密度对寿竹竹基纤维复合材料性能的影响

为开发竹材人造板新产品,利用4～5年生寿竹为原料,采用热压生产工艺制备竹基纤维复合材料,并分析复合材料密度对其物理和力学性能的影响。结果表明:随着密度增加,复合材料厚度方向上的吸水膨胀率增加,宽度方向的吸水膨胀率下降,力学性能逐渐增加。     

纤维布增强重组竹材的力学性能与耐水性能

以重组竹板材为基材,表面分别以碳纤维布和玻璃纤维布为增强体,环氧树脂为胶黏剂,热压成型制备增强型重组竹复合材料,探讨纤维布增强对复合材料耐水性能和力学性能的影响。结果表明,与纤维布复合后的重组竹,力学强度及尺寸稳定性大幅提高;双面纤维布比单面纤维布增强的提高幅度大;碳纤维布比玻璃纤维布增强的效果显著。利用纤维布增强重组竹,有利于拓展重组竹在建筑领域的应用。     

工业大麻/聚丙烯纤维复合材料配比及密度对其性能的影响

采用工业大麻纤维与聚丙烯(PP)纤维制备复合材料,考察密度、纤维配比对复合材料物理力学性能的影响。结果表明:随着密度的增加和大麻纤维用量的减少,复合材料的静曲强度增加,耐水性能改善;当密度为0.8 g/cm~3,大麻纤维与PP纤维配比为3∶7时,复合材料的力学性能满足DB 44/T 349-2006《木塑复合材料技术条件》中家具及装修用复合材料的力学性能要求,但耐水性能还有待进一步提高。     

制造工艺对竹基纤维复合材料性能的影响

采用冷、热压两种生产工艺,分别制备不同密度(0.85～1.20 g/cm(3))的竹基纤维复合材料.并检测其物理力学性能.结果表明:两种生产工艺均可制备出物理力学性能优良的竹基纤维复合材料,其中:冷压生产的竹基纤维复合材料的耐水性能较好,热压生产的竹基纤维复合材料的抗弯性能和抗剪切性能更优.     

竹/木纤维配比对竹/木/聚丙烯纤维复合材料性能的影响

在聚丙烯纤维比例为50%的条件下,采用不同竹/木纤维配比制备竹/木/聚丙烯纤维复合材料,考察竹纤维用量对复合材料物理力学性能和微观形貌的影响。结果显示:随着竹纤维用量增加和木纤维用量减少,复合材料的耐水性能增强,力学性能则呈先升后降的趋势,竹纤维用量为25%时力学性能达到最大;试验确定优化竹/木纤维配比为m(竹)∶m(木)=25∶25,复合材料的性能满足TL 52448-1998《天然纤维成型材料热塑性增强材料要求》的要求。     

室内地板用竹基纤维复合材料的研制与应用

以酚醛树脂为胶黏剂,以毛竹和慈竹为原料,在不去竹青和竹黄的条件下,采用点裂和线裂纤维分离技术,将半圆竹筒疏解形成由竹纤维束交织而成的网状结构纤维化竹单板后,用冷压热固化法制造本色和炭化色竹基纤维复合材料,再加工成地板,并与重组竹进行对比,结果表明:竹基纤维复合材料性能高于重组竹;慈竹竹基纤维复合材料的性能优于毛竹;炭化处理对耐水性和刚度具有改善作用,对胶合强度和静曲强度具有不利影响;用竹基纤维复合制造的室内地板各项理化性能均达到或超过了《重组竹地板》标准规定的性能指标要求。     

