The dendogram generated on the principle of Unweight Pair Wise Method using Arithmetic Average (UPGMA) was constructed by Dice coefficient and the genotypes were grouped into 12 clusters. ‘Dare Gazi’ genotypes did not show 100% similarity due to seed propagation or mutation, as ‘Dare Gazi’ 3 and 18 genotypes had the lowest similarity coefficient (0.64). Asian pears were placed in a separate group from European pears. And ‘Dare Gazi’ genotypes from different orchards were grouped separately, but all of them are called as ‘Dare Gazi’ pear for convenience. ISSR molecular marker can well identify the genetic variability among genotypes and cultivars and found suitable for grouping them.     

Response of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa cv. Allison) to post-harvest treatment with 1-methylcyclopropene

Summary

Experiments were conducted to observe the effect of different concentrations of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on the post-harvest life and quality of ‘Allison’ kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa). Fruit were treated with 1-MCP at 0.5 µl l^–1, 1.0 µl l^–1, or 2.0 µl l^–1, un-treated fruit served as controls. Each 1-MCP treatment was applied for 24 h at 20°C. After treatment, fruit were transferred to ambient temperature storage (22º ± 4ºC; 65 – 70% relative humidity) for 18 d, during which time observations on various physical, physiological, and biochemical parameters were recorded at 3 d intervals. Our results indicated that 2.0 µl l^–1 1-MCP was the most effective treatment to delay softening and ripening in ‘Allison’ kiwifruit, as such fruit showed the lowest mean weight loss (9.8 ± 0.2%), the highest mean fruit firmness value (32.7 ± 0.2 N), and began to ripen only after 12 d in storage, whereas untreated fruit started ripening on day-6 of storage. The activities of fruit softening enzymes such as polygalacturonase (PG; 58.5 ± 0.3 µg galacturonic acid g^–1 FW h^–1), and lipoxygenase (LOX; 3.96 ± 1.3 µmoles linoleic acid oxidised min^–1 g^–1 FW h^–1) were lower, and total phenolics (TP) contents (24.3 ± 0.3 mg 100 g^–1) and anti-oxidant (AOX) activities (12.5 ± 0.03 µmol Trolox g^–1 FW h^–1) were higher in 1-MCP-treated fruit than in untreated fruit (PG, 98.3 ± 0.5 µg galacturonic acid g^–1 FW h^–1; LOX, 4.39 ± 1.0 µmoles min^–1 g^–1 FW h^–1; TP, 5.3 ± 0.6 mg 100 g^–1; AOX, 4.7 ± 0.02 µmol Trolox g^–1 FW h^–1, respectively). In addition, 1-MCP-treated fruit exhibited lower rates of respiration (48.3 ± 0.4 ml CO₂ kg^–1 h^–1) and ethylene production (30.2 ± 0.02 µl kg^–1 FW h^–1) than untreated fruit (58.9 ± 0.6 ml CO₂ kg^–1 h^–1; 38.7 ± 0.04 µl kg^–1 FW h^–1, respectively). Similarly, 1-MCP-treated fruit had higher titratable acidity (TA; 1.33 ± 0.3%) and ascorbic acid (AA) contents (115.9 ± 2.6 mg 100 g^–1 pulp) and lower soluble solids contents (SSC; 8.33º ± 0.2º Brix) than untreated kiwifruit (TA, 1.0 ± 0.2 %; AA, 105.3 ± 2.2 mg 100 g^–1 pulp; SSC, 13.7º ± 0.3º Brix, respectively). Thus, 2.0 µl l^–1 1-MCP can be used for the post-harvest treatment of ‘Allison’ kiwifruit to enhance its shelf-life and marketability by approx. 6 d.     

Influence of potassium humate on biochemical and agronomic attributes of bean plants grown on saline soil

To study the effect of soil application of potassium humate (KH) (0, 70 and 140 Kg ha^?1) on agronomic, biochemical attributes, and yield and its components on bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars ‘Bronco’ grown under two sites having different level of salinity (EC = 3.00 or 5.00 ± 0.20 dS m^?1). Two field trials were conducted at the Agriculture Test Station, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, in 2014 and 2015. The obtained results indicated that addition of KH increased all of the studied growth parameters, i.e. plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, stem diameter and canopy dry weight. Moreover addition of KH significantly increased membrane permeability measurements. KH significantly increased chemical composition related to salt tolerant either inorganic e.g. N, P, K, and decreased Na and Cl contents of leaves or organic components e.g. chlorophyll a + b, carotenoids, anthocyanin total phenolics, total flavonoids and proline. DPPH radical-scavenging activity and yield and its components were increased. The soil application of KH was found to be highly effective at improving the growth and yield of bean plants by alleviating the inhibitory effects of soil salinity stress.     

Phenolic Compounds,Antioxidant Activity,Fatty Acids and Volatile Profiles of 18 Different Walnut (Juglans regia L.) Cultivars and Genotypes

The study was carried out to determine phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, total lipids, saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of 18 different walnut (Juglans regia L.) cultivars and genotypes grown in Usak province, Turkey. The biochemical compounds were identified for each cultivar and genotype and a comparative evaluation was carried out. The results showed that most of the biochemical compounds are significantly varying among each other (p?<?0.05). The existence and abundance of the biochemical compounds in the cultivars and genotypes have not only found to be a cause of differentiation, but they have been important parameters for the similarities among the cultivars and genotypes. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity ranged from 750.67 to 1245.64?mg GAE ml^?1 and from 42.46 to 56.50% in kernels, respectively. The highest contents of the phenolic compounds were noted from gallic acid (11991?mg kg^?1), ellagic acid (1057.16?mg kg^?1), catechin (425.4?mg kg^?1), and rutin (216.6?mg kg^?1), as an average of all cultivars and genotypes. The highest lipid contents were noted from ‘Franquette’ and ‘Fernette’ as 64.28% and 63.26%, respectively, while the lowest content was noted from ‘Oguzlar 77’ (52.52%). A total of 42 VOCs were described from the 18 different walnut cultivars and genotypes. Overall, results showed that the phenolic profiles, fatty acids composition, and VOCs play an important role in similarities and diversities among the cultivars. According to the results, 7 different clusters were developed from the 18 cultivars and genotypes. Herein, ‘Fernor’, ‘Maras 18’, ‘Arslan Local Type’ and ‘Cisco’ cultivars were found to have the lowest biochemical compositions. The superior cultivars or genotypes, in terms of the abundance of the biochemical composition, were found to be ‘Gulizar Hanim Type’, ‘Lara’, ‘Pedro’, ‘Tulane’, ‘Fernette’, ‘Balkan’ and ‘Franquetta’, where they were found to develop 3 clusters by 1:3:3, respectively.

     

Profiling nutraceuticals in bael [Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa] at various stages of fruit development

Bael [Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa], a medicinally important fruit tree grown on the Indian sub-continent, contains two bio-active furanocoumarins, marmelosin and psoralen, with pharmacological properties, plus two powerful groups of natural anti-oxidants, polyphenols and tannins. The present investigation aimed to measure the levels of these nutraceuticals at various stages of fruit development [150–345 days after fruit set (DAFS)] in two promising selections of bael from the Institute, CISH B-1 and CISH B-2, using a simple high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique. Marmelosin and psoralen were extracted from 5 g of homogenised fruit mesocarp using benzene, while tannins were extracted as tannic acid with 80% (v/v) methanol in water. Polyphenol concentrations were measured spectrophotometrically at 760 nm using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. The concentrations of marmelosin declined from 1,660 and 726 µg g^?1 at 150 DAFS, to 523 and 170 µg g^?1 at 345 DAFS in CISH B-1 and CISH B-2, respectively, whereas psoralen concentrations decreased from 216 and 41 µg g^?1 to 102 and 9 µg g^?1 during the same growth period in CISH B-1 and CISH B-2, respectively. Tannic acid concentrations decreased from 1.65 and 2.02 g 100 g^?1 at 150 DAFS, to 1.52 and 1.54 g 100 g^?1 at 345 DAFS in CISH B-1 and CISH B-2, respectively. The concentrations of total polyphenols did not show any significant changes in either bael selection over the same growth period. The concentrations of marmelosin and psoralen in CISH B-1 were highest in October (150 DAFS), while these values peaked in November (190 DAFS) in CISH B-2. The results suggest that fruit harvested at an early stage of growth (October–November) contained higher concentrations of nutraceuticals, increasing their suitability for fruit processing and use in the phyto-pharmaceutical industries.     

苹果加工品种多酚提取物的抗氧化效果分析

研究加工苹果品种的多酚组成及其抗氧化功能,有助于加工原料的选择和功能性食品的开发。测定了4个酿酒品种和4个制汁品种果实的多酚组成,果实多酚提取物清除超氧阴离子自由基、羟基自由基能力和抗脂质过氧化能力。结果表明,供试加工品种总酚含量为644.9￣3511.8mg/kg,原花青素、绿原酸、表儿茶素、儿茶素是果实中的主要多酚物质。各品种多酚提取物都有一定的抗氧化能力,以稀释10倍的浓度清除3种自由基的能力较强。原花青素、儿茶素与加工苹果果实抗氧化能力有较密切的关系。