基于响应面优化竹单板泡沫铝复合材料工艺研究

以竹单板、泡沫铝为原材料,采用中温固化型酚醛树脂胶黏剂制备竹单板泡沫铝夹芯复合材料。应用单因素试验结合响应曲面法,探究施胶量、热压温度和热压时间三因素对复合材料静曲强度和胶合强度的影响规律,对制备工艺进行优化。结果表明:三因素按影响复合材料力学性能程度大小依次排序为施胶量热压温度热压时间。通过构建复合材料的力学性能与施胶量、热压温度和热压时间之间的回归方程模型,得出优化的制备工艺条件为:施胶量340 g/m~2、热压温度132℃、热压时间1.5 mm/min,在此条件下制得的复合材料静曲强度为122.6 MPa,胶合强度为3.20 MPa,测量误差在3%以内。     

热压温度和密度对柏木重组木性能的影响

采用重组技术制备柏木重组木,研究热压温度和密度对重组木表面性能、耐水性能和抗弯性能的影响。结果表明,密度是影响柏木重组木表面性能和力学性能的关键因子,密度越大,表面粗糙度越低,表面接触角逐渐增大,抗弯强度越大。热压温度是影响柏木重组木耐水性能的主要因素,热压温度越高,其耐水性能越好。柏木重组木抗弯强度最高可达160 MPa,是LY/T 1984—2011《重组木地板》标准值的2.55倍。柏木重组木为柏木资源的高附加值利用提供了有效途径。     

疏解竹单板高温干热处理对竹基纤维复合材料性能的影响

【目的】以高温干热处理疏解竹单板为基本单元,制备竹基纤维复合材料,分析不同热处理温度对疏解竹单板物理化学性能以及竹基纤维复合材料物理力学性能的影响,为高温干热处理竹基纤维复合材料生产工艺优化和新产品开发提供依据。【方法】以毛竹疏解单板为原料,以180和200℃干热空气为介质,在氧气含量2%～2.5%条件下对其进行热处理;以不同温度处理的疏解竹单板为基本单元制备竹基纤维复合材料,对热处理后疏解竹单板以及竹基纤维复合材料的性能进行分析。【结果】200℃处理4 h疏解竹单板的质量损失比180℃大;随着热处理温度升高,疏解竹单板的综纤维素和α-纤维素含量分别降低11.36%、20.15%和21.95%、35.94%,木质素相对含量分别增加16.36%、43.56%,pH和缓冲容量降低;傅里叶变换红外光谱和X-射线光电子能谱分析显示,热处理后疏解竹单板表面羟基数量减少,导致其对水分的再吸收能力降低;热处理后疏解竹单板和竹基纤维复合材料的表面颜色加深;经180和200℃处理后,竹基纤维复合材料的吸水宽度膨胀率、吸水厚度膨胀率和吸水率分别降低11.20%、15.88%、7.03%和21.60%、32.27%、26.60%,静曲强度和剪切强度分别降低39.07%、33.51%和56.14%、42.15%,弹性模量变化不显著。【结论】随着热处理温度升高,疏解竹单板的抽提物挥发和化学组分降解,其质量损失率增加,pH和缓冲容量降低;半纤维素优先降解,导致其对水分的再吸收能力降低,而降解生成的可溶性小分子物质增加,导致其抽提物和木质素相对含量增加;热处理疏解竹单板和竹基纤维复合材料的表面颜色加深;竹基纤维复合材料的吸水宽度膨胀率、吸水厚度膨胀率和吸水率降低,耐水性能增加,静曲强度和剪切强度大幅降低。     

制板工艺因子对异氰酸酯超低密度阻燃纤维板性能的影响

采用异氰酸酯胶(PMDI)制备超低密度阻燃纤维板,考察工艺因子对试板性能的影响。结果表明:随着热压温度升高、热压时间延长、PMDI用量增加,板材的力学性能及耐水性能均呈上升趋势,阻燃性能基本不变;而阻燃剂用量增加,使得板材阻燃性能增强,但耐水性能和力学性能有所降低。按优化工艺制备的板材,耐水性和力学性能满足LY/T 1718-2017干状家具型超低密度纤维板的要求,阻燃性能达到GB 8624-2012的难燃B_1-C级。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.